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	Thermidor: Definition and Links by Encyclopedian.com
		Thermidor was the eleventh month in the French Revolutionary Calendar, which was used only in France and only for thirteen years.
		The food "Lobster Thermidor[?]" was named, directly or indirectly, after the month.
		Lobster Thermidor was one of the last meals served on the Titanic.
	www.encyclopedian.com /th/Thermidor.html (306 words)

	Thermidorian Reaction - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The conspiracies came together on 9 Thermidor (July 27) when members of the national bodies of the revolutionary government arrested Robespierre as well as the leaders of the Paris city government.
		The prime mover, however, for the events of 9 Thermidor was a Montagnard conspiracy, led by Jean Lambert Tallien and Bourdon de l'Oise, which was gradually coalescing, and was to come to pass at the time when the Montagnards had finally swayed the deputies of the Right over to their side.
		On 9 Thermidor, in the Hall of Liberty in Paris, Saint-Just was impugned by Tallien whilst he was reading a report to the Committee of Public Safety, and who then went on to denounce the tyranny of Robespierre.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Thermidorian_Reaction (1144 words)

	Glossary of Terms: Th
		Thermidor is that moment in the development of a revolution when the masses begin to withdraw from active intervention in history and the original leadership of the revolution is replaced by a conservative bureaucracy.
		The term “Thermidor” was later used by oppositionists in the Soviet Communist Party to refer to the beginning of a corresponding phase in the Russian Revolution, in which the leaders of the Revolution would be removed and affairs put under the control of a conservative bureaucracy, operating within new property relations created by the Revolution.
		Thermidor marks that moment in which the active participation of the masses has reached its limit and recedes; what follows depends on the quality of the institutions which the masses have created.
	www.marxists.org /glossary/terms/t/h.htm (3642 words)

	Jeanne-Louise-Henriette Campan information - Search.com
		She was soon afttrwards appointed first lady of the bedchamber by Marie Antoinette; and she continued to be her faithful attendant till she was forcibly separated from her at the sacking of the Tuileries on the 10th of August 1792.
		Madame Campan survived the dangers of the Terror, but after the 9th of Thermidor finding herself almost penniless, and being thrown on her own resources by the illness of her husband, she bravely determined to support herself by establishing a school at St Germain.
		The institution prospered, and was patronized by Hortense de Beauharnais, whose influence lead to the appointment of Madame Campan as superintendent of the academy founded by Napoleon at Écouen for the educaticinof the daughters and sisters of members of the Legion of Honor.
	search.com.com /reference/Madame_Campan (431 words)

	Jean Lambert Tallien
		Among his prisoners was Therese, the divorced wife of the comte de Fontenay, and daughter of the Spanish banker, Francois Cabarrus, one of the most fascinating women of her time, and Tallien not only spared her life but fell in love with her.
		But the Terror could not be maintained at the same pitch: Robespierre began to see that he must strike at many of his own colleagues in the committees if he was to carry out his theories, and Tallien was one of the men condemned with them.
		They determined to strike first, and on the great day of Thermidor it was Tallien who, urged on by the danger in which his beloved lay, opened the attack upon Robespierre.
	www.blakeneymanor.com /tallien.html (979 words)

	François Hanriot
		On the 13th he was impeached in the Convention; but the motion was not carried, and on the 1st of July he was elected by the Commune permanent commander of the armed forces of Paris.
		This position, which gave him enormous power, he retained until the revolution of the 9th Thermidor (July 27, 1794).
		He was arrested, sentenced to death, and guillotined with Robespierre and his friends on the 10th Thermidor of the year II (the 28th of July 1794).
	www.nndb.com /people/021/000101715 (358 words)

	Free Online Library - Search Results - Classic books by famous authors online
		On the 9th of November, 1867, the old man died; at least his dead body was discovered on the 10th, and physicians testified that death had occurred about twenty-four hours previously--precisely how, they were unable to say; for the post-mortem examination showed every organ to be absolutely healthy, with no indication of disorder or violence.
		On the 9th of April he sold the saddle--said he wasn't going to risk HIS life with any perishable saddle-girth that ever was made, over a rainy, miry April road, while he could ride bareback and know and feel he was safe--always HAD despised to ride on a saddle, anyway.
		September 9th, the ice began to move, and roarings like thunder were heard at a distance as the islands split and cracked in every direction.
	www.thefreelibrary.com /bs.asp?ss=text&s=9th (611 words)

	Lobster Thermidor
		The Word "Thermidor" is of Graeco-French origin and is the name of the eleventh month in the French Revolutionary calendar.
		This calendar was introduced by Robespierre and was used in France until 1806, despite the fact that Robespierre was deposed on 9
		Whoever conceived the name for this dish was obviously thinking, not of the French Revolution, but of midsummer, which is an excellent time for lobster – as in the summer in general, Lobster Thermidor is a country-style dish that goes well with a simple wine.
	web.grcc.edu /angus/recipes/lobster_thermidor.html (328 words)

	Marxism message, Gramsci, Terror, & Thermidor (was Re: Gramsci Redux)
		On July 27, 1794, (the 9th of Thermidor) Robespierre was guillotined -- the sans-culottes made no attempt to save him.
		Gramsci, Terror, and Thermidor (was Re: Gramsci Redux), Yoshie Furuhashi Tue 17 Oct 2000, 07:04 GMT
		Re: Gramsci, Terror, and Thermidor (was Re: Gramsci Redux), Charles Brown Tue 17 Oct 2000, 15:54 GMT
	archives.econ.utah.edu /archives/marxism/2000w42/msg00042.htm (1619 words)

	© Glossary: The French Revolution
		In July 1794 the Convention denounced him, (the events of '9th Thermidor') and on 28th July he was guillotined.
		The coup was carried out during 16th-17th July 1794, that is 8th-9th Thermidor in the Republican Calendar, hence its name, and the use of the term Thermidorian to describe the Convention after the removal of the extreme Jacobins.
		After Thermidor he was prominent in the Legislative body, where he continued to support republicanism, until retiring in 1797; however, he returned to power and played an active role in French politics for another half a century.
	www.leedstrinity.ac.uk /histcourse/frenrev/refers/glossary.htm (2836 words)

	Chapter XLVII
		F any one doubts the necessity under which the Revolution lay, of expelling the chief men of the "Gironde " from the Convention, he should cast a glance at the legislative work which the Convention set itself to accomplish, as soon as the opposition of the Right was broken.
		Materially, the loan was not a success; but as the advanced Montagnards meant it to prepare men's minds for the idea of equalising all wealth, and so to make it another step forward, in this respect they attained their end.
		Later on-even after the reaction of Thermidor, the Directory also had recourse to two attempts in the same direction-1795 and in 1799.
	dwardmac.pitzer.edu /Anarchist_Archives/kropotkin/frenchrev/xlvii.html (1443 words)

	The French Revolution, Volume 3. By Hippolyte A. Taine- book-5 Chapter 1 from Nalanda Digital Library at NIT Calicut
		Previous to Thermidor an official phraseology{3} drowned with its doctrinal roar the living truth, while each Conventional sacristan or beadle, confined to his own chapel, saw clearly only the human sacrifices in which he himself had taken part.
		Before, as after the 9th of Thermidor, before, as after the 1st of Prairial, the incentives of the conduct of these pusillanimous oppressors or involuntary liberators were baseness and egoism.
		Since Thermidor, electors and mayors in the boroughs and in the rural districts are found with a good deal of difficulty, even electors of the second degree; people saw that it was useless and even dangerous to perform the duties of a citizen; they would have nothing to do with public functions.
	www.nalanda.nitc.ac.in /resources/english/etext-project/history/frenchrev3_taine/book-5chapter1.html (14689 words)

	Maximilien Robespierre, Master of the Terror
		Most agree that, for a time, he was the most important man in the Revolution, and it is clear that the reaction of 9th Thermidor (July 27, 1794), which brought about his downfall and execution, also caused the end of the Terror and brought about a new course for the Revolution itself.
		Robespierre apparently agreed on 4th Thermidor (July 22), but on 8th Thermidor (July 26) denounced his opponents before the Convention to thunderous applause.
		Saint-Just opened the Convention on 9th Thermidor by denouncing Billaud-Varenne, Carnot and Collot.
	www.loyno.edu /history/journal/1983-4/mcletchie.htm (5830 words)

	Duncan Hallas: The Comintern (Chap.4)
		Because these social forces – the forces of reaction, of the Russian ‘Thermidor’ – had not yet found an effective political expression, the outcome was far from decided in 1923.
		The term ‘Thermidor’ was familiar to the majority of the Comintern leadership.
		On 27 July 1794, which was the 9th Thermidor according to the French revolutionary calendar, the Jacobin dictatorship was overthrown and replaced by a rightward-moving government which took the title of the Directory in the following year.
	www.marxists.org /archive/hallas/works/1985/comintern/ch4.htm (7372 words)

	Lecture 13: The French Revolution, The Radical Stage, 1792-1794
		On July 27, 1794, (the NINTH of THERMIDOR) Robespierre was arrested and guillotined the next day -- the sans-culottes made no attempt to save him.
		With the 9th of Thermidor, the machinery of the Jacobin republic was dismantled.
		Leadership passed to the property owning bourgeoisie, that is, those men of the moderate stage of the Revolution (see Lecture 12).
	www.historyguide.org /intellect/lecture13a.html (1729 words)

	Revolution in Stages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The excesses that resulted led to the overthrow of Robespierre and the Committee on the 9th of Thermidor, Year II (July 27 1994).
		After the overthrow of Robespierre, a period of reaction against the excesses of the Terror set in and led to another version of the Republic, known as the Directory.
		Thermidor: A reactionary phase in response to the excesses of radical republicanism (universal male franchise) and of Terror.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /courses/rschwart/hist151s05/Frev_process_stages.htm (471 words)

	Citizen Robespierre
		At the Convention the following day, Saint-Just could not obtain a hearing, and Robespierre was vehemently attacked (the 9th of Thermidor).
		The National Guard under Barras turned out to protect the Convention, and Robespierre had his lower jaw broken by a shot fired by a gendarme.
		The next day (July 28, the 10th of Thermidor), he was sent to the guillotine along with Saint-Just, Couthon, and nineteen others.
	www.blakeneymanor.com /robes.html (547 words)

	George Glazer Gallery - Les 9 et 10 Thermidor
		The book begins with a full text description of events on July 27 and 28, 1794, called the 9th and 10th day of Thermidor in the Republican calendar adopted for a 13-year period after the French Revolution.
		On 9 Thermidor, an insurrection rose up against Maximilien Robespierre, who was then guillotined the following day, ending the Reign of Terror.
		Théodore Gosselin, who wrote under the pen name of G. Lenotre (the surname literally means "ours"), was from the Lorraine region.
	www.georgeglazer.com /prints/law/thermidor.html (400 words)

	The Fall of Robespierre
		On the 9th of Thermidor, Robespierre harassed the Committee of General Security, and in doing so, separated the moderates, who feared the despotic tendencies of the Committee of Public Safety.
		on 10 Thermidor (July 28th), the building was littered with the debris of the Revolutionary Government.
		Robert Lindet, a fellow-member of the Committee of Public Safety, recalled the build-up to the coup in extracts from his memoirs.
	library.thinkquest.org /C006257/revolution/fall_of_robespierre.shtml (443 words)

	Meet Brother Gregory
		Finally on the 9th of Thermidor (July 27th) the enemies of the Convention struck.
		The victors of 9th Thermidor sent seventy members of the Paris Commune to the guillotine, many of the most egregious laws were repealed and the Jacobin clubs were closed throughout France.
		The wily Fouche moved to the right, abandoning his place on the 'Mountain' of the Convention and by December 8th, the middle class had once again recaptured the Revolution.
	www.brooklyn.cuny.edu /bc/ahp/MBG/MBGD/MBGD4.html (2033 words)

	French Republican Calendar - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Another famous revolutionary date is 9 Thermidor An II (July 27, 1794), the date the Convention turned against Robespierre, who, along with others associated with the Mountain, was guillotined the following day.
		Emile Zola's novel Germinal takes its name from the calendar, as does the dish, Lobster thermidor.
		Thermidor (from Greek thermos, "hot") Starting Jul 19 or 20
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/French_Revolutionary_Calendar (1586 words)

	What is queer food? - By David Mehnert - Slate Magazine
		Just thinking about Lobster Thermidor makes me want to put on a powdered wig and a fake beauty spot.
		of Thermidor (July 27, 1794), the French reign of terror ended with the fall of Robespierre and the Jacobins.
		Lobster Thermidor therefore symbolizes any battle against puritanism, terror, and cultural straitjacketing.
	www.slate.com /?id=2063911 (1581 words)

	[No title]
		He always told me the 9th of August was his birthday, and, as I was born on the 9th of July 1769, our proximity of age served to strengthen our union and friendship when we were both at the Military College of Brienne.
		The false and absurd charge of Bonaparte having misrepresented his age, is decidedly refuted by a note in the register of M. Berton, sub- principal of the College of Brienne, in which it is stated that M.
		The 9th Thermidor arrived, and the deputies, called Terrorists, were superseded by Albitte and Salicetti.
	www.ibiblio.org /pub/docs/books/gutenberg/3/5/6/3567/old/nb17v11.txt (19638 words)

	The Duchesse d'Angoulême.
		At last the Convention, after the 9th thermidor, softened in severity; public opinion made itself heard, and pity dared to murmur.
		The period which came between the 9th thermidor, July 27, 1794, and the deliverance of the princess in the last days of 1795, was that in which a whole royalist literature attempted to burst forth around her.
		Sentimental songs were made and sung to her from a distance, the echoes of which told her that henceforth friends were watching over her fate.
	digital.library.upenn.edu /women/wormeley/princess/princess-4.html (4065 words)

	Alphonse de Lamartine
		The family of Lamartine was good, and the title of Prat was taken from an estate in Franche Comte.
		His father was imprisoned during the Terror, and only released owing to the events of the 9th Thermidor.
		Lamartine's early education was received from his mother.
	www.nndb.com /people/876/000049729 (2425 words)

	TIME.com: Sea-Green Monster -- Feb. 3, 1941 -- Page 2
		In keeping the minority virtuous, he had purged so many revolutionary bigwigs that the little wigs, in self-defense decided to purge him.
		On the 9th Thermidor (July 27, 1794), his comrades outlawed Robespierre, seized and bound him.
		The fallen dictator lay on the floor of the Commune, his jaw shattered by a poorly aimed bullet.
	www.time.com /time/magazine/article/0,9171,765250-2,00.html (559 words)

	MadameRoyaleTemplefinal
		His visit was a secret to all the persons in the Tower, who either did not know who he was, or would not tell me. He looked at me insolently, cast his eyes over my books, and after searching the room with the municipals went away.
		The Guards were often drunk; nevertheless, we were left alone and tranquil, my brother and I, in our separate apartments, until the 9th thermidor.
		At last, on the 10th thermidor, at six o'clock in the morning, I heard a frightful noise in the Temple; the Guard cried to arms, the drums beat, the gates were opened and shut.
	www.sscnet.ucla.edu /06S/hist97c-2/MadameRoyaleTempleFinal.html (1691 words)

	The Great French Revoution
		Education--Three-grade system--Metric system--Its importance--The Republican calendar--Its connection with Church--Severe laws against priests--First attempts at "dechristianisation"--Encouraged by Convention--Bishop Gobel's renunciation--Enthusiasm of Assembly--Movement spreads--File of Liberty and Reason--Opposition of Robes-Pierre--Conduct of Danton--Robespierre and Danton--Triumph of Catholicism--Féte of the Supreme Being--Prelude to 9th Thermidor
		Later in the spring, Robespierre and his followers went still further: they made an attempt to oppose to the worship of Reason a new worship, that of the Supreme Being, conceived after the fashion of the Vicaire savoyard of Rousseau.
		And by the openly hostile attitude of several members of the Convention towards Robespierre, during the fête itself, it became the prelude of the 9th Thermidor--the prelude of the grand finale.
	dwardmac.pitzer.edu /anarchist_archives/kropotkin/frenchrev/lxii.html (2448 words)

	Godey's Lady's Book - Feb. 1850 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		We will pass over the Saturnalia of the Goddesses of Reason during the directory or regency of the Republic.
		After the 9th of Thermidor, the women of France would naturally have returned to the old costume, but for the circumstance that the mistresses of the toilet were not members of the old court.
		The society of bewitching marchionesses was diffused over all Europe, and a coterie altogether new had replaced them.
	www.history.rochester.edu /godeys/02-50/fc.htm (509 words)

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