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Topic: 546 BCE

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	History of West Eurasia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In 264 BCE Rome went to war with Carthage and in the course of the First and Second Punic War Rome secured dominance in the Western Mediterranean despite Hannibal's invasion of Italy.
		The era of civil wars came to end with Octavian's victory at Actium in 31 BCE and this is the point designated for the transition of the Republic to the Roman Empire.
		Along with the annexation of Egypt, Augustus expanded the Empire at a number of points, the most significant was the series of campaigns from 14 BCE to 8 BCE in Dalmatia and Panonia which pushed the Roman border up to the Danube along with and invasion of North Western Germany in 9 BCE.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_West_Eurasia (4191 words)

	Lydian Period in Anatolia and Asia Minor
		As the Urartian kingdom in the east and the Phrygian kingdom in central Anatolia, were coming to their end, a new kingdom based in the city Sardis emerged in the western Anatolia.
		This was the Lydian Kingdom that ruled Western Anatolia in the 7th C. BCE, roughly from 690 to 546 BCE.
		In 640 BCE, Cimmerians were defeated by the Assyrians in a decisive battle and Cimmerians have never been able to recover since and after wandering in Anatolia for some time they moved to Cappadocia and settled there.
	www.ancientanatolia.com /historical/lydian_period.htm (1631 words)

	The Ancient Synagogue of Sardis
		Sardis was reconstructed after the catastrophic earthquake of 17 CE and enjoyed a long period of prosperity under the Roman rule and then within the Byzantine Empire, until it was finally destroyed by the Mongols in 1402.
		The beginnings of the Jewish settlement in Sardis are believed to belong to the 3rd century BCE, when Jews from Babylonia and other countries were encouraged to settle in the city by the Seleucid King Antiochus III (223-187 BCE).
		Those Jews that are our fellow citizens of Rome came to me, and demonstrated that they had an assembly of their own, according to the laws of their forefathers, and this from the beginning, as also a place of their own, wherein they determined their suits and controversies with one another.
	www.bh.org.il /communities/Synagogue/Sardis.asp (1556 words)

	Thales of Miletus [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
		Recent opinion is that, as early as 650 BCE the Assyrian astronomers seem to have recognized the six months-five months period by which they could isolate eclipse possibilities (Steele, "Eclipse Prediction", 429).
		Britton believes that the Saros cycle was known before 525 BCE (Britton, "Scientific Astronomy", 62) but, although the text identifies a particular Saros cycle, and graphically depicts the number of eclipse possibilities, the ancient commentary of Text S does not attest to an actual observation (Britton, "An Early Function", 32).
		In about 547 BCE late in his life, Thales travelled into Cappadocia with Croesus, and, according to some belief, devised a scheme by which the army of Croesus was able to cross the River Halys.
	www.utm.edu /research/iep/t/thales.htm (9340 words)

	Achaemenid period (553 bce - 330 bce)
		In the middle of the sixth century BCE, the Achaemanid clan of the Persians was headed by Cyrus, who ruled, under Median domination, as sub-king of Parsa, or Persis.
		In 553 BCE Cyrus led a revolt that resulted in the overthrow of the Median ruler and the rise to the power of the Achaemenids.
		A more ambitious to subjugate the Greeks was attempted by Xerxes, but after a navel disaster at Salamis in 480 BCE and a decimation of the land forces at Plataea the next year, the invading forces were withdrawn to the shores of Asia Minor.
	www.silk-road.com /artl/achaemen.shtml (1216 words)

	Important Dates
		All other dates are also approximate but have been constrained by more recent archaeological data as well as ancient documentation.
		3000 BCE : Beginning of second Libyan Amazon Nation, the Anatolian Bronze Age, the Greek Cycladic civilization of Krete and Mykenae, and the Hatti period of East and Central Anatolia.
		2010 BCE : Approximate date of renewed eruptions from the remains of Tritonia, marking the islands with their most recent mountains and craters.
	www.moonspeaker.ca /Amazons/dates.html (385 words)

	University of Alabama Graduate Catalog 2005–07
		Prerequisite: BCE 514 and permission of the faculty.
		Prerequisites: BCE 515 and permission of the faculty.
		Prerequisites: BER 540, BER 545, and BER 546.
	www.ua.edu /catalogs/graduate/22700.html (2348 words)

	History of Iran: Achaemenid Empire
		y 546 BCE, Cyrus had defeated Croesus, the Lydian king of fabled wealth, and had secured control of the Aegean coast of Asia Minor, Armenia, and the Greek colonies along the Levant.
		It was Cyrus and Darius who, by sound and farsighted administrative planning, brilliant military maneuvering, and a humanistic worldview, established the greatness of the Achaemenids and in less than thirty years raised them from an obscure tribe to a world power.
		By the time his successor, Artaxerxes I, died in 424 BCE, the imperial court was beset by factionalism among the lateral family branches, a condition that persisted until the death in 330 of the last of the Achaemenids, Darius III, at the hands of his own subjects.
	www.iranchamber.com /history/achaemenids/achaemenids.php (772 words)

	Miletus,Milet, Miletos (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		In the C8-C6 BCE it was strong enough a power to settle new colonies in areas as far away as the Black Sea, and maintained an important and profitable trade relationship with Egypt.
		The great “father of philosophy” named Thales lived in the city (640-546 BCE), and was followed by other important philosophers, such as the so called “father of geography” Anaximander (611-547 BCE), Hecataeus the chronicler and Anaximenes (550-500 BCE).
		The Persians destroyed the the original harbor in 495 BCE, and the whole area was reconstructed in 479 BCE.
	www.enjoyturkey.com /Tours/Interest/Biblicals/miletus.htm (428 words)

	Thales Securities (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		His Life] Thales is the father of ancient Greek philosophy insofar as he was the first that raised the point that a material substance explains all the natural phenomena.
		BCE in Miletus and he considered the founder of the Ionian School, also called the Milesian school.
		Thales of Miletus (62?-546 BCE) There is considerable agreement that Thales was born in Miletus in Greek Ionia in the mid 620s BCE and died in about 546 BCE, but even those dates are indefinite.
	www.thalessecurities.com /2/thales-miletus.html (608 words)

	Questing Spirit: Timelines
		650 BCE - Rise of the tyrants and reforms of Lycurgus in Sparta
		510 BCE - Hippias, the son of Peisistratus, succeeds his father and is overthrown by a group of nobles with the help of Sparta.
		485 BCE - Accompanying the high point of democracy in Athens is a Greek intellectual revolution, with its beginnings in Sophism.
	www.angelfire.com /stars3/ashtah/timeline.html (809 words)

	Science Book 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Herodotus (c.490-c.425 BCE): Why the Nile Floods in Summer (Hdt.
		The first five parts of Book II in particular discuss elements, and the system of four elements that predates Aristotle.
		Written by a Greek resident of Alexandria in Egypt during the first century BCE, this text is one of the oldest surviving accounts of the countries on Africa's east coast.
	www.keralamuslim.addr.com /general/science/sciencecont.htm (626 words)

	The Modern Magazine for Persian Weddings, Cuisine, Culture & Community
		Cyrus the Great, in 546 BCE defeated Croesus, the Lydian king, and ruled over the entire Aegean coast of Asia Minor, Armenia, and the Greek colonies.
		An alliance between Babylon and the Medes was formed by the betrothal of Cyaxares' granddaughter to Nabopolassar's son, Nebuchadrezzar II (605-562 BCE).
		In 612 BCE the attack on Nineveh was revisited, and the city fell in late August.
	www.persianmirror.com /culture/history/achaemenian.cfm (900 words)

	Croesus
		Dating here varies somewhat, and both 548 and 547 have been suggested as the final year for his reign.
		Solon is reported to have answered: "Judge no man's happiness before the moment of his death." Since the Lydian empire came to an end with Croesus, this legend is a popular warning for anyone who believes that he cannot fall from his fame.
		Perhaps 610 BCE: There are no sources setting his birth year, but he must have been one of his father Alyattes's oldest sons (Alyattes ruled from 619) yet fit to fight for his right to the throne upon his death in 560.
	i-cias.com /e.o/croesus.htm (399 words)

	Lydia.htm
		Sadyattes (620 -598 BCE), son of King Ardys ruled Lydia for only a brief period of twelve years.
		Alyattes (610 - 561 BCE), son of Sadyattes ascended to the Lydian throne and expanded his kingdom.
		Croesus (561 - 541 BCE), son of King Alyattes was the last king of the Mermnad dynasty of Lydia.
	worldcoincatalog.com /AC/C4/Lydia/Lydia.htm (710 words)

	Anatolia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		1200 BCE to 546 BCE is characterized by four primary groups; the Kingdom of Phrygia (central), the Kingdom of Lydia (western), the People of the Sea (southern and southwest), and Urartu (east).
		To the Romans (Republic to 27 BCE, Empire thereafter), partially from 133 BCE, more-or-less entirely by 17 CE.
		In the3rd century BCE, the region was devastated by the migrational assault of three associated Celtic tribes (Tolistoboges, Tectosages and Trocmes), who moved in from central Europe via the Balkans.
	www.hostkingdom.net /turkey.html (2597 words)

	GEOG 405.3 History of Geographic Thought (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Anaximenes of Miletus (585 - 528 BCE): A student of Anaximander, believed that Earth was formed from air by a felting process, that it is a flat disk.
		From evaporations from the earth fiery bodies arise which come to be the heavenly bodies.
		Anaxagoras of Clazomenae (500 - 428 BCE): Multitude ordered by Mind in a harmonious cosmos; against Zeno by asserting infinitesimals.
	duke.usask.ca /~akkerman/gthought/week02.html (350 words)

	[ Ant ] Elements ◁ Lore ◁ Geek Stuff
		Thales (636-546 BCE, left) proposed that the primary substance, or element, of the Universe was water; Anaximenes (?570-502 BCE), air; and Herakleitos (or Heracletus, ?540-?480 BCE), fire.
		Empedokles of Acragas (or Empedocles, 492-432 BCE) suggested that there could be more than one element, and to the list of water, air, and fire added a fourth, earth.
		A different concept was the atomist theory of Leucippus of Miletus (?480-?420 BCE) and his disciple Democritus of Abdera (?460-?370 BCE, right) in which all matter is composed of indivisible particles, or atoms, of the same stuff but with differing shapes.
	homepage.mac.com /antallan/elements.html (258 words)

	Anaximander [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
		This book has been lost, although it probably was available in the library of the Lyceum at the times of Aristotle and his successor
		It is said that Apollodorus, in the second century BCE, stumbled upon a copy of it, perhaps in the famous library of Alexandria.
		Recently, evidence has appeared that it was part of the collection of the library of Taormina in Sicily, where a fragment of a catalogue has been found, on whichAnaximander's name can be read.
	www.utm.edu /research/iep/a/anaximan.htm (5447 words)

	Tomb and Palaces of Cyrus the Great ( Pasargadae) album \| mazdak \| Fotki.com
		Its ruins lie 87 km (54 mi) northeast of Persepolis, in present Fars province of Iran (Persia), and was the first capital of the Persian Empire.
		The construction of the capital city by Cyrus the Great, begun in 546 BCE or later, was left unfinished, for Cyrus died in battle in 530 BCE or 529 BCE.
		Passer-by, I am Cyrus, who gave the Persians an empire, and was king of Asia.
	public.fotki.com /mazdacs/tomb_and_palaces_of (546 words)

	EARLY PERSIA
		Use of semi-Sumerian pictographic writing by the Elamites in the same region by ca.
		Zarathustra "wrote" seventeen great hymns which outlined a tradition of devotion to god – a tradition where inspired teachers expressed their conception of god and the relationship of the people to god -–may pre-date the Iranian environment, as some of the teachings seem more Central Asian in "tone"?
		Seleucus of Babylon ruled most of western Iran, while eastern Iran was increasingly under a rebellious Parthian rule – little Seleucid unity - struggle between the Seleucid and Parthian spheres of influence, ca.
	faculty.winthrop.edu /haynese/syll/notes/331/PERSIA.html (972 words)

	Lecture 2
		Marked end of ancient thinking and beginning of progressive classical Greek thought.
		After Peloponnesian War (431-404 BCE), Athenians faced political crisis:
		Cosmos and Polis are related: use methods for obtaining knowledge of the natural world to gain better understanding of and mastery over human affairs.
	eee.uci.edu /clients/bjbecker/RevIdeas2003/lecture2.html (398 words)

	THE RISE OF ATHENS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The Annexation of the Northern Aegean Coast (514-13 BCE) -
		The European Invasion (514-13 BCE) - The Persians expand into Thrace, Bridging the Bosporus
		The Rise of the Athenian (Delian) League (478 BCE)
	www.mc.maricopa.edu /~bfvaughan/text/201/notes/unit2/athens.html (158 words)

	NBI: Philosophers: Anaximander, School of Athens, Raphael
		610 - 545 B.C.E.), from Kirk & Raven, The Presocratic Philosophers (html, at Charles Ess)
		550 BCE.) (html, at The Oxford Companion to Philosophy)
		546 BCE.), from (html, at Eric Weisstein's World of Scientific Biography)
	www.newbanner.com /AboutPic/athena/raphael/nbi_anax.html (221 words)

	The Achaemenid Empire, 550 - 330 BCE - Miscellaneous (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The Achaemenid Empire, 550 - 330 BCE - Miscellaneous - !http://maxpages.com/miladtotalwar/The_Perisan_Empire_550_BCE
		Page Updated Mon Sep 6, 2004 10:05am EDT
		By 546 BCE, Cyrus had defeated Croesus, the Lydian king of fabled wealth, and had secured control of the Aegean coast of Asia Minor, Armenia, and the Greek colonies along the Levant.
	maxpages.com /miladtotalwar/The_Perisan_Empire_550_BCE - !http://maxpages.com/miladtotalwar/The_Perisan_Empire_550_BCE (753 words)

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