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Topic: 484 BCE

	Chirography - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Although it would fall out of common usage in or around 1100 BCE (except for, or almost exclusively in the university/scholarly realm, as well as in its mother country), its presence would be felt in more modern languages such as Latin and later English.
		As a great number of Biblical texts were transcribed in Aramaic (arising in Aram (modern day Syria) in or near 800 BCE), along with the rising popularity of the Gospels, teachings of both the language and theological aspects therein became more prevalent in society.
		This would be furthered by the eventual translations of the Aramaic into Hebrew and/or Yiddish which began to flourish in the Arabic peninsula and the surrounding areas along with the established language found in Qur'anic texts.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Chirography (942 words)

	History Notes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Canaan fell to the Assyrians in 722 BCE.
		In 323 BCE, the 33 year-old Alexander died of a sickness.
		From 264 BCE until 241 BCE, Rome and Carthage fought in a war, which was won by Rome.
	reviewmaterials.tripod.com /history/g09_jan_final_review.html (9043 words)

	Tthornton : Period 3500BCE to 587 BCE
		About the year 3500 B.C.E., Semitic clans in the Arabian peninsula, responding to pressures of over population in a region with limited resources, began migrating northward out of the area.
		Ramses II is traditionally regarded as the pharaoh of the biblical account of Moses and the Hebrews in Egypt, although this is disputed.
		During the eleventh century B.C.E., the camel was introduced into Palestine and Syria by the invading Midianites, as mentioned in Judges 6:5.
	www.nmhschool.org /tthornton/mehistorydatabase/period_3500bce_to_587_bce.htm (2533 words)

	Anatolia: Shaw's Outline of Ancient History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Idriaeus (351-344 BCE)- he died of disease and was succeeded by his sister and wife Ada (who later became Queen of Alinda), but she was expelled by her brother Pixodarus, who threw in his lot with the Persians inviting in a Persian Satrap Othontapates (Orontobates?) This satrap was ruling when Alexander arrived in 334.
		In 500 BCE the tyrant of Mylasa was Oliatus, son of Ibanollis.
		In 167 BCE they revolted from the Rhodians and were soon thereafter declared free by the Romans once more.Under the Pax Romana Mylasa flourished and brought under her control in the name of 'Sympolity' the cities of Euromos, Chalcetor, Hydae, Olympos and Labraynda, and their citizenry were alloted to her own tribes.
	www.juyayay.com /outline/anatolia (9235 words)

	[No title]
		By the end of the sixth century, philosophers begin to question the metaphysical nature of the cosmos with inquiries into the nature of being, the meaning of truth, and the relationship between the divine and the physical world.
		Born in 480 BCE, he is the last of the tragic dramatists.
		342-270 BCE) and Zeno, the Stoic (not to be confused with Zeno of Elea), believe in an individualistic and materialistic philosophy.
	eawc.evansville.edu /chronology/grpage.htm (1812 words)

	Kronos: 0000-0499
		Because 7400 BCE currently represents the longest continuous tree-ring series: carbon-14 in the atmosphere fluctuates from year to year, and without tree ring samples, that fluctuation cannot be precisely determined.
		Accordingly, Chinese dates earlier than the ninth century BCE that are not supported by archeological data should be treated with suspicion, and all dates that are not supported by external data should be treated with caution.
		Be that as it may, while Homer attributed the causes of the Trojan War to the wrath of Achilleus and the beauty of Helen, modern scholars usually attribute it to trade disputes and generic conflagration-era battles between infantry and charioteers.
	ejmas.com /kronos/NewHist0000-0499.htm (19514 words)

	Timebase Multimedia Chronography(TM) - Timebase 2000-01
		771 BCE The Chou dynasty in China is forced to abandon its western capital in Hao, of the Wei River Valley and move its seat eastward to Loyang due to the threat of a barbarian invasion.
		400-300 BCE The Celts settle in the Danube-Sava basin.
		312 BCE Seleucus Nicator, one of Ptolemy's generals in Syria, establishes a kingdom ranging from Syria in the west to India in the east (approximately the scope of the ancient Assyrian or Babylonian Empires) and founds the Seleucid empire.
	www.humanitas-international.org /showcase/chronography/timebase/b-c-e.htm (5647 words)

	Greece: Shaw's Outline of Ancient History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		R.M. Errington, 'From Babylon to Triparadeisos, 323-320 BCE' JHS 90, 1970, pp.
		In 306 BCE the forces of Ptolemy and Antigonus clashed at the battle of Salamis.
		Kingdom of the Antigonids in Macedon 323-168 BCE
	www.juyayay.com /outline/greece (5307 words)

	Bêl-šimânni and Šamaš-eriba
		A remark by Arrian of Nicomedia, a Roman author using fourth-century BCE sources, who states that Xerxes subdued a Babylonian revolt when he was on his way back from Greece (479).
		The archives that came to an end in 484 were those of the traditional Babylonian establishment and people who had close ties to it, like the Egibi family.
		It is not impossible that there was after the revolt of Bêl-šimânni and Šamaš-eriba in 484, which led to the end of the archives, a second revolt took place in 479.
	www.livius.org /saa-san/samas-eriba/samas-eriba.html (1085 words)

	Background to Greek Drama (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		His epitaph (self-authored as an entry for a contest in 489 BCE) depicts him fighting at Marathon in 490 BCE, a battle which is considered to be among the most important moments in Athenian history.
		Aeschylus left Athens in 471 BCE to attend court at Syracuse, ruled by the tyrant Hieron, a famous patron of the arts.
		Born in near Athens in 496 BCE in the town of Colonus, in his ninety-year lifespan he witnessed the rise and fall of the Athenian Golden Age.
	shs.westport.k12.ct.us /radler/background_to_greek_drama.htm (2522 words)

	Tartessos
		It was a rich emporium of valuable and precious metals and the luxurious lives led by its inhabitants linked it in their minds to the legends of Atlantis and Hesperides, the Isles of the Blessed, which were located in the same direction and were maybe even in the same place.
		Strabo, 58 BC-25 CE, who described it in his Geography was drawing very largely on Herodotos, 484 BCE - 420 BCE, who described in detail the immense wealth and generosity of the Tartessans and particularly of their King Arganthonios, "The Silver One".
		The story is also told of the Tartessans, in the 6th century BCE, giving the Phocaean Greeks 1 1/2 tons of silver to pay for a defensive wall around their city to keep out the Persians.
	www.pantheon.org /articles/t/tartessos.html (707 words)

	Egypt (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		484 - 420 BCE); a statement as true today as it has been through seventy centuries of Egypt's extraordinary history.
		The Egyptian civilization was one of the greatest in the ancient world, and certainly the most long lived, lasting for more than 3000 years, starting c.
		3100 BCE and ending in 30 BCE with the suicide of Cleopatra VII.
	www.grisel.net /egypt_map.htm (132 words)

	[No title]
		Julius Caesar made him ruler of Palestine in 55 BCE and he became king of the Jews with the aid of Marc Antony in 37 BCE.
		Dubbed "the Father of History," he was born in central Asia Minor about 484 BCE and traveled all over the Mediterranean region, living his last years in Italy writing his histories.
		Originally composed in Hebrew about 200 BCE by Jesus ben Sirach, it was probably translated into Greek in about 132 BCE by his grandson.
	www.well.com /user/aquarius/authlist.htm (3717 words)

	A CHRONOGRAPHY OF POLITICAL AND RELIGIOUS CONFLICT
		BCE Trier becomes the first permanent settlement in Germany, and according to some historians.
		53 BCE Parthians defeat the Romans at Carrhae (Harran) in northern Syria and Crassus is killed.
		52 BCE The Han Chinese empire succeeds in subjugating Turkish-speaking nomands from the northern steppes.
	www.humanitas-international.org /perezites/archive/timeline.htm (19687 words)

	SacredBooks
		K'ung Fu Tzu (commonly pronounced Confucius in English) was born in 551 BCE in the state of Lu (modern day Shantung Province).
		He was born circa 563 BCE in Lumbini which is in modern-day Nepal.
		Starting about 500 BCE (or earlier) it was originally "an amorphous mix of nature worship, fertility cults, divination techniques, hero worship, and shamanism." 4 Its name was derived from the Chinese words "shin tao" ("The Way of the Gods") in the 8th Century CE.
	www.homestead.com /SummoningSpirit/SacredBooks.html (3840 words)

	The Persian Invasion of Greece - (CAIS) ©
		It was the plan of Xerxes to subjugate the whole of Greece, and it was for this reason he had made such extensive preparations, including agreements with the Carthaginian and Phoenician Cities of the Western Mediterranean to attack the Greek Western Colonies and tie up Greek resources.
		In the Spring of 480 BCE, Xerxes crossed the Hellespont with his army into Thrace, where he was met by his fleet and proceeded to make his way in three separate columns toward Thessaly.
		The Greeks gathered at Corinth in 481 BCE to discuss strategy and what was to be done to defend Greece against the coming Persian invasion.
	www.cais-soas.com /CAIS/History/hakhamaneshian/greece_invasion.htm (4123 words)

	Solon of Athens (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		This means that his ten-year tour ended in 584 BCE, and this causes these chronologists to reject Herodotus' report in its entirety.
		Since these chronologists have limited the desolation of the land of Israel to forty-eight years, which places the destruction of Jerusalem in 586 BCE, they must fix the date for start of the reign of Amasis in 570 BCE, and that would be fourteen years after Solon had returned to Athens.
		Thus, these chronologists reject the testimony of Herodotus, who was born in 484 BCE, and accept the testimony of astronomical records that were complied many centuries later.
	members.aol.com /gparrishjr/Solon.html (539 words)

	Early English Books Online Text Creation Partnership
		Confucius was one of the most noted philosophers in Chinese history, some have even compared his contributions to Eastern philosophy to those of Socrates in the West.
		Confucius was born around 551 BCE in the Shandong province of Eastern China and lived until 479 BCE.
		In 484 BCE, Confucius began writing books such as the Book of Songs, the Book of Documents, Spring and Autumn Annals, and, most importantly, the Analects.
	www.lib.umich.edu /tcp/eebo/Featured/confucius.html (371 words)

	The Vatican Recognizes Israel
		Much evidence of this can still be found in the Old Testament, when the editors slip up and leave a plural, in reference to their "Jahveh," instead of a singular (e.g., Genesis 1:26).
		And much of their holy writings was clearly copied: the Potiphar story, for example, is derived from the Egyptian "Tale of Two Brothers." Yet the Hebrew tribes were so obscure that they failed to attract the attention of either Herodotus (484-425 BCE) or Alexander (356-323 BCE).
		When the Hebrews came in contact with better civilizations, they adopted better morals and revised their holy writings — until the canon was closed in the fourth century BCE.
	www.ronaldbrucemeyer.com /rants/1230almanac.htm (652 words)

	The Achaemenid Imperial Army
		From the moment they met the Greeks, the Iranians incorporated subject or mercenary Greeks in their army [41].
		By the time of Alexander, these mercenaries had become a regular part of the spāda and their leaders had been incorporated into Iranian aristocracy [43].
		In 335 BCE both Athens and Thebes sought Iranian help, and the ambassadors of the latter city were received with the greatest honour at the Imperial court and their wishes were granted on the account that their forebears had rendered military assistance to Xerxes 150 years earlier [108].
	www.cais-soas.com /CAIS/History/hakhamaneshian/achaemenid_army.htm (2297 words)

	Exhibits Throughout the Hospital: The Medical Museum: University of Iowa Health Care:
		The earliest description of a limb prosthesis is found in Herodotus' The Histories written in 484 BCE.
		The oldest known prosthesis, which was discovered in a tomb in Capua, Italy, was an artificial leg made out of copper and wood dating back to 300 BCE.
		While replacing the physiological function of internal organs is a recent advance, the anatomical replacement of missing body parts has a long history.
	www.uihealthcare.com /depts/medmuseum/wallexhibits/body/histofpros/histofpros.html (798 words)

	Lecture 3
		Viewed from overhead, the water channel meanders through the hills between the source and the north entrance to the tunnel, then follows a nearly straight line to the tunnel's south entrance at which point it curves and heads downhill toward the city.
		Around 520 BCE, Polycrates, the ruler of Samos, commissioned Eupalinos of Megara to construct a tunnel and aqueduct to bring fresh water from a distant natural spring to the harbor city called Samos (now Pythagorion).
		Unfortunately for Eupalinos, the spring and the city are separated by a range of hills and small mountains.
	e3.uci.edu /clients/bjbecker/SpinningWeb/lecture3.html (872 words)

	Confucius
		Confucius (551-479 BCE), according to Chinese tradition, was a thinker, political figure, educator, and founder of the Ru School of Chinese thought.
		In any case, by most traditional accounts, Confucius returned to Lu in 484 BCE and spent the remainder of his life teaching, putting in order the Book of Songs, the Book of Documents, and other ancient classics, as well as editing the Spring and Autumn Annals, the court chronicle of Lu.
		While Confucius believes that people live their lives within parameters firmly established by Heaven—which, often, for him means both a purposeful Supreme Being as well as ‘nature’ and its fixed cycles and patterns—he argues that men are responsible for their actions and especially for their treatment of others.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/confucius (3317 words)

	THeoLogy
		The Chung Yung or the Doctrine of the Mean The Ta Hsueh or the Great Learning The Meng Tzu the writings of Meng Tzu (371-289 BCE) a philosopher who, like Confucius, traveled from state to state conversing with the government rulers
		The hexagrams are symbols composed of broken and continuous lines; one is selected to foretell the future based on the casting of 49 sticks.
		The Ch'un Ch'iu or Spring and Autumn Annals: a history of the state of Lu from 722 to 484 BCE.
	www.angelfire.com /pro/theology9 (401 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Even though this temple honored both Castor and his twin brother Pollux, who were collectively called the Dioscuri, Romans called it the Temple of Castor or of the Castores (you think to youself that Castor always did get more attention!).
		The temple was originally dedicated, according to Livy, in 484 BCE next to the Pool of Juturna (lacus Juturnae), the goddess of springs whom you remember from her prominent role in the last part of Vergil's Aeneid.
		The founding of this temple is generally thought to have been the introduction of the cult of these two brothers into Rome.
	www.vroma.org:7878 /2978 (191 words)

	Writing in Ancient Greece
		When it reappeared about 750 BCE an alphabet was used that came from a Phoenician script.
		There were many local alphabets but in 403 BCE Athens adopted the Ionic or Milesian alphabet which eventually became common in all Greece and is still used today.
		The Greek Alphabet is illustrated at: Click here The Greek alphabet was not used until about 650 BCE.
	www.fjkluth.com /writing.html (2974 words)

	Marduk
		His period as a great god lasted from the 18th century BCE until perhaps 484 BCE when the Persian king Xerxes 1 had his gold statue removed.
		Marduk was at times challenged by the cult of Enlil, but he would always regain his position.
		After about 1000 BCE, Assyria's supreme god Anshur would challenge, but Marduk kept his strong position in the south of Mesopotamia.
	lexicorient.com /e.o/marduk.htm (354 words)

	Timeline of Events in Classical China (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		He writes the Tao-te Ching and founds the Taoist school of thought.
		Sometime after 502 BCE, Confucius becomes ssu k'ou in Lu.
		On diplomatic errands, Confucius assists at ceremony during meeting between Duke Ting of Lu and Duke Ching of Ch'i in Chia Ku (500 BCE)
	web.cn.edu /kwheeler/chinese_timeline.html (536 words)

	untitled (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Born near Athens around 484 BCE, Euripides, son of Mnesarchides, grew up to be one of the most prolific playwrights of his time.
		He took the first set of these thinker-tragedies to the City Dionysia in 455 BCE, but he didn't win until 441.
		His lack of awards for his great plays may be a direct result of the content of his work.
	www.vroma.org /~abarker/indexalex.html (238 words)

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