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Topic: 63 BCE

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	orion-list 63 BCE
		As many on this list know, Hutchesson has been prohibited for several years from discussing his 63 BCE theory on the scholarly discussion lists on which it would be relevant: this list, ane, and ioudaios.
		My article gives additional discussion of palaeography and radiocarbon (both of which I argue are ambiguous in establishing post-63 BCE Qumran textual activity) and particularly a treatment of the archaeology of Qumran (for the issue of the deposit date or dates of the texts is fundamentally an archaeological issue).
		63 BCE theory in some form appears likely to be ultimately correct, and that the virtually unanimous scholarly consensus of the c.
	orion.mscc.huji.ac.il /orion/archives/2000a/msg00002.html (548 words)

	Tell el-Far'ah - Archaeology Timeline
		The attempted revolt of Josiah's son Jehoiakim in 600 BCE against the Babylonians resulted in the destruction of Judah and began the forced exile of its elite to Babylon; thus beginning the period of the Babylonian Exile.
		In 539 BCE Cyrus II entered Babylon, thus ending the period of the Babylonian exile and ushering in a new period of prosperity and reconstruction within the region of the Eastern Mediterranean under the Persians.
		This alliance was renewed again in 139 BCE and because of intermittent Roman activity in the orient, the stage was set for the entrance of Roman general Pompée between 66-62 BCE.
	farahsouth.cgu.edu /timeline/main.htm (3466 words)

	Heritage
		From the 6th century BCE to the 2nd century CE, the Land of Israel was conquered first by the Persians, then the Greeks, and finally the Romans.
		At the end of the 3rd century BCE, the Hellenized rulers of Syria known as the Seleucids wrested control of Judea from the Ptolemys, the Hellenized rulers of Egypt.
		Judah the Maccabee led a revolt in 164 BCE and full Jewish sovereignty was established in Judea in 140 BCE.
	www.pbs.org /wnet/heritage/episode2/index.html (523 words)

	Jerusalem - Background and History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The city's eternal spiritual and religious significance to the Jewish people was strengthened when David's son, King Solomon, constructed the Temple on the spot in Jewish tradition where Abraham expressed his willingness to sacrifice his son Isaac to God.
		In 586 BCE the Babylonians under Nebuchadnessar captured the city, destroyed the Temple and exiled Jerusalem's residents to Babylon.
		Although the country was under Roman rule from 63 BCE, the Roman capital was in Caesarea.
	www.adl.org /Israel/final_status/jerusalem_2.asp (960 words)

	Augustus and Tiberius
		Octavian divorced Scribonia (an older woman whom he had married because of her family ties to Sextus Pompey at a time when he needed Pompey's political support) on the very day, it is said, that she gave birth to his only child, a daughter (Julia).
		After the death of Agrippa in 12 BCE, Augustus married Julia to Livia's son Tiberius, who divorced a wife to whom he was devoted, Vipsania, to marry a woman whom he apparently disliked greatly.
		In 6 BCE, Tiberius refused Augustus's command that he be sent as a general to the eastern provinces; instead he retired to the Greek island of Rhodes.
	www.vroma.org /~bmcmanus/augustus.html (1948 words)

	The Handbook of Biblical Numismatics
		After the death of Antiochus VII in 129 BCE, John Hyrcanus achieved the complete independence of Judaea, and greatly expanded his kingdom through conquests of Idumaea, Samaria, and parts of Transjordan and the Galilee.
		Under Aristobulus' brother, Alexander Jannaeus, the Jewish kingdom reached its zenith, stretching from Panias to Beer-Sheba, from the Mediterranean coast to the east bank of the Jordan (Transjordan).
		After Roman General Pompey annexed the entire Hellinistic East, he captured Jerusalem and dismantled much of the Jewish kingdom, leaving only Judaea, Samaria, the Galilee and Peraea (Transjordan) as a puppet state under Hyrcanus II; Antipater, father of Herod the Great, was made de facto ruler by Julius Caesar.
	www.amuseum.org /book/page5.html (564 words)

	Jordan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		They were known for living in tents made of fl goat hair and made a living by raising goats and raiding sedentary populations in the Levant.
		Gindibu, king of the Arab forces at the battle of Karkar (853 BCE), fought by a coalition of 12 Levantine monarchs against Shalmaneser III of Assyria.
		To the Roman Empire.............................27 BCE-44 CE Simon of Peraea........................................4 BCE opposed by...
	ellone-loire.net /obsidian/Jordan.html (948 words)

	All Sides of the Story (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Circa 2000 BCE, the G-d of the ancient Israelites established a divine covenant with Abraham, making him the patriarch of many nations.
		Israel fell to Assyria in 722 BCE; Judah fell to the Babylonians in 587 BCE.
		From circa 300 to 63 BCE, Greek became the language of commerce, and Greek culture had a major influence on Judaism.
	www.teachingreligion.com /judaism/history.html (772 words)

	The Holocaust Chronicle PROLOGUE: Roots of the Holocaust, page 19
		In the spring of 1923, he received a visit from a controversial man, six years his junior, who was the leader of the right-wing National Socialist German Workers' Party.
		4th-2nd centuries bce: Greeks attempt to destroy Judaism and impose Hellenistic culture and religion on the Jews.
		63 bce: Pompey, one of the three rulers of Rome, conquers Palestine.
	www.holocaustchronicle.org /StaticPages/19.html (485 words)

	Seeds of conspiracy: The Oratory of Cicero
		In order to understand the events of 63, then, it is necessary to take a closer look at the years immediately prior.
		The period of his life between 68 and 64 BCE was his most politically productive, during which he successfully climbed the Roman political ladder almost to its pinnacle, the consulship, despite allegations of extortion and infidelity.
		In 63 Catiline canvassed vigorously for the consulship of 62, this time on a revolutionary platform that endeared him to the plebs.
	www.skidmore.edu /academics/classics/courses/1999spring/cl201/cl201pro/cl201see.html (1605 words)

	[No title]
		1900 BCE: The Near East - The Epic of Gilgamesh is redacted from Sumerian sources and written in the semetic language.
		Around the same time, he writes his Code of Laws containing 282 rules including the principles of "an eye for an eye" and "let the buyer beware." It is one of the first codes of law in world history, predated only by the Laws of Lipit-Ishtar.
		They appeal to the Roman Pompey in 63 BCE who intervenes, thereby beginning the Roman occupation of Palestine.
	eawc.evansville.edu /chronology/nepage.htm (1552 words)

	[No title]
		63 BCE, the best approximate estimate for the actual transition to the types of ware that de Vaux and Magness have noticed are strikingly missing at Qumran.
		But a different explanation is that the lack of these types of wares is reflecting a _lack of people_ at Qumran after 63 BCE though the first part of the first century CE-- the time when these wares were in widespread use.
		If the scrolls were deposited in 63 BCE then we would expect a number of them to have been written not long before 63 BCE.
	oi.uchicago.edu /OI/ANE/ANE-DIGEST/2000/v2000.n089 (9094 words)

	Pompey-Jerusalem through Coins
		Marcus Scaurus, General under Pompey, was sent by Pompey to Judaea and intervened in the siege of Jerusalem after receiving a large payment from Aristobulus II, he forced Hyrcanus and Aretas to withdraw.
		When Pompey conquered Judaea and Jerusalem in 63 BCE he entered the Temple and the Holy of Holies thereby desecrating the Temple, though he did not touch any of the sacred items.
		In 55 BCE Crassus was slain in Syria.
	home1.gte.net /~vze3xycv/Jerusalem/confPompey.htm (547 words)

	History of Palestine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Around 1200 BCE the Hittite empire was conquered by allied tribes from the north.
		In 722 BCE, the northern Kingdom of Ephraim (commonly referred to as Israel, sometimes as Samaria) was destroyed by the Assyrians, many of it's inhabitants (mainly the elite amongst them) were deported (giving rise to the legend of "the Lost Tribes") and replaced by settlers from elsewhere in the Assyrian Empire.
		Following the Roman conquest in 63 BCE, parts of Palestine—first a client kingdom of the Roman Empire, after year 6 CE the Iudaea Province—were in nearly constant revolt against Roman occupation (see Jewish-Roman Wars).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Syria_Palaestina (5058 words)

	Roman
		Defeated by Octavian at battle of Actium in 31 BCE and commits suicide with Cleopatra in Egypt.
		Agustus, (Octavian), 44 BCE to 14 CE Agustus, struck 19-18 BCE.
		(63 BC-AD 14), first emperor of Rome (27 BC-AD 14), who restored unity and orderly government to the realm after nearly a century of civil wars.
	mysite.verizon.net /vze3xycv/RulersCoins/romanpic.htm (4063 words)

	Ancient Jewish Coins Related to the Works of Josephus
		The first coins to be used in Judea appeared in the 4th century BCE while Judea was part of the Persian Empire.
		Perhaps this is due to the decree of in 47 BCE, Julius Caesar in 47 BCE, in which Hyrcanus is named not king but "ethnarch," and the true power of procuratorship of Judea is awarded to Antipater.
		There is somewhat of a change in style for coins dated after 18 BCE, and numismatists suggest that these later coins were actually minted in Jerusalem expressly for use in the Temple.
	members.aol.com /fljosephus/coins.htm (5025 words)

	BCE announces details of plans of arrangement @ SYS-CON Media (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		BCE will distribute to its common shareholders, by way of a separate plan of arrangement (the "BCE Plan"), approximately 64,628,000 units of the Fund (representing an approximate 28.8% interest in the Fund, on a fully-diluted basis).
		BCE will directly and indirectly hold an approximate 44.7% interest in the Fund (on a fully-diluted basis) immediately following this distribution to its common shareholders of record at the close of business on July 10, 2006, concurrent with the consolidation of BCE's common shares on a 0.915 for 1 basis.
		As required by applicable securities laws, BCE hereby discloses that it holds its interest in the Fund for strategic purposes and that although it has no current intention to acquire additional securities of the Fund, it reserves the right to increase or decrease, from time to time, its ownership over securities of the Fund.
	www.sys-con.com /read/244807.htm (1789 words)

	[No title]
		Obviously, if the 63 BCE theory is well-argued or credible on other grounds, a ballpark guess such as this is not in itself a counterindication, since only c.
		If he supports the 63 BCE hypothesis, it may be that he has his own reasons and, as he has an article the January QC, it might be worthwhile that Doctor Goranson read it to find out some of those reasons, before writing on his stance.
		Clearly it is not tenable for a pharaoh of the 10th century BCE to appear in a document dated (by Egyptian synchronisms) to the 14th or 15th.
	oi.uchicago.edu /OI/ANE/ANE-DIGEST/2000/v2000.n023 (7402 words)

	Compchron
		This is a series of tables drawn up by Ralph W. Klein, that shows the major events and rulers of Israel and its neighbors, from ca 3000 BCE to 135 CE.
		The Divided Kingdom (Rehoboam to Jehoshaphat in Judah//Jeroboam to Ahab in Israel 931-845 BCE
		The Divided Kingdom (Jehoram to the beginning of Hezekiah in Judah//Ahaziah to Hoshea in Israel) 852-late 8c BCE
	prophetess.lstc.edu /~rklein/Documents/compchron.htm (331 words)

	CTCWeb Glossary: C (Cacus to custos)
		485 BCE; regarded as the founder of Athenian democracy; served as chief archon in Athens in 525 BCE; promulgated the law of ostracism in 510 BCE; after the fall of the tyrant Hippias, Kleisthenes established a democratic institution based on individual political responsibility on citizenship of a city rather than on membership of a clan.
		consulship; Clodius was murdered by Milo in 52 BCE during a fight between their rival gangs on the Appian Way.
		Caesar and Pompey; following his final consulship, Crassus goes to Syria as its proconsul in 55 BCE and is killed at the Battle of Carrhae 53 BCE.
	ablemedia.com /ctcweb/glossary/glossaryc.html (2798 words)

	orion-list evidently not 63 BCE
		It seems to me that C14 has already excluded--at least, practically speaking--the proposal that all Qumran mss were deposited in 63 BCE.
		A long abandonment of Qumran in late first century BCE is quite improbable, to the best of my knowledge.
		But the 63 BCE proposal, as far as I can see, is gone.
	orion.mscc.huji.ac.il /orion/archives/2000a/msg00019.html (639 words)

	Timeline (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Dating is in the secular BCE and BC dating.
		BCE stands for Before Common Era, which correlates to BC in the Latin dating.
		Second Triumvirate rules from 44 BCE to 33 BCE.
	www.lebtahor.com /historytimeline/timelinechart.htm (963 words)

	late_republic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Many contemporary Romans, reflecting on the civic troubles of Rome in the 1st century BCE, looked back at the events surrounding the Gracchi as the start of it all.
		Between 107-100 BCE Marius was consul six times, and reformed the army by conscripting people from the lower classes.
		This was a further step in the "Romanization" of the Italian peninsula, which increasingly came to provide political leaders at Rome and also troops for the army.
	classics.uc.edu /hooker/cc112_2000/late_republic.html (1116 words)

	The Hasmonean Dynasty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		As part of the ancient world conquered by Alexander the Great of Greece (332 BCE), the Land remained a Jewish theocracy under Syrian-based Seleucid rulers.
		When the Jews were prohibited from practicing Judaism and their Temple was desecrated as part of an effort to impose Greek-oriented culture and customs on the entire population, the Jews rose in revolt (166 BCE).
		Following further Hasmonean victories (147 BCE), the Seleucids restored autonomy to Judea, as the Land of Israel was now called, and, with the collapse of the Seleucid kingdom (129 BCE), Jewish independence was again achieved.
	www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org /jsource/Judaism/Hasmonean.html (162 words)

	Brief History of Israel and the Jewish People
		The period from 1000-587 BCE is known as the "Period of the Kings".
		The most noteworthy kings were King David (1010-970 BCE), who made Jerusalem the Capital of Israel, and his son Solomon (Shlomo, 970-931 BCE), who built the first Temple in Jerusalem as prescribed in the Tanach (Old Testament).
		The year 587 BCE marks a turning point in the history of the region.
	www.science.co.il /Israel-History.asp (1431 words)

	Wars between the Jews and Romans: Pompey
		The Roman politician Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (106-48 BCE), better known as Pompey, was one of the greatest generals of his age.
		During the festival of Passover of 63, Aristobulus and the Sadducees were besieged in the Temple of Jerusalem by Hyrcanus and his ally, the Arabian sheik Aretas of Petra.
		When the Romans controlled the Temple, Pompey and his officers entered the Holy of Holies - according to the Jews a blasphemous act, because only the high priest was allowed to enter this room.
	www.livius.org /ja-jn/jewish_wars/jwar01.htm (1044 words)

	Theology Today - Vol 50, No.4 - January 1993 - BOOK REVIEW - Judaism: Practice and Belief 63 BCE-66 CE
		This detailed study of everyday Jewish life in the land of Israel in the one hundred and twenty-nine years between 63 BCE and 66 CE is the book E. Sanders, Professor of Arts and Sciences in Religion at Duke University, has always wanted to write.
		Its uniqueness lies in its author's emphasis on the "common Judaism" of ordinary priests and ordinary people and their forms of daily, weekly, seasonal, and annual Jewish practice in the early period of Roman rule in the land of Israel.
		Although these parties certainly reflected real issues of dispute within the Jewish community of the land of Israel, Sanders prefers to concentrate in the first and larger section of his volume on what the entire Jewish population held in common.
	theologytoday.ptsem.edu /jan1994/v50-4-bookreview18.htm (658 words)

	We will follow the 4 stages of Messianism as outlined by J.
		It was Pharisees, therefore, who brought messianic expectation to the community of Essenes in the 2nd centuury BCE.
		This is also the time when the basic foundations of the T12P (Testimonies of the 12 Patriarchs)...previous thought to be of later Christian composition..was laid with its priestly and royal messiahs.
		The Nazarenes and the Essenes, however, may have had a common inheritance of tradition in the 2nd century BCE from which we see some of the common terminology in spite of what may have been a parting of the ways on eschatology.
	www.historian.net /dssxr.htm (918 words)

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