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Topic: 9th century AD

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	(13) The origin of alphabets and the languages of the world.
		During the Christian era the language was further modified and standardized, and, around 7th century AD, proper vowels (as dot and dash) were added to it.
		As a spoken language Hebrew declined from the 9th century until the 18th century.
		From the remaining fragments and from the royal favor between 531 and 578 AD it was reconstructed, expanded and redesigned in the form of a proper book in the Middle Persian (Pahlavi) language in Aramaic script.
	www.encyclopediaofauthentichinduism.org /articles/13_the_origin_of.htm (2257 words)

	History - Azerbaijan - Asia
		From the 4th century bc until the 9th century ad the state of Caucasian Albania (Aghvan) existed in eastern Transcaucasia.
		A much-disputed area, eastern Transcaucasia was conquered in the late 7th century ad by Arabs, and Islam predominated thereafter.
		In the 16th century Azerbaijan again came under the control of Iran (formerly known as Persia), which was ruled by the Safavid dynasty, and the Shia doctrine of Islam was established as the official religion.
	www.countriesquest.com /asia/azerbaijan/history.htm (231 words)

	Culture of Artsakh (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		century AD the princedom of Khachen, which occupied the central part of the ancient Artsakh, began to play a dominating role in the political and cultural domain of the region.
		AD century the spiritual center of the eastern Armenian lands was situated in Partav (Barda City on the territory of today’s Azerbaijan).
		century the bulk of the Transcaucasus was occupied by Turks.
	www.nkr.am /eng/facts/cult.htm (3602 words)

	India Heritage :: History :: Ancient :: South India (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The Kongu Ratta inscription of early 5th century AD bear description of the conflict between the Pandyas and the Kongu Rattas.
		By the middle of the 4th century AD, the Chola kingdom was largely eclipsed by the Pallavas who shot into limelight and reigned supreme in the southern part of India for a considerable period of time.
		During the 12th century the powers of the Cholas steadily declined, and although a series of protracted wars with the Chalukyas ended in victory for the Cholas, their strength was sapped in the long struggle.
	www.indiaheritage.org /history/history_ancient_south.htm (2210 words)

	Romania - History - Migration - 9th Century (800-900 AD)
		After centuries of isolation and living in the margins of history, one region of present-day Romania — Transylvania — found its way into the history books.
		By the opening of the ninth century a Bulgarian han (chieftain) named Krum burst onto the Balkan stage.
		Normally, the voivode was chosen from among the Hungarian (Magyar) elite.
	www.romerica.com /rom/hist_ad0800.htm (2809 words)

	Blanc et Noir: VISUAL LAB: Printing
		The routine, though rudimentary, reproduction of textual matter first occurred near the beginning of the 8th century AD, when the Chinese began to experiment with the printing of relief, or raised, images cut in wood blocks.
		During the 11th century both the Koreans and the Chinese experimented with the manufacture of movable type made from clay and wood and, later, from bronze and iron.
		During the 14th century the technique was used for illuminating manuscripts in Germany, which became a major center for block-printed textiles a century later.
	www.fortunecity.com /millenium/tulip/5/printing.html (2353 words)

	Frankhelm
		These helmets are first shown in about the 4th century AD, and the latest representation I have seen dates to the mid-late 11th century.
		In many ways, it resembles the morion of the 16th and 17th centuries; it curves upward at the front, allowing good visibilty, and has a central ridge running from the front to the back.
		I will be adding more photographs of this reconstruction from different angles, to demonstrate the shape I believe this helmet to have been.
	www.geocities.com /egfrothos/Frankhelm.html (548 words)

	Pagan Period - Intro and City Plan
		He was the first to conquer the entire dry zone in the middle of the country and he was the first to establish a single center from which to administer the kingdom.
		During the thirteenth century enormous sums continued to be spent on religious foundations and their upkeep, although the structures themselves were often more modest in scale.
		This practice undermined the economy and weakened the power of the monarchy since all lands and wealth given to the clergy was beyond the taxation and control of the King.
	www.seasite.niu.edu /burmese/cooler/Chapter_3/Part1/pagan_period_1.htm (1282 words)

	American Institute for Yemeni Studies
		For the 13th-15th century period, at the height of Zabid's fame, remains of mediaeval houses unearthed beneath what was the old city wall surviving in 1962, clearly document a time when ordinary neighborhoods stretched beyond the last city limits.
		The activities of the 17th century garrison, which is known to have been besieged within the citadel at one time, are documented by traces of a cannonball workshop and numerous smoking pipes.
		The primary academic focus of the Project is an archaeological one, and includes the time from the city's foundation date in the early 9th century until the 17th century, when changing economic and political fortunes saw the settlement reduced from a dynastic and cultural capital to a modest provincial town with an important past.
	www.aiys.org /projects/zabid.html (2494 words)

	Britannia & the Vikings
		In 866 AD Danish Vikings operating in the Carolingian Empire in continental Europe along the river systems and the North Sea conducted an expedition into East Anglia at the behest of the East Anglians.
		By 878 AD the Treaty of Wedmore between Alfred and the Danish Vikings increases the size of Wessex and the Vikings move back to their strongholds in the east and the north.
		Also, those areas in the 9th century Danelaw had on the order of 20 - 40% admixture with the indigenous population, and other areas experienced much less of this type of incursion.
	pages.sbcglobal.net /jimsims/sims/britannia/britannia-viking89.htm (1968 words)

	9th century - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		As a means of recording the passage of time the 9th century was that century that lasted from 801 to 900.
		The reference based on the eclipse of the Western Roman Empire, after AD 476, and the general loss of classical art forms, reduction of urban centers, and diffusion of political power to a petty level.
		Late 9th century: Bulgaria stretches from the mouth of the Danube to Epirus and Bosnia.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/9th_century_AD (721 words)

	Tour Itinerary - iExplore Tunisia
		The city first became a walled fortress during the Byzantine rule in the 6th century AD, but the current walls were built by the Aghlabites in the middle 9th century AD.
		The oldest monument in Sousse is the Ribat, built in the late 8th century AD.
		During its glory days of the 3rd century, the town was known as Thysydrus and it grew rich from its location at the center of the olive and wheat growing area — the Sahel.
	www.africa.com /itinerary/result/46126 (1794 words)

	Linguist List - List of Ancient and Extinct Languages
		A possible extinct language or dialect spoken in the eastern Korean peninsula north of Silla (which kingdom was for centuries limited to the SE corner of the peninsula), it was absorbed by Koguryo some time before the demise of the Koguryo kingdom.
		Later, in the mid 18th century, Jean-Bénard Bossu, in his Nouveaux voyages aux Indes Occidentales, quotes in passing two sentences which John Koontz suggests indicate that Michigamea was a Siouan language, of the Mississippi subgroup.
		Until the 11th century AD it was written in a runic script (called the Rovás) which is related to that of the oldest Turkic writing.
	linguistlist.org /forms/langs/GetListOfAncientLgs.html (4054 words)

	Language Translation and Web Page Translation Services
		The Latin alphabet was introduced in the 13th century; periods of further differentiation followed, and some approximation to Danish occurred.
		Low German words dating from the time of the Hanseatic League (13th-16th century), German words from the 17th century, and French words borrowed in the 17th and 18th centuries are all part of modern Swedish.
		During the subsequent centuries, the Norwegian language was influenced by Danish, Low German, and Swedish.
	thorin.adnc.com /~pheckman/Nordic_Language_bkgrnd.html (659 words)

	EXPEDTXT
		In the 10th century, larger temples were built under the patronage of the Hindu Shahi kings in the spectacular fortress at Amb (Fig.
		The paired temples in the foreground (temples B and C) are of the 10th century.
		The cluster in the background (temple D in the center) is of the 7th century.
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /arth/meister/expedtxt.htm (3296 words)

	Yogini Temples Orissa, Yogini Worship in India, Temples of India, Temples of Orissa, Nine Yogini temples.
		The temple was built in the 9th century AD and is the center of Tantricism and Shakti even till today.
		The temple was worshipped between 9th to 13th century AD in expectation of acquiring supernatural powers by the goddess.
		The Yogini temple at Hirapur was probably built towards the end of the Bhauma rule, i.e., 9th century AD, as the sculptures strongly resemble those of the famous Mukteshwar temple of Bhubaneswar, which was erected in the 9th century.
	www.indiaprofile.com /monuments-temples/yoginitemples.htm (726 words)

	stone (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		century sculpture, which well illustrates what is meant by the stiffening of the human form and stereo-typization of face.
		century Buddha stele in unpolished light gray stone stands half-buried in the ground on the right bank of the Bagmati river, near the burning ghats (cremation platforms) of the Pashupatinath temple complex, the holiest Hindu shrine in Nepal, after Benares, the main pilgrimage target for Hindus everywhere.
		century head of Parvati, the consort of Shiva is sculptured on a Lingam, the phallic symbol of Shiva.
	www.nepal-traveller.com /julyaug06/stone.htm (842 words)

	Dragons, Dragon Art, and Dragon Lore in Japan Buddhism and Shintoism
		By the 9th century AD, the Chinese had incorporated the dragon into Buddhist thought and iconography as a protector of the various Buddha and the Buddhist law.
		By the 9th century, the Chinese had incorporated the dragon into Buddhist thought and iconography as a protector of the various Buddha and the Buddhist law.
		Following this tradition, folk festivals in Japan since the 13 century often incorporate the dance of Ryouou as a rain prayer, for dragons are associated with water and the east.
	www.onmarkproductions.com /html/dragon.shtml (4784 words)

	kerala history (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		After the 9 th century AD more reliable information is available from stone writings and copper plates which replaced palm leaves for writing.
		One of the most important copper plates is called "Tarisa palli shasanam" and was issued by Sthanu Ravivarman around AD 844.Other important records of this type are Parthivapuram edict by a Karunanthadakkan in AD 866, the copper plate given to Jewish Joseph Rabban in AD999 by Bhaskara Ravivarma and Veeraraghavapattayam of AD 1225.
		From the first century to the 9th century was the Tamil period.
	kerala-history.nrksite.com (1191 words)

	Nordic Culture > Scandinavians in the Isle of Man - Scandinavica.com
		By AD 820 the Vikings had conquered and settled in the Isle of Man, establishing a kingdom that owed allegiance to the King of Norway.
		After conquering the Isle of Man in the early 9th century, the Norse rulers brought with them their own system of law-making and administration, the Þingvöllur or Thing-Vollr, an old Norse word which means 'assembly field'.
		The sword dates from the 12th century and signifies the duty of the Sovereign, acting through Tynwald, to protect and defend the people of Man from their enemies.
	www.scandinavica.com /culture/history/man.htm (1472 words)

	Theravada: Buddhism in Sri Lankan
		Sri Lanka is the oldest continually Buddhist country, Theravada Buddhism being the major religion in the island since its official introduction in the 2nd century BC by Venerable Mahinda, the son of the Emperor Ashoka of India during the reign of King Devanampiya- Tissa.
		It was in Sri Lanka, in the 1st century AD during the reign of King Vatta Gamini that the Buddhist monks assembled in Aloka-Vihara and wrote down the Tripitaka, the three basket of the Teachings, known as the Pali scriptures for the first time.
		Later a hair relic, and in the 4th century AD, the Buddha's tooth would be taken to Sri Lanka.
	www.buddhanet.net /e-learning/buddhistworld/lanka-txt.htm (585 words)

	Welcome to my web page
		In the pre-Muslim period, India’s great expansion covering large portions of the sub-continent took place only during the reigns of the Mauryas (3rd century BC), the Guptas (4th century AD), Raja Harsha (7th century AD), the Gurjara empire of Raja Bhoj (8th century AD) and the Pratiharas (9th century AD).
		The Gupta empire, which at its height in the middle of the 4th century AD, and the empire of Harsha in the middle of the 7th century AD barely reached into the Punjab and included none of Sind." (Pakistan and Western Asia, by Norman Brown)
		The only exception is the Maurya period in the 3rd century BC when Asoka’s empire is said to have extended up to the Hindu Kush, north of Kabul.
	expage.com /faiq (721 words)

	Mace Page 3
		Metal mace heads were being used, prior to 1000 AD, in the formerly Persian areas of Islamic rule, in the Byzantine Empire and in the southern Russian and Ukrainian steppes and northern Caucasus.
		By the 11th century they were being made in Kiev and other southern Rus cities.
		There are also literary refences to an 11th century Persian mace style known as Bilka Takini (literally “grape stones”) could be similar to this form.
	otlichnik.tripod.com /medmace2.html (1551 words)

	boys clothes : 9th century
		Europe was nore united in the 9th century than any other time since the fall of Rome in the 5th century.
		The Swedish Rus (Vikings) by the mid 9th century are becoming dominant along the Volga trade routes.
		Europe was more united in the 9th century than any other time since the fall of Rome in the 5th century.
	histclo.com /chron/c800.html (1035 words)

	Tamil Nadu - Gurupedia
		In the 6th century they defeated the Cholas and reigned as far as Ceylon(Sri Lanka).Among the greatest Pallava rulers were Mahendravarman-l and his son Narasimhavarman.
		He was defeated by Aditya Chola towards the end of the 9th century AD.
		The Muslim invasion of the South in the 14th century caused a retaliatory reaction from the Hindus, who rallied to build a strong new kingdom, called the Vijayanagar empire.
	www.gurupedia.com /t/ta/tamil_nadu.htm (1876 words)

	SECOND INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS ON BLACK SEA ANTIQUITIESLocal Populations of the Black Sea Littoral and their Relations ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The Toponym of the Caffa appears for the first time in Greek geographical treatises at the end of the 4th Century AD, thus was designated the district between the mountain of Tepe-Oba and the Theodosian gulf.
		In the 5th-6th centuries AD the locality of Caffa, exceeding the borders of the ancient polity, was inhabited by Greek-speaking Christians engaging in agriculture and fish processing.
		In the middle of the sixth century, a new nomad power emerged in central Asia: a federation led by Turkic groups which rapidly impinged on the Persian empire after the subjugation of the Hephtalites and had an impact on the Roman empire through the flight westwards of the Avars.
	www.bilkent.edu.tr /~arkeo/blacksea/session5.htm (2613 words)

	Iran LITERATURE
		The Arab Conquest (7th century AD) made Arabic the literary language and Islam the dominant literary theme.
		Though existing fragments of Persian verse are dated by experts as early as the 8th century AD, the known history of Persian literature begins in the 9th century, with the beginning of the decline of the caliphs at Baghdad.
		In the 20th century, Western influence and the struggle for independence and social justice in Iran made political and social themes paramount, and literary language became simple and direct.
	www.irantour.org /Iran/art-sience/LITERATURE.html (926 words)

	Old Church Slavonic Online
		It is supposed, however, that in the 9th Century the dialectal differences were still minor enough that mutual intelligibility was possible across a wide expanse of the Slavic-speaking community.
		It is often assumed that the language is the same as that which was spoken in the centuries preceding the work of Cyril and Methodius; but by the time of the extant manuscripts were written, the actual spoken language was beginning to diverge from the written language.
		Hence it is assumed that the beech tree cannot be native to the original Slavic-speaking area, and because the easternmost extent of the red beech is along a line extending from modern Kaliningrad (Koenigsberg) to the mouth of the Danube, the Slavs could not have lived west of this line.
	www.utexas.edu /cola/centers/lrc/eieol/ocsol-0-X.html (1675 words)

	The pre-history of St. Petersburg, Russia
		From the 9th century onwards this area was part of the Principality of Novgorod.
		In the 16th century the power and prosperity of Novgorod was subdued by Moscow and the lands along the Neva River became part of the centralized Russian state - Muscovite Russia.
		By the end of the 17th century Peter the Great was determined to change the status quo, regain access to the Baltic Sea and establish stronger ties with the West.
	www.saint-petersburg.com /history/pre-history.asp (500 words)

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