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	Lecture 11: Republican Rome, 509-31BC
		In 509 B.C., and after having expelled the Etruscans, the Romans constructed a form of political organization we call a republic.
		In 367 B.C., the tribunes Gaius Licinius and Lucius Sextus passed the Licinian-Sextian laws which specified (1) that one consul every year must be a plebeian, (2) that the office of praetor should serve as assistant consul and (3) and that there should be a law restricting the amount of land held by any citizen.
		In 88 B.C., Gaius Marius and his army were overthrown by Sulla (c.138-78 B.C.), a statesman and a general who had made his reputation in the Italian War of the 90s.
	www.historyguide.org /ancient/lecture11b.html (4234 words)

	CalendarHome.com - - Calendar Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Throughout the 4th century BC the Romans fought a series of wars with their neighbors, most notably the Sabines and the Samnites, who were their main rivals on the Italian mainland.
		In 390 BC the Gauls from Gallia Cisalpina (modern Po Valley) under the leadership of Brennus, defeated the Roman legions and sacked Rome itself, requiring a huge ransom to avoid completely destroying the city (A Roman senator protested that the weights used to measure the ransom of gold were inaccurate.
		By 133 BC the economic imbalance was too acute to ignore, but the wealthy patricians and old families in the Senate had a vested interest in preserving the status quo.
	encyclopedia.calendarhome.com /cgi-bin/encyclopedia.pl?p=Roman_Republic (7263 words)

	Ancient Rome - MSN Encarta
		Tarquinius, who ruled between 616 and 579 bc, was said to have drained the marshes between the hills and paved an area for the market place that became known as the Roman Forum.
		His successor, Servius Tullius (578–535 bc), organized the Roman army into groups of 100 men called centuries and was said to have built a new wall around the city.
		The cruel seventh king, Lucius Tarquinus Superbus or Tarquin the Proud (534–510 bc), was expelled in 510 after his son cruelly raped Lucretia, a virtuous Roman matron and the wife of his kinsman Collatinus.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761552589/Ancient_Rome.html (1709 words)

	Kids.Net.Au - Encyclopedia > 509 BC (Site not responding. Last check: )
		502 BC - December 4 Solar eclipse darkens Egypt.
		501 BC - Confucius is appointed governor of Chung-tu[?].
		501 BC - Gadir (present-day Cadiz) is captured by Carthage.
	www.kids.net.au /encyclopedia-wiki/50/509_BC (184 words)

	Roman Republic
		The Roman Republic traditionally lasted as a representative government of Rome and its territories from 509 BC until the establishment of the Roman Empire, typically placed at 44 BC or 27 BC.
		It marked the northernmost border of the territory in which the Latin language was spoken and the southern edge of Etruria, the territory in which the Etruscan language was spoken.
		The Spartacist Rebellion - 73 - 71 BC
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ro/Roman_republic.html (1549 words)

	The Dispatch - Serving the Lexington, NC - News (Site not responding. Last check: )
		September 13, 509 BC - The temple of Jupiter on Rome's Capitoline Hill is dedicated on the ides of September.
		509 BC - 27 BC - Republican period in Rome.
		500 BC - Darius I of Persia proclaims that Aramaic be the official language of the western half of his empire.
	www.the-dispatch.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=509_BC (393 words)

	Ethics of Roman Expansion to 133 BC by Sanderson Beck
		In 312 BC censor Appius Claudius got the landless population distributed throughout the tribes, the sons of freedman admitted into the senate, the first aqueduct built to bring water nine miles from Gabii to the Circus Maximus, and the Appian Way paved for the 115 miles from Rome to Capua.
		In 287 BC the problem of debt led to the appointment of Hortensius as dictator, and from then on plebiscites passed by the plebeian council had the force of law on everyone and did not have to be approved by the assembly, the classes of centuries, or the senate.
		In 225 BC Celtic Gauls crossed the alps with an army of 150,000 infantry and 20,000 horse and chariots.
	www.san.beck.org /EC24-RomanExpansion.html (15529 words)

	Roman Empire - MSN Encarta
		In 44 bc Gaius Julius Caesar, the Roman leader who ruled the Roman Republic as a dictator, was assassinated.
		By 30 bc Octavian was the unchallenged successor to Caesar and the master of Rome.
		In 27 bc he was first called princeps (leading man of the state), which later became the official title of the Roman emperors.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_1741502785/Roman_Empire.html (2593 words)

	Roman Republic - Wikinfo
		The Roman Republic traditionally lasted as a representative government of Rome and its territories from 509 BC until the establishment of the Roman Empire, typically placed at 44 BC or 27 BC.
		It marked the northernmost border of the territory in which the Latin language was spoken and the southern edge of Etruria, the territory in which the Etruscan language was spoken.
		In 73 BC he and some of his comrades rebelled at Capua and fled towards mount Vesuvius.
	www.wikinfo.org /index.php/Roman_Republic (1739 words)

	Roman Empire: 509 BC-AD 1453
		The Roman Republic: 509-31 B.C. 753 BC: Traditional date for the founding of Rome.
		390 BC: Rome is sacked by Gauls and rebuilt.
		The remainder of the Roman Empire is now referred to as the Byzantine Empire.
	www.thenagain.info /WebChron/Mediterranean/Rome.html (66 words)

	Kelowna and the Okanagan Valley: information from Dan Smallwood, RE/MAX Kelowna BC
		Kelowna is a retirement Mecca and tourist destination with a flourishing tree fruit industry, growing light industrial sector competing on a world scale, manufacturing centre and a growing high tech sector, which includes aerospace development and service.
		It is home to 100,000 people and its hospital is the largest and most comprehensive in the southern BC area with a full treatment cancer clinic.
		Schools, churches, sports facilities, parks and recreation are just a few of the amenities making Kelowna one of the most desired locations in which to live.
	www.kelownacentral.com /kelowna.html (376 words)

	Roman History (Site not responding. Last check: )
		753 BC is commonly believed to be the founding of Rome by Romulus.
		After their defeat in the First Punic War, Carthage had expanded into Spain under the control of the brilliant general Hannibal (no, he was not a cannibal).
		133 BC: Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus elected as a tribune and later, killed in a riot.
	www.ventrue.net /GSA/histrome.htm (2286 words)

	Warrior Challenge. Romans. Time Capsule \| PBS
		Upon its independence from the Etruscans in 509 BC, Rome and its neighboring city-states battled for supremacy over the Latium region in central Italy.
		In 218 BC, Hannibal, a Carthaginian general, defied Rome's demand to leave the small Spanish city he had invaded and instead, marched across the Alps to invade Italy.
		Caesar's assassination in 44 BC resulted in a power struggle that would eventually place Octavian, Caesar's nephew, on the throne of a newly established Roman Empire.
	www.pbs.org /wnet/warriorchallenge/romans/time.html (1053 words)

	Roman Republic
		The Legendary Founding of Rome - 753 BC The Romans were very much convinced that their city was founded in the year 753 BC.
		The Foundation of the Republic - 509 BC Livy's version of the establishment of the Republic states that the last of the Kings of Rome, Lucius Tarquinius Superbus (superbus, "the proud") had a thoroughly unpleasant son, Sextus Tarquinius, who raped a Roman noblewoman named Lucretia.
		In 73 BC he and some of his comrades rebelled at Capua and fled towards mount Vesuvius.
	www.gamesinathens.com /olympics/r/ro/roman_republic_1.shtml (1696 words)

	Kingdoms of Italy - Rome
		The Etruscans governed the Italian Peninsula to the north of Rome, and ruled Rome as the southernmost of a chain of semi-independent city states.
		Etruscans became dominant from the mid-9th century BC, and were at the height of their powers during the 8th - 7th centuries BC.
		The Etruscans were the dominant culture in Central and Northern Italy, rising to prominence between c.850-750 BC.
	www.kessler-web.co.uk /History/KingListsEurope/ItalyRome.htm (1029 words)

	Rome&Italy
		The process was long and difficult, beginning in Italy in the 4th Cent., BC and eventually concluding in the 2nd Cent., A.D., when virtually all free people of the Roman Empire enjoyed Roman citizenship.
		When Rome freed itself from kings (509 BC), the Italian peninsula was home to a wide variety of cultures and languages (at least forty different languagues and dialects have been identified).
		Caption: Central Italy in the Early Republic, 500 to 265 BC Use Map inventory number(s): 02.04a (04b has a key to map numbers; label those underlined by give dots for the others) the best map; 08 has much of the same material; One should be able to zoom back to 1.2.
	darkwing.uoregon.edu /~mapplace/EU/EU02-RepItaly/RomanItaly1.htm (2376 words)

	PATRIA POTESTA AND THE ROMAN CEREMONY OF ADOPTION
		During the 2nd century bc, these entrepreneurs developed a strong sense of their political as well as economic interests, and by late in the century they were called the equestrian order to parallel the senatorial order.
		The construction boom of the 2nd century bc, spurred by the profits of conquest and the desire of aristocrats for luxury, led to the incorporation of Greek features such as the use of colonnades and marble.
		During the 2nd century bc, the population of the capital swelled with eastern slaves and dispossessed peasants.
	www.pilgrimtours.com /church_history/italy/devotionals_history/RomeHistory.htm (15880 words)

	Rome&Italy
		The process was long and difficult, beginning in Italy (in the 4th Cent., BC) itself and eventually being extended to the whole of the western Mediterranean (in the 2nd Cent., AD.
		Indeed, the principles of subjugation, organization and assimilation were well established during the Middle and Late Republic (265 -31 BC) and were eventually and successfully used to incorporate provinces as different as Britain and Mauretania.
		When Rome freed itself from kings (509 BC),the Italian peninsula was home to a wide variety of cultures and languages (at least forty different languagues and dialects have been identified).
	darkwing.uoregon.edu /~mapplace/EU/EU02-RepItaly/RomanItaly.htm (1706 words)

	Carthago -- History and Mythology
		The Carthaginian engagement of the Sicilian Greeks in 480 BC at the same time as the Persians under Xerxes were invading Greece seems to have been part of a coordinated plan that met with failure.
		By 409 BC Carthage was ready to take on the Greek cities in Sicily, taking Selinus and other Sicilian cities at the turn of the century.
		Carthage's subsequent revival of fortune in the first half of the 2nd C. BC led Rome to decide to neutralize the potential threat posed by Carthage once and for all by destroying the city and annexing its territory.
	iam.classics.unc.edu /loci/144/144_hist.html (1310 words)

	Rome: The Republic
		In 445 BC, plebeians acquired the right to marry a patrician, and in 367 the plebeians gained the right to be elected consul, when the first plebeian consul was elected.
		In 300 BC, plebeians were allowed to serve at all levels of the priesthood, thus making them religiously equal to the patricians.
		Finally, in the greatest victory of all in terms of power and influence, in 287 BC, the decisions and legislation of the plebeian assembly were not only binding on the plebeians, but on the entire Roman citizenry.
	www.wsu.edu:8080 /~dee/ROME/REPUBLIC.HTM (1309 words)

	Time Line
		560 BC The temples of Diana, Fortuna and Mater Matuta are built.
		497-451 BC Temples of Saturnus, Ceres, Castor, Apollo are built.
		390 BC Rome is plundered by the Gauls and rebuilt.
	library.thinkquest.org /CR0210200/ancient_rome/time_line.htm (195 words)

	Time traveller's guide to the Roman Empire
		Following the overthrow of the tyrant Tarquinius Superbus – an Etruscan adventurer – in about 509 BC, it is governed as a republic, with power in the hands of the Senate, whose members are drawn from the Roman aristocracy (see Politics).
		However, Rome's institutions – established for a state made up primarily of citizen farmers – are ill-equipped to cope with the consequences of the defeat of Carthage at the end of the 3rd century BC and the 2nd-century BC conquest of most of the rest of the Mediterranean.
		107 BC Gaius Marius is given command of the army, which he reorganises into a professional force drawn mainly from the urban proletariat and owing loyalty to its military leaders.
	www.channel4.com /history/microsites/H/history/guide03/timeline01.html (726 words)

	500s BC at AllExperts
		* September 13, 509 BC - The temple of Jupiter on Rome's Capitoline Hill is dedicated on the ides of September.
		* 501 BC - Confucius is appointed governor of Chung-tu.
		* 500 BC - Darius I of Persia proclaims that Aramaic be the official language of the western half of his empire.
	en.allexperts.com /e/0/500s_bc.htm (413 words)

	architecture 150 lectures (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Their painting and architecture of the 7th - 5th century BC is characteristic of other Mediterranean civilizations we have seen.
		In 509 BC the kingdom was dissolved and a republic was declared.
		By 43 BC, lands which had formerly been Greek, as well as parts of southern France and of Spain, were under Roman rule.
	courses.washington.edu /arch150/may_9_02/notes.htm (366 words)

	Windows On Italy - The Early Italic Tribes
		And it was due to them, in all probability, that Rome was founded towards the middle of the 8C BC on one of the numerous hills (the Palatine) in the marshy depressions surrounding the river.
		The struggle between Rome and Carthage was to continue until the end of the century (264-201 BC) ending in two separate conflicts: Sicily was the scene of the first (264-241 BC) until it became a Roman province; and slightly later (238-227 BC) Sardinia and Corsica met the same fate.
		The events of the first century BC in Italy are marked by a move from republican liberties to dictatorial regimes and a return to a democratic-type structure (rather similar to present-day presidential republics) with the advent of the principate of Augustus (27 BC-AD 14).
	italic.org /aratxt5.htm (2213 words)

	Roman History Syllabus
		Course: This course is a survey of Roman history from the founding of the city in the eighth century BC to the collapse of the Western Empire in the fifth century AD.
		As we read a modern narrative history of Rome and the works of Roman and Greek historians, we will examine how Rome acquired and governed its empire; under what forms of government and under whose leadership the affairs of the Roman People were administered; and what causes led to the breakup of the Roman Empire.
		Ward VI "The Roman Conquest of Italy and its Impact, 509-264 BC" 69-81.
	www.pitt.edu /~possanza/RHSyllabus.html (904 words)

	Mr. Sedivy - The Roman Republic, Punic Wars
		In 509 BC Romans overthrew the Etruscan king, Tarquin.
		In 218 BC during the second of the Punic Wars, Hannibal, a Carthaginian general invaded from the north with his army and war elephants.
		By 196 BC Rome had beaten Macedonia, and by 133 BC Rome had the entire Greek world.
	members.tripod.com /~mr_sedivy/r_republic.html (616 words)

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