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Topic: A language is a dialect with an army and a navy

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	Dialect - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		An opposite example is the case of the Chinese language whose variations are often considered dialects and not languages despite their mutual unintelligibility because they share a common literary standard and common body of literature.
		An example of this is sanskrit, which was considered the proper way to speak in northern India, but only accessible by the upper class, and prakrit which was the common (and informal or slang) speech at the time.
		A dialect continuum is a network of dialects in which geographically adjacent dialects are mutually comprehensible, but with comprehensibility steadily decreasing as distance between the dialects increases.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Dialect (1785 words)

	Dialect - TheBestLinks.com - Anthropology, Arabic language, American English, Arab, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		A dialect is a variant, or variety, of a language spoken in a certain geographical area.
		The concept dialect is distinguished from sociolect, which is a variety of a language spoken by a certain social stratum, from standard language, which is standardized for public performance (e.g.
		Another problem occurs in the case of a diglossia, a network of dialects on a dialect continuum in which geographically adjacent dialects are mutually comprehensible, but with comprehensibility steadily decreasing as distance between the dialects increases.
	www.thebestlinks.com /Dialect.html (1273 words)

	Yaeyama language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Yaeyama (Yaeyama: yaimamunii) is a language spoken by around 44,650 people in the Yaeyama Islands, south of the Miyako area of the Ryukyus.
		Note, however, that the distinction between languages and dialects is not a linguistic one but a social and political one.
		As popularly said, "A language is a dialect with an army and a navy."
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Yaeyama_language (325 words)

	BBC - Languages
		The oft-cited distinction between a language and a dialect is that 'a language is a dialect with an army and a navy': there are no hard and fast rules, and distinctions often tell us as much about politics as they do about linguistics.
		When people refer to a 'majority' language, they often mean one that is the official language of a sovereign country and spoken by the majority of the country's population.
		A language spoken by a majority of the population in a particular area may be a minority language when looked at in a wider geopolitical context.
	www.bbc.co.uk /languages/european_languages/definitions.shtml (415 words)

	Noam Chomsky, by Zoltán Gendler Szabó, Dictionary of Modern American Philosophers, 1860-1960
		He thinks the proper subject of the study of language is the former: a natural object internal to the brain of an individual whose working is representable as a function- in-intension generating structural descriptions of (as opposed to mere strings of) expressions.
		Chomsky's hypothesis is that language arises in the mind of the child through a realization in the brain of a language faculty, which begins in an initial state (also called Universal Grammar), goes through a series of intermediate states, and reaches a steady state, which is no longer subject to fundamental changes.
		Language acquisition is then a process of parameter setting, and the fundamental ways in which human languages differ can be characterized in terms of the values of these parameters.
	www.chomsky.info /bios/2004----.htm (3001 words)

	Do You Speak American . Sea to Shining Sea . American Varieties . AAVE . Hooked \| PBS
		The linguist Max Weinreich once said that a language is a dialect with an army and a navy.
		They are held together by an army and a navy and share a common writing system as well as a common cultural definition of what it means to be Chinese.
		Language barriers are erected at social borders as well as national frontiers.
	www.pbs.org /speak/seatosea/americanvarieties/AAVE/hooked (2579 words)

	Educational CyberPlayGround: A language is a dialect with an army. The social fate of Yiddish, A shprakh iz a diyalekt ...
		Educational CyberPlayGround: A language is a dialect with an army.
		The social fate of Yiddish, A shprakh iz a diyalekt mit an armey un a flot.
		Historically, all it takes is an army and navy, now it also takes is the "made in america" filtering software that is sold to china and other governments that will not recognize the people's right to know.
	www.edu-cyberpg.com /Linguistics/armynavy.html (3142 words)

	Terralingua Definition -- language or dialect
		In situations where languages are oral (spoken) languages and have not been reduced to writing, people in neighbouring villages often understand each other, either well, or at least to some extent, despite the differences, but they may not understand people from villages much further away.
		One or some of the dialects were chosen as the basis for the written form, and the choice was obviously made by those or to benefit those who "needed" the written form in the first place: the élites, the state builders, the church representatives.
		Political definitions of a language would be: "a language is a dialect with an army (and a navy)" or "a language is a dialect with state borders" or "a language is a dialect promoted by elites".
	www.terralingua.org /Definitions/DLangDialect.html (1016 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		A dialect is defined as a distinct form or variety of a language that differs from other varieties in specific linguistic features.
		A dialect acquires its distinctive characteristics from the varieties it descended from or had contact with.
		The standard linguistics test for distinguishing between a language and a dialect is Mutual Intelligibility-If two people are able to understand eachother than they speak the same language.
	www.albany.edu /~mb6358/lin325/dialect.html (189 words)

	Language? Dialect? Call it like you see it (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		As the linguistic saying goes, “a language is a dialect with an army and a navy.” Normally, the test is mutual intelligibility: if I can understand you and you can understand me, then we are speaking the same language.
		Using this definition, BEV and SAE are two dialects of English in exactly the same way that SAE and British English (say the dialect of British called Received Pronunciation, basically equivalent to SAE) are two dialects of English.
		Language is part of culture, and as such gets highly politicized.
	archives.thedaily.washington.edu /1997/011797/lang011797.html (591 words)

	Fallacies and Facts about Macedonia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Ptolemy II assigned Aristeas, an Athenian scholar, to create the grammar of the new language, one that not only all Greeks, but all inhabitants of the Empire would be able to speak.
		After the new language was completed with its symbols, the Jews of Egypt felt that it was an opportunity for them to translate their sacred books into Greek since it was the language that the Jews of Diaspora spoke.
		The Persian Army and Navy, headed by Xerxes, won the battle against the 1300 Greeks (1000 from Phocis) lead by the 300 Spartans whose commander was Leonidas.
	www.panmacedonia.com /FALLACIESANDFACTS.htm (6111 words)

	Foundation For Endangered Languages.
		languages that will not be full of learned European loans etc. and I have been getting estimates from historical linguists that range beyond a single order of magnitude (3,000 to 50,000).
		I understand your concern to be getting an idea of the size of the 'indigenous' lexicon in languages of preliterate societies.
		Wayan is a dialect of the Western Fijian language spoken by a farming and fishing community of about 1500 people.
	www.ogmios.org /217.htm (1110 words)

	The Choices Program (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		More different languages were spoken in the Caucasus, the mountain range to the northeast of the Black Sea, than in all Europe outside Russia.
		Indeed, the Imperial government regarded Ukrainian and Belorussian as dialects of Russian and did not recognize their speakers as a distinct nationality—except by prohibiting most kinds of publication in these languages.
		A Soviet citizen who was wholly Russian in language and culture but descended from Jews was officially classified as Jewish by nationality and subject to discrimination on that account.) Finally, there was the possibility of what might be called "secular conversion"—an ostentatious renunciation of the ways and the faith of the Jews without accepting Christianity.
	www.choices.edu /RussianRevolution_3.cfm (2725 words)

	SALTMIL home page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The old quip attributed to Uriel Weinreich, that a language is a dialect with an army and a navy, is being replaced in these progressive days: a language is a dialect with a dictionary, grammar, parser and a multi-million-word corpus of texts-and they'd better all be computer tractable.
		Within the kingdom of Spain, Catalan and Galician are both regional languages, but they each have over 3 million speakers (Catalan, over 4 million): and they were represented by a variety of projects at the workshop, 6 for Catalan and 4 for Galician.
		At the next level down, languages with half a million speakers (Welsh, Basque, Breton) the situation is various: we heard of three projects for Basque and for Welsh, but only one for Breton.
	193.2.100.60 /SALTMIL/history/review.htm (739 words)

	A Language is a Dialect with an Army (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Whether a language is an "independent" language or a dialect, can't be decided solely on the basis of the intelligibility test.
		"A shprakh iz a diyalekt mit an armey un a flot"
		A Language is a Dialect with a Missionary
	www.olestig.dk /scotland/weinreich.html (208 words)

	A language is a dialect with an army and a navy. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		A language is a dialect with an army and a navy.
		Sometimes I think all the English speakers should be committed to an asylum for the verbally insane.
		You have to marvel at the unique lunacy of a language in which your house can burn up as it burns down, in which you fill in a form by filling it out and in which an alarm clock goes off by going on.
	extlab1.entnem.ufl.edu /iH8PCs/humor/english.htm (541 words)

	"Premature Anti-Fascist"--by Bernard Knox
		My father was in the Army; he was engaged in the nightmare battle of Passchendaele in Flanders, a winter offensive in appalling weather conditions that won a few useless miles of muddy terrain at the cost of 300,000 casualties.
		There was an agency that found you such jobs; it went under the Dickensian name of Gabbitas and Thring (Auden parodied it in one of his poems as Rabbitsarse and String).
		I was soon an active member of the Socialist Club; my investment of time in their activities and in Marxist studies are the reason why I ended up with a second-class degree.
	www.english.uiuc.edu /maps/scw/knox.htm (6591 words)

	languagehat.com: Comment on THE CHINESE BABEL.
		"A shprakh iz a diyalekt mit an armey un a flot" ['A language is a dialect with an army and a navy.']
		We don't have an antecedent, but a 'postcedent', and we the readers are stuck with extrapolating from there.
		Language aptitude is multi-facted, as we all realise, so a high-level of listening comprehension does not necessarily entail a commensurate level of speaking ability.
	www.languagehat.com /mt/mt-comments.cgi?entry_id=1978 (1799 words)

	The Archer Pelican: October 2004
		In discussing the difference between a dialect and a language, he quoted the saying, "a language is a dialect with an army."
		Avrohom Novershtern (Jerusalem) found for me the source of Max Weinreich's saying that _A shprakh iz a diyalekt mit an armey un a flot_ ['A language is a dialect with an army and a navy.'] This is found in Weinreich's "YIVO and the problems of our time," _Yivo-bleter_, 1945, vol.
		In reviewing that movie, Roger Ebert (whom I generally think is an idiot and whom I have quoted to my surprise on another occasion) gave an interesting commentary on Dangerfield as man and actor.
	archerpelican.typepad.com /tap/2004/10 (1463 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		dialects --- "a language is a dialect with an army and a navy" (p 28) A. consider BEV for an example 1.
		A. an example from North Atlantic slave trade = language innovation 1.
		child language acquisition as evidence of instinct A. parents do not "teach" their children language B. "motherese" (child-directed speech) C. Chomsky: poverty of the input D. Crain & Nakayama: experiments with children forming questions E. Language can't be explained as the inevitable outcome of a drive for usefulness.
	www.ic.arizona.edu /~language/tli2.txt (285 words)

	Sunday Herald, The: Modern Scots dialect 'has every right to be called a language' Study
		THE academic behind one of the most significant surveys into the dialects of Britain since the 1970s claims that the way most Scots now speak is so different from the rest of the country that it is a language in its own right.
		''It's an old maxim that a language is a dialect with an army and a navy.
		It has a positive charge, an impulse that is coming through the music and giving Brits a taste of new language.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qn4156/is_20050821/ai_n14915942 (486 words)

	[No title]
		One common observation is that a language is a dialect with an army and a navy.
		The Scandinavian languages (especially Norwegian and Swedish, but also Danish) have a great deal of mutual intelligibility, but are commonly considered different languages.
		Most people think of Chinese as a single “language”, but in fact there are at least seven or eight distinct “Chinese” languages with a great deal of internal dialect variation.
	www.ku.edu /~pyersqr/Ling107/variants.htm (1783 words)

	VENETO.ORG (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The language of Venice (Venetian) did not cease to be a language with the demise of the Venetian Republic.
		Instead, the languages of the Italian peninsula belong to the Oriental group of Romance languages (together with Rumanian).
		Although the grammatical structure is clearly of Latin origin, the vocabulary of the Venet language is also rich in words of other etimologies, as its ancestors included the ancient Venetic people, who became tributaries of imperial Rome, which brought the Latin language to VENETIA.
	www.veneto.org /language/index.asp (604 words)

	Class #19
		The terms 'language' and 'dialect' are also often associated with prestige (language) or stigma (dialect).
		This array of facts led the linguist Uriel Weinreich to the conclusion that "A language is a dialect with an army and a navy".
		A large-scale project to create a dialect atlas of the US based on pronunciation is currently underway at the University of Pennsylvania under the direction of Prof.
	www.ling.udel.edu /colin/courses/ling101_f98/lecture19.html (1061 words)

	Introduction to Language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		dialects --- "a language is a dialect with an army and a navy" (p 28)
		the crux of the argument: "complex language is universal because children actually reinvent it, generation after generation -- not because they are taught, not because they are generally smart, not because it is useful to them, but because they can't help it." (p 32)
		Language can't be explained as the inevitable outcome of a drive for usefulness.
	www.ic.arizona.edu /~indv101/tli2.html (280 words)

	LINGUIST List 8.164: Ebonics
		A dialect IS a language (I'm looking again at Edward Sapir's article "dialect" in the Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences, N.Y. Whether it is RECOGNIZED as a language is not a matter of linguistics, but of politics.
		Or statements such as "A language is a dialect with an army and a navy" which came from a Linguist on this list.
		As a larger percentage of the population of a country becomes able to read and write the same language, it becomes neccessary for potentially unifying figures to be killed.
	www.ling.ed.ac.uk /linguist/issues/8/8-164.html (1072 words)

	Modern Scots dialect ‘has every right to be called a language’ - [Sunday Herald]
		Simon Elmes, author of Talking For Britain, said: “I’ve gone out on a limb to say that out of all the dialects in the UK the Scots tongue has every right to be called a language.
		He said: “Afro-Caribbean is one of the most dynamic languages coming through rap music.
		Prof Jeremy J Smith, a lecturer in sociolinguistics at Glasgow University, believes language will always be an important subject to people because of what is says about us.
	www.sundayherald.com /51387 (808 words)

	parc » On language and dialect (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		I stumbled on an interesting page that goes into incredible detail on German and the evolution of german grammar and pronunciation.
		There is no linguistic criterion to distinguish a dialect from a language.
		A dialect is a language if it is treated as such in a particular country.
	neal.rigney.org /wordpress/index.php?p=33 (139 words)

	Journal of mr_bean (3802)
		But then there is a saying that a language is a dialect with an army and a navy.
		The issue of whether your personal atttitude to the language is determined or not by your attitude to Larry Wall is an interesting one, however.
		Perhaps proponents of other languages have a sense of humor too, but are funny in private, rather than in public.
	use.perl.org /~mr_bean/journal (1357 words)

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