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Topic: 9th century BCE

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Phoenicia

	Akkadian language
		Semitic language, which served as the common language of peoples of the Middle East for about 300 years, from the 9th century until the 7th century BCE when Aramaic started to supplant it.
		Around 2300 BCE: The Akkadian language spreads during the reign of the Akkadian king, Sargon.
		9th century BCE: The Babylonian dialect of Akkadian has established itself as the lingua franca of the Middle East.
	lexicorient.com /e.o/akkadn.htm (181 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: 9th century BCE (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab1.netlab.uky.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		century BCE, Bethsaida was conquered and annexed by the rival of the Israelites, Aram; their capital was Damascus.
		The first reliable data can be found in the 9th century BCE when Aramean, Assyrian, and Hebrew texts all mention a state with its capital in Damascus.
		The state seems to have reached its peak in the late 9th century BCE under Hazael, who, according to Assyrian texts fought against the Assyrians, and according to Aramean texts had some influence over the north Syrian state Unqi, and according to Hebrew texts conquered all of Israel.
	www.nationmaster.com.cob-web.org:8888 /encyclopedia/9th-century-BCE (354 words)

	The Median Empire; -The Coming of the Iranians & Creation of First Iranian Dynasty (CAIS)
		The widespread Iron Age III culture is then associated with the rise to power of the Median dynasty in the 7th and early 6th centuries BCE and the Iranianization of the whole of the Zagros.
		century BCE, there were a great many Scythians in western Iran, that they, along with the Medes and other Iranian groups, posed a serious threat to Assyria, and that their appearance threw previous power alignments quite out of balance.
		In 612 BCE the attack on Nineveh was renewed, and the city fell in late August (the Babylonians arrived rather too late to participate fully in the battle).
	www.cais-soas.com /CAIS/History/madha/medes2.htm (1608 words)

	Historical Alphabets
		The Aramaic language was the international trade language of the ancient Middle East between 1000 and 600 BCE, spoken from the Mediterranean coast to the borders of India.
		The Meroïtic script was used in the Kingdom of Kush, from the 2nd century BCE onwards until the 5th century CE, in an area of the Nile Valley stretching from Philae in Nubia to near Khartoum in Sudan.
		This event probably occurred around the 7th century BCE but the first evidence of the Oscan alphabet did not appear until the 5th century BCE in the form of inscriptions on coins.
	www.seansgallery.com /pages/h_alphabets.htm (2019 words)

	Iranica.com - IRON AGE
		Iron artifacts, in fact, were unknown in Iran until the 9th century BCE (the cultural period labeled Iron Age II), centuries after the phase designated as Iron Age I came into existence.
		They are rightly considered to have been the source for the large columned-hall buildings built in the late 8th and 7th centuries BCE to the southeast at the probably Median sites of Nush-i Jan (Nuæ-e Ja@n) and Godin II, and later by the Achaemenid Persians to the south at Pasargadae, Persepolis, and Susa.
		Assyrian texts record that in 715 BCE Cimmerians from the North arrived in northwest Iran, and that a year later the Assyrian king Sargon II defeated the Urartians in the Urmia area.
	www.iranica.com /articles/supp4/IronAge.html (2487 words)

	Tel Dan -Archeology in Israel
		century BCE, and when it was dug out it reached almost to its original height of 7 meters.
		century BCE, and because it’s the very first time that the house of David is mentioned in a text outside the Bible.
		century BCE inscription in Aramaic and Greek, also from the cultic area, the name of the god is formulated very vaguely as: “the god who is in Dan.”
	www.jewishmag.com /59mag/dan/dan.htm (1976 words)

	Israel - Crystalinks
		During the next two centuries, the Israelites conquered most of the Land of Israel and relinquished their nomadic ways to become farmers and craftsmen; a degree of economic and social consolidation followed.
		In 1600 BCE, Egypt was conquered by tribes, apparently Semitic, known as the Hyksos by the Egyptians.
		In 922 BCE, the Kingdom of Israel was divided.
	www.crystalinks.com /israel.html (3004 words)

	city: rome
		By 63 BCE Rome had become Ñprotectoræ of the client kingdom of the Hasmoneans, that is the land of Judea.
		By the 7th century the marshy land between the hills was cleared and served as the market center of the town.
		By the fourth century BCE the city was enclosed with a defense structure, the Servian Wall, measuring over 10 feet thick.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/religion/maps/arch/rome.html (1101 words)

	The Jehoash inscription: Relic or forgery?
		If it had been authenticated as dating to the 9th century BCE, it would have been a unique piece of physical evidence which confirmed the accuracy of portions of 2 Kings in the Hebrew Scriptures (Old Testament).
		Most biblical scholars believe that the 1 Kings was not written at the time of King Jehoash in the 9th century BCE, but was composed centuries later.
		Conservative theologian Paul Benware suggests that it was originally written between 600 and 575 BCE, with the final editing occurring during or after the period of captivity in Babylon.
	www.religioustolerance.org /chr_joash.htm (2628 words)

	TFBA - Significant Finds
		The hull of a fishing boat from the first century CE was recovered from the mud along the receding shoreline of the Sea of Galilee.
		Written in ancient Hebrew script dated to the 7th century BCE, the scrolls comprise the earliest-known fragments of a biblical text and pre-date the earliest scrolls from Qumran by more than 300 years.
		Written in ancient Hebrew script dated to the early 6th century BCE, it is presumed to be one of the earliest epigraphic references to the Temple in Jerusalem.
	www.tfba.org /finds.php (737 words)

	davidicanomalies
		Peterson noted that in 1971, Yeiven in the course of repairs to a 4th century CE Synagogue at es-Samu, found two vessels of the 9th-8th centuries BCE.
		The excavations reveal the city is not earlier than the 9th century BCE, suggesting the Davidic narrative has erred in attributing the "silver booty" to David's time in the 11th century BCE.
		The earliest sherd from Iron II was from the 9th century, and the 8th century had the most impressive amount.
	www.bibleorigins.net /davidicanomalies.html (1443 words)

	PrimaryHistory562BCE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Greek mercenaries flock to Egypt from Ionia and Caria in the course of the 7th century BCE, enlisting in the Egyptian army.
		She understands that it was only in the 7th century BCE that a village again appeared, but it was un-walled and came to an end when destroyed by the Babylonians.
		If she is correct, then Jericho's re-founding in the 7th century BCE, not 9th century, is another archaeological marker that the Primary History cannot be a composition of an earlier period.
	www.bibleorigins.net /PrimaryHistory562BCE.html (5245 words)

	Archaeologic and Historic Background of the Etruscan Culture
		In the second half of the 8th century the Villanovans of Tuscany were influenced artistically by Greece; also, inhumation became the predominant burial rite, as it did during the same period in Greece.
		By the end of the seventh century, Etruscans had adopted Greek mythology and were fortifying their cities with cut stone walls as the Greeks did.
		In 616 BCE, the Etruscan Lucius Tarquinius Priscus became ruler of Rome.
	users.tpg.com.au /etr/etrusk/tex/archHist.html (1271 words)

	Archaeology Insitute, Tel-Aviv University (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		century and the beginning of the 9th century before the Common Era.
		This progress and development was not able until the great superpowers revived, and especially with the rise of the Neo-Assyrian Empire.
		It was only in the 10th century BCE when iron became a daily utilitarian metal, for daily use—not swords and spears, but plowshares, nails, hoes, etc."
	www.tau.ac.il /humanities/archaeology/News/bethshemesh.htm (390 words)

	The Cosmological Origins of Fengshui
		Both solar and lunar eclipses are recorded on oracle bones from the mid-14th to the mid-13th centuries BCE.
		Already in the 14th century BCE we see the nucleus of the Four Celestial Palaces, whereby the celestial equator is divided into four equal sections.
		When the cosmologist was replaced by the fengshui master in the centuries during and after the Han dynasty, the cosmograph slowly evolved into the compass, an unmistakable Chinese invention, and the function of the instrument evolved from celestial to terrestrial divination.
	www.fengshuigate.com /cosmology.html (1459 words)

	Carthage
		From the 8th century until the 3rd century BCE, Carthage was the dominant power in the western half of the Mediterranean.
		Carthage had been founded in the 9th century by Phoenician traders of Tyre.
		7th century: With the establishment of Greek trading colonies in Sicily, the position of Carthage is placed in jeopardy, and a conflict is inevitable.
	i-cias.com /e.o/carthage.htm (661 words)

	Ancient Scripts: Greek
		From the shape of the letters, it is clear that the Greeks adopted the alphabet the Phoenician script, mostly like during the late 9th century BCE.
		Boustrophedon was an intermediate stage, and by the 5th century BCE, left-to-right was the de-facto direction of writing.
		Between 1500 and 1200 BCE, the Mycenaeans, an early tribe of Greeks, has adapted the Minoan syllabary as Linear B to write an early form of Greek.
	www.ancientscripts.com /greek.html (489 words)

	Recent Archaeological Discoveries at Hazor
		After several centuries of limited occupation, Hazor was rebuilt in the 10th century BCE, probably as part of King Solomon’s building activities described in 1 Kings 9:15.
		The Late Bronze Age city was destroyed sometime during the 13th century BCE in a fire so intense that it cracked the basalt architectural elements of the palace, the gate shrine, and other structures and left a layer of ash up to three feet deep in places.
		The city fell into decline in the 8th century under the threat of the Assyrian kings and Israel’s other enemies, and Israelite Hazor was finally destroyed in 732 BCE by the Assyrian king Tiglath-Pileser III (2 Kings 15: 29-30).
	www.bibleinterp.com /articles/Hazor_Ebeling.htm (2059 words)

	TAU News - Brave Old World, Brave New Interpretation
		The Bible holds that King David was a fearsome warrior who united the provinces of Israel and Judah in the 10th century BCE, and that his son, Solomon, was a great builder who fortified cities, established palaces, and erected the First Temple.
		First, such a dating suggests that monumental building activity began in early Israel during the 10th century BCE, but that other manifestations of advanced public administration - such as monumental inscriptions, administrative ostraca, and inscribed seals - were not introduced until the 9th century, one hundred years later.
		David's empire is thought to have been established in the 10th century, whereas rulers in neighboring Moab and Damascus did not consolidate their kingdoms until the 9th century.
	www.tau.ac.il /taunews/98spring/megiddo.html (1031 words)

	The Islamic World to 1600: Islamic Beginnings (Ancient Persia) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The Medes were followed by the Persians in the 8th century BCE, and these two groups laid the foundation for a series of empires that arose on the Iranian plateau over the next thousand years.
		Around 750 BCE the Medes people formed their own kingdom, called Media, in the northwest plateau, becoming powerful enough by 612 BCE to defeat the older Assyrian Empire to the west.
		In 550 BCE, however, the Persian leader Cyrus the Great led the Persians into battle against the ruling Medes people, resulting in the unification of the two groups under the name of the victor, the Persians.
	www.ucalgary.ca /applied_history/tutor/islam/beginnings/persia.html (586 words)

	Athens
		The Golden Age of Athens had been in the 5th century BCE during the rule of Pericles (b.495, d.429) who transformed Athens into an imperial city at the expense of other Greek city-states.
		As the 4th century BCE progressed, Plato, Socrates' pupil, established his Academy (385) and Aristotle, Plato's student and Alexander's teacher, founded the Lyceum (335).
		The Epicureans, followers of Epicurus (342-270 BCE), were not pleasure seeking hedonists, but led rather austere lives, withdrawn from worldly affairs to cultivate simple pleasures in the company of friends.
	www.abrock.com /Greece-Turkey/athens.html (1536 words)

	[No title]
		In 216 BCE Hannibal defeated the Romans at Cannae, destroying 80,000 Roman soldiers.
		In 204 BCE Scipio landed in African used the same tactics that Hannibal used in Italy - he burned the farm land and headed straight for Carthage to besiege the city.
		In 202 BCE Hannibal and Scipio met at Zama, the decisive battle of the 2
	web.jjay.cuny.edu /~mbstwck/punicwars.htm (644 words)

	Pate de Verre
		Pate de verre, the name bestowed by the French in the late 19th century and by which we know the technique today, is one of the oldest known forms of glass working.
		In the 4th and 5th centuries, the Persians produced exquisite glass vessels made by the same lost wax method that was used for their gold and silver work.
		With the introduction of glass blowing by the Romans at the beginning of the Common Era, however, glass objects quickly became available to the common people and the number of small glass studios declined as kiln cast techniques were supplanted by glass blowing.
	www.emstudioglass.com /history.htm (468 words)

	Early history - Memory Alpha (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The notation BCE ("Before Common Era") and CE ("Common Era") are alternative neutral notations for BC ("Before Christ") and AD ("anno Domini"), respectively.
		3rd Century CE The inhabitants of Vulcan engage in terrible and destructive wars including the use of atomic bombs, a result of the violent passions and emotions that govern the Vulcan people.
		9th Century CE Kahless the Unforgettable unites the Klingon people after his defeat of the tyrant Molor and the Fek'Ihri.
	memory-alpha.org /en/wiki/Early_History (1676 words)

	A debate of biblical proportions - Haaretz - Israel News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		It is built atop an 11th century BCE floor, and on top of it are destruction layers dated to the end of the First Temple period.
		Finkelstein says the latest of the many pottery shards found in the earthen fill on which the walls were built are circa the 9th century BCE or even later - and not the 12th or 11th centuries, as Mazar claims.
		Finkelstein says that pottery from the 9th century BCE, and maybe even from the 8th century BCE, was also found in the Stepped Stone Structure.
	www.haaretz.com /hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=622357 (1882 words)

	HISTORICAL OVERVIEW
		A century later, the site figures in a letter discovered in the capital of the Hittite Empire, which disputed control of western Asia with the Egyptians.
		If the "stables" of Megiddo are rightly identified, the site housed part of the most dominant chariot force in the Near East in the 9th century BCE: King Ahab's 2000 chariots and 10000 infantry at the battle of Qarqar in 853 helped staunch the tide of Assyrian conquest for half a century.
		In 1998, we plan to expose the remains of Biblical Israel in its prime, the 10th and 9th centuries BCE.
	jbe.la.psu.edu /JST/MEGIDDO/megiddo98/historic.htm (1282 words)

	Canaan & Ancient Israel @ University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		At the time of the conquest, according to the Bible, Beth Shean is one of the cities from which the Israelites did not rout the Canaanites (Joshua 17:11; Judges 1:27), and the city onto whose walls the Philistines "fastened" the body of Saul and those of his sons (1 Samuel 31:10).
		In the Early Iron Age, a massive city wall was built around the mound and a huge cylindrical pool for fresh water, reached by a spiraling stair of 79 steps, was excavated in the bedrock.
		The city reached its peak in the 7th century BCE when the entire mound was covered with buildings and the Gibeonites produced and traded large quantities of wine (63 rock-cut storage cellars for wine were excavated).
	www.museum.upenn.edu /Canaan/Collections.shtml (627 words)

	In the beginning, a burst of light \| csmonitor.com
		Between about 900 and 200 BCE, breakthroughs occurred in several parts of the world that created the foundations of today's major traditions: Buddhism and Hinduism in India; Confucianism and Daoism in China; monotheism in Israel; and philosophical rationalism in Greece.
		In the 9th century BCE, in revulsion against societal violence, Brahman priests in India eliminate violent elements from traditional sacrifical rites.
		In the 8th century BCE, Jewish prophets insist that ritual is meaningless without ethical behavior, and call for introspection, integrity, and pursuit of justice.
	www.csmonitor.com /2006/0404/p14s02-bogn.htm (923 words)

	Iranian Scripts: Aramaic Alphabet
		he Aramaic alphabet was developed sometime during the late 10th or early 9th century BCE and replaced Assyrian cuneiform as the main writing system of the Assyrian empire.
		The Aramaic alphabet is thought to be the ancestor or a number of Semitic alphabets as well as the Kharosthi alphabet.
		At the end of the 3rd century BCE, the Aramaic alphabet spawned a number of new alphabets including Syriac, Nabataean, Palmyran and Hebrew square script.
	www.iranchamber.com /scripts/aramaic_alphabet.php (119 words)

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