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Topic: A Counterblaste to Tobacco

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	Tobacco Documents
		Kansas is one of the latest states to sue the nation's leading tobacco companies to recover health care costs incurred because of the harmful effects of cigarette smoke.
		The tobacco industry won a major legal victory on May 23, 1996, when a federal appeals court refused to grant class-action status to a lawsuit accusing the companies of manipulating nicotine levels to keep smokers hooked and suppressing data that cigarettes are addictive.
		The tobacco companies claim that the state is preparing a suit against them for the costs incurred by Medicaid and other health programs due to the detrimental effects of cigarette smoking on Texans.
	www.tobacco.org /resources/documents/documents.html (7904 words)

	Tobacco - LoveToKnow 1911
		Tobacco is cultivated in localities scattered over almost the whole world, ranging as far north as Quebec, Stockholm and the southern shores of Lake Baikal in one hemisphere, and as far south as Chile, the Cape of Good Hope and Victoria in the other.
		Tobacco is the second industry of the country, the value of the crop being surpassed only by that of sugar.
		Both cake and roll tobacco are equally used for smoking and chewing; for the latter purpose the cake is frequently sweetened with liquorice, and sold as honey-dew or sweet cavendish.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Tobacco (7572 words)

	TOBACCO: The Early History of a New World Crop
		However, it was perceived, by the end of the seventeenth century tobacco had become the economic staple of Virginia, easily making her the wealthiest of the 13 colonies by the time of the American Revolution.
		Tobacco, whose goodnesse mine own experience and triall induces me to be such, that no country under the Sunne, may, or doth affoord more pleasant, sweet and strong Tobacco, then I have tasted.
		Although Sir Thomas Dale, deputy-governor of Virginia, initially limited tobacco cultivation in the fear that the settlers would neglect basic survival needs in their eagerness to finally get rich, 2,300 pounds of tobacco were exported to the Mother Country in 1615-16.
	www.nps.gov /colo/Jthanout/TobaccoHistory.html (1678 words)

	directopedia : Directory : Shopping : Tobacco [2] : Pipes : Tobacco
		Such leaves are often smoked (see tobacco smoking) in the form of a cigar or cigarette, or in a smoking pipe, or in a water pipe or a hookah.
		Tobacco is also chewed, "dipped" (placed between the cheek and gum), and consumed as finely powdered snuff tobacco, which is sniffed into the nose.
		Large tobacco warehouses filled the areas near the wharfs of new thriving towns such as Richmond and Manchester at the fall line (head of navigation) on the James River, and Petersburg on the Appomattox River.
	www.directopedia.org /directory/Shopping-Tobacco/Pipes-Tobacco.shtml (4835 words)

	Early English Books Online Text Creation Partnership
		A Counterblaste to Tobacco is one of the interesting tracts in the history of both the early British Empire and the tobacco trade.
		Tobacco was first brought to England by John Hawkins in 1565 and successfully cultivated by John Rolfe in 1516-17.
		In all, A Counterblaste to Tobacco does show that people were far from unified about the effects, good or ill, of smoking, a debate which still continues today.
	www.lib.umich.edu /tcp/eebo/Featured/counterblaste.html (473 words)

	Tobacco information - Search.com
		Tobacco leaves are often smoked (see tobacco smoking) in the form of a cigar or cigarette, or in a smoking pipe, or in a water pipe or a hookah.
		Tobacco is also chewed, "dipped" (placed between the cheek and gum), and sniffed into the nose as finely powdered snuff.
		tobacco) was commonly used to define medicinal herbs from 1410, originating from the Arabic "tabbaq", reportedly since the 9th century, as the name of various herbs.
	domainhelp.search.com /reference/Tobacco (4879 words)

	Tobacco (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Such leaves are often smoked (see tobacco smoking) in the form of a cigar or cigarette, or in a smoking pipe, or in a water pipe or a hookah.
		The word "tobacco" is an Anglicization of the Spanish word "tabaco", possibly derived from the native Cuban "tabacos" for cigar or from the Native American "tabago," a Y-shaped pipe used to sniff tobacco smoke through the nostrils.
		Public health researchers maintain that, nevertheless, even the low nitrosamine levels in snus cannot be completely risk free, but snus proponents maintain that inasmuch as snus is used as a substitute for smoking or a means to quit smoking, the net overall effect is positive, similar to the effect of nicotine patches, for instance.
	abcworld.net /Tobacco (4242 words)

	Slavery in America
		Tobacco has one other association with the slave trade: there are reports that, along with vinegar, tobacco smoke also was used to fumigate the decks of slave ships once the slaves had been removed.
		Tobacco cultivation and processing does not require the intense labor of rice cultivation, but it requires a great deal more care than cotton, with roughly 36 separate steps, and is extremely vulnerable to weather.
		Tobacco cultivation was not only the occupation of enslaved fls, but it also was the main means of support of free fls living in the Chesapeake region.
	www.slaveryinamerica.org /history/hs_es_tobacco_slavery.htm (5766 words)

	Tobacco: Geography of Virginia
		Tobacco is a significant crop in the Connecticut River valley, where farmers produce the leaves used for cigar wrappers by growing tobacco plants under white cloth to reduce the number of spots from the sun and insects.
		Tobacco was grown on 10% of the average farm (29 of 290 acres) but generated 90% of the income for farms in that region.
		Tobacco sold for less that $2/pound in 1999, but even with the state subsidy it was still a challenge for farmers to make the same profit per acre on lower-valued crops.
	www.virginiaplaces.org /agriculture/tobacco.html (2109 words)

	Chesapeake Bay - Economy - The Mariners' Museum
		In "A Counterblaste to Tobacco, written in 1604, James described tobacco as "this stinking smoke," "perpetual stinking torment," " a custom loathsome to the eye, hateful to the nose, harmful to the brain, dangerous to the lungs, and in the fl stinking fume thereof nearest resembling the horrible stygian...
		Growing tobacco was labor intensive, and colonial planters soon found that immigration from Europe and natural population increases were unable to supply the numbers of laborers needed to work the tobacco fields.
		Tobacco was initially exported directly to England, France, Holland, the Caribbean islands, and South America.
	www.mariner.org /chesapeakebay/economy/cbe001.html (791 words)

	Key dates: chronology of tobacco history (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The main recommendations were: restriction of tobacco advertising; increased taxation on cigarettes; more restrictions on the sales of cigarettes to children, and smoking in public places; and more information on the tar/nicotine content of cigarettes.
		The Tobacco Advisory Committee (subsequently Council, and now known as the Tobacco Manufacturers’ Association) - which represents the interests of the tobacco industry - agreed to implement a code of advertising practice for cigarettes which was intended to take some of the glamour out of cigarette advertisements.
		Jan ASH called for tobacco manufacturers and retailers to be made legally liable for compensation in respect of death or illness caused by smoking, in a submission to the Royal Commission on Civil Liability and Compensation.
	www.ash.org.uk /html/schools/keydates.html (4977 words)

	Breed's Collection of Tobacco History Sites
		Tobacco was used by the peoples of the Americas for millennia before Columbus, but most chronologies of tobacco history begin on 12 October 1492.
		Tobacco could ease pain of toothaches and one reference suggests that the prisoners executed in mass by the Mayans were given large doses of tobacco to ease the pain.
		The use of tobacco and the pipe for greetings and a gift.Tobacco was used as an insecticide.
	smokingsides.com /docs/hist.html (5499 words)

	Smoking & Tobacco Cessation Training
		Tobacco was first hybridised for domestic use from the deadly nightshade family of plants by the Native American tribes.
		By 1600 AD tobacco was everywhere and health warnings and social abhorrence on its use were being expressed by every society.
		These governments are dependent upon the revenue from the tobacco taxes and duties to balance their budgets on one hand but are also faced with massive public health expenditures under their health policies.
	www.muslimhealthnetwork.org /stct/chap2_a.html (485 words)

	Tobacco and Staple Agriculture
		Virginia's economy was directly dependent upon the weather conditions for growing and harvesting tobacco, and the price paid for tobacco by customers outside Virginia, until after World War I. Staple agriculture puts all of a region's economic eggs in one basket, in contrast to a diversified economy.
		In 1613, John Rolfe grew a crop of "sweet-scented" tobacco from seeds imported from the Caribbean, rather than the harsh strain of tobacco that was native to Virginia.
		However, Washington quit growing tobacco on his Potomac River plantations, in part because the transportation costs from that location were greater and also because he felt the agents were unskilled and/or unfair in their dealings.
	www.virginiaplaces.org /agriculture/tobaccostaple.html (1702 words)

	A Counterblaste To Tobacco
		And no man likes strong heady drink the first day (because nenia repentefit turpissimus) but by custom is piece and piece allured, while in the end, a drunkard will have as great a thrill to be drunk as a sober man to quench his thirst with a drought when he hath need of it.
		And this very custom of taking tobacco (whereof our present purpose is) is even at this day accounted so effeminate among the Indians themselves, as in the market, they will offer no price for a slave to be sold whom they find to be a great tobacco-taker.
		He will refuse to take a pipe of tobacco among his fellows (though by his own election he would rather smell the favor of the sink) is accounted peevish and no good company; even as they do with tippling in the cold eastern countries.
	www.personal.psu.edu /users/s/j/sjh11/TCTaxBits/CuriousTaxFacts/Counterblaste.shtml (2150 words)

	Treasures Revealed: James I - "A Counterblaste to Tobacco" (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Tobacco was first imported to Spain and Portugal in the early sixteenth century, and it immediately generated fierce controversy.
		Although published anonymously, the authorship of Counterblaste was an open secret, and it became one of the best known of the tobacco tracts.
		James's warnings were ignored and the use of tobacco increased rapidly during his reign.
	www.vahistorical.org /exhibits/treasures_tour_james.htm (233 words)

	COUNTERBLAST TO TOBACCO : by King James I of England; King James VI of Scotland
		And no man likes strong heady drink the first day (because nenia repentefit turpissimus[8]) but by custom is piece and piece allured, while in the end, a drunkard will have as great a thrill to be drunk as a sober man to quench his thirst with a drought when he hath need of it.
		And this very custom of taking tobacco (whereof our present purpose is) is even at this day accounted so effeminate among the Indians themselves, as in the market, they will offer no price for a slave to be sold whom they find to be a great tobacco-taker.
		He will refuse to take a pipe of tobacco among his fellows (though by his own election he would rather smell the favor of the sink) is accounted peevish and no good company; even as they do with tippling in the cold eastern countries.
	jesus-is-lord.com /kjcounte.htm (2309 words)

	AmericanHeritage.com / How Tobacco Conquered America—Until Recently
		He wrote that the leaves “must be something of importance to these people,” but their significance remained a mystery—until two of his emissaries watched as the Indians rolled them into sticks that resembled toy muskets, “set one end on fire and inhaled and drank the smoke on the other.
		Most observers judged the taking of tobacco a salutary practice, and many agreed with the Indians who saw it as a tonic for a wide variety of ills.
		In August a federal judged ruled that the major tobacco companies were in violation of federal racketeering laws, having “publicly denied, distorted, and minimized the hazards of smoking for decades.” She ordered them to stop promoting smokes as “light” or “low-tar,” falsely implying they are less harmful.
	www.americanheritage.com /events/articles/web/20061014-cigarettes-tobacco-smoking-john-rolfe-luther-terry-surgeon-general.shtml (1115 words)

	History Net- The History of Tobacco Part 1 (to 1676)
		Tobacco continues to be used as a monetary standard--literally a "cash crop"-- throughout the 17th and 18th Centuries, lasting twice as long as the gold standard.
		So prominent is the place that tobacco occupies in the early records of the middle Southern States, that its cultivation and commercial associations may be said to form the basis of their history.
		During Charles' reign (1660-1685), the growing of tobacco in England, except for small lots in physic gardens, is forbidden so as to preserve the taxes coming in from Virginian imports..
	historian.org /bysubject/tobacco1.htm (2161 words)

	History Net- The History of Tobacco Part 1 (to 1676)
		Tobacco continues to be used as a monetary standard--literally a "cash crop"-- throughout the 17th and 18th Centuries, lasting twice as long as the gold standard.
		So prominent is the place that tobacco occupies in the early records of the middle Southern States, that its cultivation and commercial associations may be said to form the basis of their history.
		During Charles' reign (1660-1685), the growing of tobacco in England, except for small lots in physic gardens, is forbidden so as to preserve the taxes coming in from Virginian imports..
	www.historian.org /bysubject/tobacco1.htm (2161 words)

	Give Up - History Smoking - Cavalier And Roundhead Smokers
		Tobacco engages Both sexes, all ages, The poo...
		tobacco, and to Virginia tobacco, it is clear that the former ranged
		tobacco before that he had first sayed grace over it.
	www.giveup.ca /HistorySmoking/Cavalier-And-Roundhead-Smokers.html (2723 words)

	Coffin Nails: The Tobacco Controversy in the 19th Century
		The introduction of tobacco into the human body resulted, he said, in a tolerance allowing increased use and, thus, greater absorption of its poisonous substances.
		The editor asserted that there were enough medical cases to conclude, “that the very prevalent use of tobacco is among the prominent causes of ill-health and positive [i.e., manifest] disease.” He identified the nervous system and digestion as the most obvious targets of the product’s negative effects.
		Scientific studies in the late-twentieth century would find that the carbon monoxide produced in tobacco smoke restricts the blood’s ability to carry oxygen, which is needed by the body’s tissues.
	tobacco.harpweek.com /hubpages/CommentaryPage.asp?Commentary=LungAndHeart (793 words)

	The Tobacco Reference Guide by David Moyer
		King James I of England was a prominent early critic of tobacco.
		Stigian smoke of the pit that is bottomelesse." He wrote that tobacco was a "filthie
		A Counterblaste to Tobacco, King James I, 1604
	www.tobaccoprogram.org /tobaccorefguide/ch4/ch4p6.htm (257 words)

	Tobacco History Links
		The way the tobacco companies tell the story, "keep 'em talking" seems to have been the operating principle behind their strategies to prevent legislation and regulation over tobacco products.
		Tobacco Timeline Pretty good job, from the BC Ministry of Health's "Tobacco Facts" for kids site.
		As Harold Ickes said on-air at the time, "I wonder if that is because the tobacco companies are such large advertisers." A short, punchy article by Randolph T. Holhut, editor of the George Seldes Reader.
	www.tobacco.org /resources/history/history.html (1741 words)

	Cigarette Smoking And Health Risks: Four Hundred Years Of Information And Public Awareness
		Recounts the 400-year history of the anti-smoking movement, beginning with the "earliest warnings" of King James I in his "counterblaste to Tobacco." Discusses nicknames used for cigarettes beginning in the 20th century that denote the public's familiarity with the dangers of cigarette smoking.
		own land are killed by (tobacco) every year.=' Ant~-smokers accused; cigarettes of causing tuberculos~is, infl!uenza., insanity, sexual perversion, nightmares, i.nso:mn~a, slavering, =tobaccO, ambylopla =' (:weake:n~.ng of the eyesig.ht}, baldness, sterility, impotence or promiscuity, dEun.kenees:, mustaches on women and constipation..
		As a close neighbor of a smoker involved in~ a tobacco ~iab~il.ity case testified,.
	tobaccodocuments.org /bliley_pm/23638.html (1019 words)

	A Counter-Blaste to Tobacco
		Hat the manifolde abuses of this vile custome of Tobacco taking, may the better be espied, it is fit, that first you enter into consideration both of the first originall thereof, and likewise of the reasons of the first entry thereof into this Countrey.
		For one cure must not euer be vsed for the self-same disease, but according to the varying of any of the foresaid circumstances, that sort of remedie must be vsed which is fittest for the same.
		Moreouer, which is a great iniquitie, and against all humanitie, the husband shall not bee ashamed, to reduce thereby his delicate, wholesome, and cleane complexioned wife, to that extremitie, that either shee must also corrupt her sweete breath therewith, or else resolue to liue in a perpetuall stinking torment.
	uoregon.edu /~rbear/james1.html (2270 words)

	Give Up - History Smoking - Smoking In The Restoration Period
		Tobacco it self is by few taken now as medicinal, it is grown a
		Spanish tobacco and the squire the cheaper Virginian.
		tobacco in the fire and his pipes at the walls; resolving never to
	www.giveup.ca /HistorySmoking/Smoking-In-The-Restoration-Perio.html (2979 words)

	The Tobacco Reference Guide by David Moyer - UICC GLOBALink
		The Tobacco Reference Guide by David Moyer - UICC GLOBALink
		sit puffing of the smoke of tobacco, making the filthy smoke and stink thereof, to
		A Counterblaste to Tobacco, King James I, 1604
	www.globalink.org /tobacco/trg/Chapter5/Chap5_ENVIRONMENT.html (196 words)

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