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Topic: 4Pi

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	4Pi
		Allowing the illumination wavefronts to constructively interfere in the sample produces a main focal spot that is sharper in the z-direction by about 3-4 times (4Pi of type A).
		A similar improvement is obtained if the lenses add their collected fluorescence wavefronts in a common point detector (4Pi of type B).
		Doing both together is best, of course, and leads to a 5-7-fold improvement of resolution along z (4Pi of type C) [13, 14].
	www.mpibpc.gwdg.de /abteilungen/200/4Pi.htm (685 words)

	4pi FAQs
		To date, 4pi has not encountered an SEM that cannot be modified to accept its Digital Image Acquisition System.
		As a general rule, yes, the Spectral Engine II PCI card can be used without modification in either a PowerMac or a Windows box; however, 4pi will not support this switch for any card already in the field except on a case-by-case basis, and then only if 4pi tech support is notified first.
		To use the 4pi system to acquire signals from a cathodoluminescence system, the 4pi system must be configured with 4 video channels.
	www.4pi.com /teksupport/faqs.shtml (2434 words)

	kompetenznetze.de - Leica Microsystems Presents the World's First 4Pi Confocal Microscope
		With the new Leica TCS 4Pi confocal microscope, we're underscoring our innovative leadership in the high-end microscopy sector and are delivering the impetus for further development in our company," Reuter explained during the presentation of the new technology in Mannheim, Germany.
		With 4Pi technology, the development team from Leica Microsystems and the Max Planck Institute succeeded in reducing the size of the focal light spot, thus increasing the sharpness of the image.
		With 4Pi technology, scientists of the Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry in Göttingen, Germany, and Leica Microsystems have developed a fundamentally new microscopy technique and refined it into a mature application.
	www.kompetenznetze.de /navi/en/root,did=94922.html (1177 words)

	The 4pi Steradian image (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		A 4pi Steradian image is an oval or circular shaped 2-dimensional (flat) image representing the full 360 x 180° 3-D sphere.
		Just as there are 360 degrees or 2pi radians in a circle, there are 4pi Steradians in a sphere.
		The oval shaped 4pi steradian image has a 2:1 proportion and resembles a cartography projection called the Hammer-Aitoff projection.
	360vr.com /4pi/4pi.html (287 words)

	4Pi Microscope Coming to Maine
		The 4Pi is the most advanced optical microscope, capable of revealing the nanostructure of genetic material within a cell in three dimensions.
		The 4Pi microscope is made by Leica Microsystems in Mannheim, Germany, based on technology developed by Stefen Hell, head of the nanobiophotonics department at the Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry in Gottingen, Germany.
		The Leica TCS 4Pi system is now released as a limited special edition to partnering institutions that can provide the necessary technical and application environment to optimally employ the technology.
	www.photonics.com /content/news/2004/September/9/57662.aspx (775 words)

	David Smith Interview - AVS Forum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		When discussing whether 4pi is identical to GP David Smith qualifies his answer "except for slight possible differences to the ground plane case looking like a speaker with twice the baffle area." It is this qualification which indicates to me that Mr.
		When measuring a subwoofer in 4pi, you stated the FR will start to shelve at the lower frequencies due to the fact that the front baffle can no longer constrain the signal and it spills over the baffle and some of the energy diffracts.
		In 4pi as the frequency drops, the acoustical radiation pattern will no longer be hemispheric and will eventually spill over the baffle with some diffraction and diffusion of energy.
	www.avsforum.com /avs-vb/showthread.php?t=648868 (3808 words)

	4PI PLUS.2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The new 4PI PLUS.2 ribbon super-tweeter is an add-on component that creates a perfect, spacious sound impression when installed on conventional loudspeakers.
		The 4PI PLUS.2 offers an integrated network for perfect setting of its sensitivity in 5 stages (-4, -2, 0, +2, +4 dB) in order to optimise the combination with loudspeakers whose sensitivity may vary between 84 and 92 dB/2.83V/m.
		Additionally, the lower cutoff frequency of the 4PI tweeter may be selected from 3 values (10, 12, and 15 kHz).
	www.elac.com /en/products/six100/4piplus_2.html (141 words)

	Maine-based biophysics institute gets funding for first US-based 4Pi nanoscale microscope
		Bar Harbor, Maine—The 4Pi Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope is the world's most advanced optical microscope--capable of revealing the nanostructure of genetic material within a cell in three dimensions.
		Once installed at The Jackson Laboratory, the 4Pi microscope will enable the IMB researchers to examine specific structures within a cell—such as a single gene on a chromosome—at a resolution four to seven times greater than previously possible.
		The 4Pi microscope is manufactured by Leica Microsystems in Mannheim, Germany, based on technology developed by Stefen Hell of the Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry in Göttingen, Germany.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2004-09/jl-mbi090704.php (1097 words)

	Fast 100-nm resolution three-dimensional microscope reveals structural plasticity of mitochondria in live yeast -- ...
		After being cleaned by the pinholes, the beamlets are deflected by a scan mirror and directed to the 4Pi head, where an array of counterpropagating illumination foci is produced inside the specimen by using a beam splitter (BS).
		The array of fluorescence spots is imaged by the left objective lens back onto the pinhole array.
		The MMM-4Pi is functional only if the 4Pi PSF is invariant across the whole field of view.
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/99/6/3370 (4805 words)

	NSF Funds First U.S-based 4Pi-Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope
		The 4Pi microscope will enable the IMB researchers to examine specific structures within a cell-such as a single gene on a chromosome-at a resolution four to seven times greater than conventional confocal microscopy provides.
		The 4Pi microscope is manufactured by Leica (Mannheim, Germany), based on technology developed by Stefen Hell of the Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry in Göttingen, Germany.
		The NSF grant for the acquisition of the 4Pi also includes funding for a specialized microscopist, most likely a physicist, to analyze samples on the 4Pi.
	innovations-report.com /html/reports/life_sciences/report-33381.html (478 words)

	4pi Analysis - Microanalysis & Imaging Technology
		4pi Analysis engineers and sells X-ray Microanalysis and Digital Imaging Systems.
		Simplify your workflow with the Revolution family of products for electron microscopes.
		Unique to the industry, 4pi Revolution® is compatible with both Windows® and Mac OS X®.
	www.4pi.com (142 words)

	KamLAND 4pi Full-Volume Calibration System (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Deliveryof 4pi hardware to the KamLAND experiment in the Kamioka mine.
		Pre-assembly of the 4pi deployment system in a class-1000 cleanroom at LBNL.
		UHV-cleaned 4pi components in class-1000 cleanroom at Berkeley Lab.
	kmheeger.lbl.gov /kamland/4pi (78 words)

	Citebase - Novosibirsk hadronic currents for tau -> 4pi channels of tau decay library TAUOLA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Novosibirsk hadronic currents for tau -> 4pi channels of tau decay library TAUOLA
		Authors: Bondar, A. Eidelman, S. Milstein, A. Pierzchala, T. Root, N. Was, Z. Worek, M. The new parameterization of form factors developed for 4pi channels of the tau lepton decay and based on Novosibirsk data on e
		-> 4pi has been coded in a form suitable for the TAUOLA Monte Carlo package.
	citebase.eprints.org /cgi-bin/citations?id=oai:arXiv.org:hep-ph/0201149 (123 words)

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