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Topic: A New Theory of Magnetic Storms

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	NCAR Researcher Sheds Light On Solar Storms
		New research from the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) links a particular magnetic structure on the Sun with the genesis of powerful solar storms that can buffet Earth's atmosphere.
		To conduct her study, Gibson used Mark-IV images to observe dark, lower-density areas, known as cavities, that can be formed by the strong, sheared magnetic fields of magnetic flux ropes.
		It shook space weather theory and highlighted the need for new forecasting techniques, according to several presentations at the American Geophysical Union (AGU) meeting this week in New Orleans.
	www.spacedaily.com /news/solarscience-05r.html (730 words)

	The Birth of a Theory
		Birkeland, in 1896, first suggested that aurorae and magnetic storms were due to streams of high-speed electrons emitted from the sun and deflected poleward by the earth's magnetic field.
		In 1918, Chapman added at the end of his paper on the average characteristics of magnetic storms an atmospheric-type theory of the origin of such storms, which he ascribed to the action of a stream of charged particles from the sun, mainly of one sign.
		Although Chapman's first attempt to develop a theory of magnetic storms on the basis of Lindemann's hypothesis was faulty, it was correct in one of its main conclusions: that the ions and electrons within the stream can move approximately together in rectilinear paths without spiraling and with only a slight deflection by the field.
	www.gi.alaska.edu /chapman/birth.html (1674 words)

	Magnetic Declination (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Another theory is that the reversals are triggered by a slight change the angular momentum of the earth as a direct result of the impacts.
		Magnetic observation data of solar events is one basis for the formulation of theories of solar processes.
		Magnetic anomalies betray ferromagnetic ores such as iron, nickel and cobalt; or diamond deposits associated with kimberlite minerals (magnesium rich ilmenite, olivine, chrome diopside and pyrope garnets); as well as precious metals.
	earthsci.org /fieldsk/declin.htm (2565 words)

	A New Theory of Magnetic Storms - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A New Theory of Magnetic Storms is a 1931 book by Chapman and Ferraro which sought to explain the phenomenon of geomagnetic storms.
		The cloud will then compress the Earth's magnetic field and thus increase this magnetic field at the Earth's surface.
		It is now understood that the Sun continually emits plasma in the solar wind and that this phenomenon is amplified whenever solar flares occur.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/A_New_Theory_of_Magnetic_Storms (136 words)

	The Earth Magnetic Field (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The theory is that sense as lava cools, the magnetic fields of the atoms align with the Earth's field, that as the sea floor spreads a record of Earth's past field preserved.
		According to the dynamo theory, the magnetic and rotation axes should nearly always be closely aligned, except for a very relatively short time during a field is reversal.
		The existence of the magnetic field of Mercury, since the field's source is a decaying current in its core and it is not related to spin.
	genesismission.4t.com /emf.html (1196 words)

	Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, Vol
		He concluded that during "eight hours of a not very severe magnetic storm, as much work must be done by the Sun in sending magnetic waves out in all directions through [the vacuum of] space as he actually does in four months of his regular heat and light.
		Maunder argued that magnetic disturbances arranged in patterns corresponding to the synodic solar rotation period of 27 days could only mean that the Sun, not some outside agency that produced both spots and storms, was the source of the disturbances.
		He concluded that sunspots were not a necessary condition for magnetic storms; areas on the Sun could be "magnetically active" before the formation and after the disappearance of sunspot groups.
	www-ssc.igpp.ucla.edu /spa/papers/hyp (2279 words)

	THE HOLLOW WORLD OF EDMOND HALLEY
		Perkins was developing a theory of his own to account for the variation, as was indicated in his address to the Royal Society, but it is hard to discern any resemblance to that developed by Halley (19).
		One pair of magnetic poles was stationary, being embedded in the outer shell, while the other pair drifted westwards, because the inner sphere was revolving at a slower rate.
		Hooke’s theory was thought sufficiently adequate to furnish a model for the structure of the Earth by Halley in 1692, in his explanation of the Earth’s magnetic poles (25).
	www.ucl.ac.uk /sts/nk/halleyhollow.htm (3318 words)

	Cassini finds radiation belt amid Saturn's rings \| Chron.com - Houston Chronicle
		New data released Thursday from NASA's craft also shows that the prevalence of storms on the planet's surface is lower than it was when Saturn was visited by Voyager 2 two decades ago, possibly because of changes in the shadow cast by the planet's rings.
		The storms and lightning bolts on Saturn are detected by Cassini's radio and plasma wave science instrument, producing "the same crackle and pop one hears when listening to an AM radio broadcast during a thunderstorm," said the University of Iowa's Bill Kurth, who is in charge of the instrument.
		Those measurements showed that storms would sweep around the planet with a period of 10 hours and 5 minutes, indicating that they were in the high-speed winds circulating at or near Saturn's equator.
	www.chron.com /disp/story.mpl/space/2722215.html (549 words)

	PERCY SEYMOUR
		The theory gives us an independent method of calculating what the strength of the magnetic field of the Sun ought to be in sunspots in order to make this mechanism work.
		The lunar daily magnetic variation varies according to latitude on the surface of the planet, the geometry of the land mass, and the presence or lack of iron ore deposits.
		This reversal of the Sun's magnetic field is called the Sun's magnetic cycle, which is approximately 22 years long, twice the duration of the eleven-year solar/sunspot cycle.
	www.tmgnow.com /repository/solar/percyseymour1.html (6777 words)

	Print the story
		Drake explained that the strongest confirming evidence for the new theory was the surprising agreement between their model and data from NASA’s WIND satellite.
		Since charged particles are trapped on magnetic field lines, most of the energy in the magnetic field is converted to the kinetic energy of the ionized particles (plasma) pulled along by the expanding field lines.
		Solar storms are "winds" of charged particles and radiation flowing from the Sun, often as the result of violent solar eruptions of hot gas known as coronal mass ejections.
	www.physorg.com /printnews.php?newsid=79191429 (760 words)

	Spaceflight Now \| Breaking News \| Solar wind whips up auroral storms on Jupiter and Saturn
		However, this new study shows that the auroras located polewards of the main ovals are directly linked to the strength with which the solar wind is blowing, which means that Earth-like processes are causing these polar auroras.
		The new findings may affect theories surrounding other aspects of the Jovian magnetosphere, such as the mechanism by which the plasma originating from Io is lost from the system and determining the length of Jupiter's huge comet-like magnetic tail.
		Her findings corroborate the theory that Saturn's auroras are caused by the explosive release of solar wind energy that is built up and stored in the planet's magnetic field.
	www.spaceflightnow.com /news/n0604/05auroras (1730 words)

	Timeline: From the May 9, 1931 issue, Science News Online, May 12, 2001
		The picture on the cover of this issue of the SCIENCE NEWS LETTER shows her exercising the serpentine version of maternal care: most of the time, as a matter of fact, the eggs are kept quite invisible beneath her coils.
		Magnetic storms, those great fluctuations of the Earth's magnetic forces, often accompany or anticipate the unusual changes in comet activity.
		Since the magnetic effects are known to be due to the ultraviolet surges associated with bright spots on the sun, this forms additional support for the new theory of comet behavior.
	www.sciencenews.org /articles/20010512/timeline.asp (558 words)

	SPACE.com -- Huge Swirls of Hot Gas Found Above Earth
		When Earth's magnetic field is aligned opposite to that of the solar wind, gaping holes can allow the energized particles to pour in and collect in an outer region of the magnetosphere called the boundary layer.
		Scientists already knew this, and during solar storms the gaps can force a rain of particles at lower altitudes, generating tremendous displays of sky lights called auroras while threatening satellites and terrestrial power grids.
		But since 1987, scientists have also known that when the magnetic fields are aligned, and the magnetosphere ought to be impenetrable, the boundary layer is actually fuller.
	www.space.com /scienceastronomy/magnetosphere_vortices_040811.html (502 words)

	Special Report on Cosmology - New Scientist Space
		The discovery that the whole universe is expanding led to the big bang theory.
		A rival idea, the steady-state theory, holds that new matter is constantly being created to fill the gaps generated by expansion.
		New observations bolster the idea that a giant gas cloud found in 2005 is a galaxy devoid of stars — but its immense weight still leaves astronomers in the dark
	space.newscientist.com /channel/space-tech/cosmology (1696 words)

	Magnetopause [Oulu] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		During 1950's, as the concept of continuous solar wind emerged, it was obvious that such a feature should be a permanent feature of the magnetosphere.
		Magnetopause is a direct consequence of solar wind interaction with magnetized planets.
		However, when the effects of interplanetary magnetic field are taken into account, the magnetic reconnection complicates the physics of the magnetopause considerably by "opening" up the magnetosphere.
	www.oulu.fi /~spaceweb/textbook/magnetopause.html (555 words)

	Focus on our magnetic planet
		As gauged by the satellites, the main field is roughly 6,000 times stronger than the rock magnetism of the ocean floor, and 30,000 times greater than the influence of the oceanic tides.
		Magnetic variations drive electric currents in the mantle, the main region between the core and the crust.
		Magnetic storms can damage power systems and pipelines, whilst the changes in the magnetic field can mislead any navigational systems that use magnetic compasses.
	www.physorg.com /news2792.html (1375 words)

	Radio waves warn of imminent storm - space - 05 June 2007 - New Scientist Space
		From time to time the relatively steady solar wind is interrupted by a storm, when billions of tonnes of ionised gas, or plasma, are hurled from the Sun’s outer atmosphere at millions of kilometres an hour.
		Many of these sources emit polarised radio waves; that is they tend to vibrate in a certain direction, and the magnetic field in a CME changes the direction of polarisation, an effect called Faraday rotation.
		New research shows that these storms give off a radio "scream" as they plunge towards Earth, which can be used to distinguish them from harmless outbursts that appear superficially similar.
	space.newscientist.com /article/mg19426064.900-radio-waves-warn-of-imminent-storm.html (766 words)

	New HAARP whistle blower - Chemtrail Central Forum
		It is formed by the interaction of the earth’s magnetic field and the solar wind, which is the supersonic, superalfvenic and magnetized plasma expansion of the solar corona.
		The forces that quantum theory describes are the electrical, the magnetic, the weak, and the strong.
		One of the striking differences between quantum theory and classical physics is that quantum theory describes energy and matter both as waves and as particles.
	www.chemtrailcentral.com /ubb/Forum1/HTML/001893-3.html (13707 words)

	Troubled Times: Magnetic Storms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Encouraged by this result, Lockwood and his team re-examined a record of magnetic storms on the Earth provoked by the Sun.
		The Rutherford team itself is already using the magnetic data to deduce increases in the Sun's brightness during the 20th Century.
		The paper, "A doubling of the Sun's coronal magnetic field during the past 100 years" by M. Lockwood, R. Stamper and M.N. Wild, is published in the journal Nature, 3 June 1999, vol.
	www.zetatalk.com /theword/Tword21q.htm (495 words)

	The Need For a New Model of the Earth The Living and Dynamic Earth
		Endosymbiotic Theory basically states that the components of the cell (i.e., the organelles) are actually primitive organisms (e.g., bacteria) that formed mutual (symbiotic) relationships that made up a larger organism.
		Yet, the magnetic lines of force are present only on the edge of the oval, but there is aurora in the center where there are no magnetic lines of force.
		As with earthquake waves, which indicate very strong magnetic fields near the core, reversals demonstrate that, "Decay times of the order of a few years require implausibly large fields at the core-mantle boundary." There is no generally accepted theory of how the Earth generates its magnetic field, and what the reversal mechanism involves.
	www.livingcosmos.com /earth.htm (12423 words)

	What Makes the Sun Flare
		Magnetic storms, caused by solar activity, can wreak havoc on Earth's power grid and communication systems.
		There are different levels of rotation, magnetized plasma being pushed past itself, rotations occurring at different rates and at different latitudes," said professor Philip Scherrer, principal investigator in the project.
		The theory is that the storage of magnetic structures probably occurs at the bottom of the sun's convection zone -- called the tachocline -- which extends 124,000 miles beneath the sun's surface.
	www.wired.com /news/technology/0%2C1282%2C49801%2C00.html (1046 words)

	Evolution whispers some secrets - Science - Specials - smh.com.au
		But anyone gazing at the heavens was brought back to earth often in the past 12 months, watching helplessly as nature flexed it muscles with a devastating tsunami in Indonesia, hurricanes in the US and an earthquake in Pakistan.
		One hundred and fifty years after Darwin proposed his theory of evolution, diehard opponents argued in a US court this year that children should be taught an alternative explanation of life's complexities, a supposedly scientific theory called intelligent design.
		New techniques for measuring isotopes, however, showed that terrestrial rocks did not match primitive meteorites supposedly made from the same material.
	www.smh.com.au /news/science/evolution-whispers-some-secrets/2005/12/23/1135032186759.html (1606 words)

	EurekAlert! - Space and Planetary Science
		The new fl hole, with a mass 24 to 33 times that of our Sun, is more massive than scientists expected for a fl hole that formed from a dying star.
		New images taken with NASA's Hubble Space Telescope -- part of a research project led by astrophysicist Gabriela Canalizo at the University of California, Riverside -- have revealed the wild side of an elliptical galaxy, nearly two billion light-years away, that previously had been considered mild-mannered.
		A new distributed computing project designed by a University of Illinois researcher allows people around the world to participate in cutting-edge cosmology research by donating their unused computing cycles.
	www.eurekalert.org /rss/space_planetary.xml (1252 words)

	[No title]
		Includes instruction in chemical physics, atomic forces and structure, fission reactions, molecular orbital theory, magnetic resonance, molecular bonding, phase equilibria, quantum theory of solids, and applications to the study of specific elements and higher compounds.
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		Includes instruction in classical and quantum theory, relativity theory, field theory, mathematics of infinite series, vector and coordinate analysis, wave and particle theory, advanced applied calculus and geometry, analyses of continuum, cosmology, and statistical theory and analysis.
	nces.ed.gov /pubs2002/cip2000/ciplist.asp?CIP2=40 (1950 words)

	Three Dimensional Finite Element Modeling of the Earth's Magnetosphere (ResearchIndex) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		We use this approach to construct a global discrete model of the magnetic field of the magnetosphere that includes the effects of shielding currents at the outer boundary (the magnetopause).
		As in the approach of [17] the internal magnetospheric field model is that of Hilmer and Voigt [3] while the magnetopause shape is based on an...
		3 A new theory of magnetic storms (context) - Chapman - 1930
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /kloucek98three.html (416 words)

	Spaceflight Now \| Breaking News \| SOHO sees through the sun, finds storms on other side
		Storm areas on the Sun, called active regions, are much larger than the Earth and consist of strong magnetic fields on the Sun's surface.
		An illustration of how the magnetic fields rotate with the Sun to the far side, where the inset shows the holographic image of the backside.
		The technique of helioseismic holography used by Lindsey and Braun examines a wide ring of sound waves that emanate from a small region on the far side and reach the near side by rebounding internally from the solar surface.
	www.spaceflightnow.com /news/0003/10soho/index.html (942 words)

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