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Topic: A priori language

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	A priori (languages) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		One may draw on existing languages and use one of them exclusively with more or less subtle variations (eg Latino sine flexione), or use a mixture from various languages (e.g.
		In a more narrow sense, a priori constructed languages are those which try to categorize their vocabulary, either to express an underlying philosophical system, or to make it easier to memorize the completely new vocabulary.
		Though theoretically the meaning of any word can be deduced from a knowledge of the meaning of the individual syllables alone, taxonomic languages tend to be fairly awkward to use, because the classification schemes inevitably get very complex (not to say "messy").
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/A_priori_(languages) (351 words)

	Klingon language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Klingon language or Klingonese (tlhIngan Hol in Klingon) is the constructed language spoken by Klingons in the fictional Star Trek universe.
		Later in the pilot episode of the prequel Star Trek: Enterprise, "Broken Bow" (2001), the Klingon language is described as having "eighty polyguttural dialects constructed on an adaptive syntax"; however, Klingon as described on television is often not entirely congruous with Klingon developed by Okrand.
		Although natural languages use a number of different airstream mechanisms besides the common pulmonic egressive, these other mechanisms are not used in Klingon.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Klingon_language (3559 words)

	Láadan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Láadan is a constructed language created by Suzette Haden Elgin in 1982 to test the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis for women, specifically to determine if Western natural languages were better suited for expressing the views of men than women.
		The language was included in her Native Tongue science fiction series.
		Unusually for constructed languages, Láadan is a tonal language.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/L%C3%A1adan_language (916 words)

	A Priori and A Posteriori [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
		The a priori/a posteriori distinction is epistemological and should not be confused with the metaphysical distinction between the necessary and the contingent or the semantical or logical distinction between the analytic and the synthetic.
		An a priori proposition is one that is knowable a priori and an a priori argument is one the premises of which are a priori propositions.
		One variety retains the traditional conception of a priori justification requiring the possession of epistemic reasons arrived at on the basis of pure thought or reason, but then claims that such justification is limited to trivial or analytic propositions and therefore does not require an appeal to rational insight (Ayer 1946).
	www.utm.edu /research/iep/a/apriori.htm (5580 words)

	[No title]
		In the jargon of artificial, or planned, languages, an a priori language is one that is constructed around some central set of philosophical principles, instead of being modeled on existing languages.
		The members of the Logical Language Group need to ask themselves why it is important, or desirable, for a language to be "logical," in the sense in which lojban purports to be a logical language.
		Speakers of languages with other orders are also able to easily use the language, though their utterances might be somewhat different than those of native English speakers.
	www.lojban.org /files/why-lojban/moody.txt (2855 words)

	A priori knowledge - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about A priori knowledge
		In morality also he declares that the ideas implied in the words ‘good’ and ‘bad’ are innate and imperative in every mind, independently of actual observation.
		In current usage, the term a priori refers to whatever seems not to derive from experience.
		This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /A+priori+knowledge (167 words)

	Bibliography of Planned Languages
		Philosophical languages are a priori projects in which the letters of a word indicate its category of meaning; for example, all words pertaining to liquids might begin with the letter L. The strength of a priori languages lies in their systematic methods of word creation and derivation.
		Language designs that attempt to embody predicate calculus or other forms of mathematical logic are classified as logical languages.
		The language is extremely different from English and the major European tongues; its phonemic inventory, grammar and OVS syntax are all quite unusual, and the available vocabulary was quite limited at first.
	www.rickharrison.com /language/bibliography.html (5651 words)

	VOLAPÜK-Sweet
		Volapük is not, like the earliest attempts of the kind, an a priori language, but is based mainly on English, the rest of the vocabulary being made up from Latin and the Romance languages.
		It fell to pieces through dissensions in its own camp, the first cause of which was the opposition of the inventor to those of his disciples who aimed at making the language mainly an instrument of commercial correspondence, and advocated the greatest possible simplification of grammar and vocabulary.
		Rosenberger of St Petersburg, was elected in 1893; and from this moment the Academy dissociated itself from Volapük and began to construct a new international language, Idiom Neutral.
	www.acadon.com /sx4s3s4s4-volapuk.htm (455 words)

	[No title]
		LANGUAGE, by Edward Sapir (1921), is a readable survey of linguistics that is still worthwhile despite its age.
		A language family is a group of languages that have been proven to have descended from a common ancestral language.
		The neuter plural in all IE languages is not descended from this, however-- active/stative languages typically don't mark plurals for inanimate nouns-- but is instead a collective noun, treated grammatically as a singular.
	www.jammed.com /usenet/faq/sci-lang-faq (8181 words)

	Fallen Tower
		Aluric: an incomplete alien language containing 70 sounds, 7 noun/adjective cases, a complex but logical tense system, and a vocabulary drawn from roots present in many languages and expandable by means of numerous affixes.
		CycL: a formal language whose syntax derives from first-order predicate calculus (the language of formal logic).
		Laadan: language developed with idea that existing human languages are inadequate to express the perceptions of women It has a number of very interesting features: i.e., Speech Act Morphemes and Evidence Act Morphemes (reminds me of Korean and Japanese) and an interesting pronoun system.
	www.geocities.com /Tokyo/Pagoda/5961/lingvoj.HTM (3995 words)

	A Philosophical Grammar of Ithkuil, a Constructed Language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-30)
		A Philosophical Grammar of Ithkuil, a Constructed Language
		To those readers familiar with the history and art of fictional language construction Ithkuil falls into the category of an a priori philosophical language.
		It is by no means intended to function as a “natural” human language.
	home.inreach.com /sl2120/Ithkuil (141 words)

	The Language Ro (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-30)
		The language never gained a large following, and as far as I have been able to determine, it was only supported and used by English-speakers, so its usefulness as an interlanguage was never really tested.
		In Suma, another a priori language, it is quite obvious if you typed a consonant where a vowel should be, or if you used a letter that is not in Suma's alphabet.
		It is very hard to spot a typo in such a language, and even the smallest typo changes the meaning of a word.
	www.rick.harrison.net /langlab/ro1.html (1877 words)

	INTERNATIONAL AUXILIARY LANGUAGES
		Despite the deplorable name, it was a modest and respectable attempt to devise an auxiliary language with the notable advantage that separate two-way dictionaries would not be needed, as Latin dictionaries already exist for many languages.
		He intended it an an "auxiliary neutral language." It is distinctive in that it is an a priori language, built on 360 radicals and 15 particles.
		It is an auxiliary language "designed to be a particularly simple, consistent, and easy to learn language for international communications." Its phonolgy is simple, and spelling is phonetic.
	www.smart.net /%7Ebartlett/ial.html (2341 words)

	Human Language Links (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-30)
		Like many other people, I wish there were a language that could be used around the world to communicate with people in other countries and from other cultures.
		Ceqli is an isolating language (which I like), and is non-Eurocentric, but the language is far from stable.
		Mondlango, a language that seems to be based largely on Esperanto.
	qualitycode.com /html/LanguageLinks.html (1225 words)

	The sci.lang FAQ: 9 - 14
		When linguists say that languages are related, they're not just remarking on their surface similarity; they're making a technical statement or claim about their history-- namely, that they can be regularly derived from a common parent language.
		The fact that babies learn to talk remarkably well from what seems to be inadequate exposure to language; it is claimed that babies acquire some rules of grammar that they could never have 'learned' from what is available to them, if the structure of language were not partly built-in.
		The fact that the structure of language on different levels (vocabulary, ability to connect words, etc.) can be lost by injury to specific areas of the brain.
	www.zompist.com /lang9.html (2019 words)

	a priori - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about a priori (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-30)
		The Analysis of Mind by Russell, Bertrand View in context
		We should not A PRIORI have expected it, but it is undoubtedly a fact.
		We may trace them in language, in philosophy, in mythology, in poetry, but we cannot argue a priori about them.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /a+priori (228 words)

	Psyche's Links: 15000++ Links to Esoteric Subjects on the Web: Words, Language, Linguistics: psyche.com: ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-30)
		The Evolution of the Language Faculty: Clarifications and Implications W. Tecumseh Fitch, Marc D. Hauser, Noam Chomsky
		Rachel Adelman: The Degeneration of Language and the Tower of Babel
		NGL: The semantic primes of Anna Wierzbica are concepts lexicalized in all languages examined
	www.psyche.com /psyche/links/words.html (1650 words)

	[No title]
		Conlang is a contraction that stands for constructed language.
		The Ok language would be as streamlined and as compact as I could make it.
		A priori means that it is not based on any existing language.
	web.syr.edu /~makeenan/ocpage.html (884 words)

	sci.lang FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions)
		AN INTRODUCTION TO LANGUAGE, by Fromkin and Rodman (1974), is one of the best intro linguistics survey texts.
		As David Crystal puts it, "All languages meet the social and psychological needs of their speakers, are equally deserving of scientific study, and can provide us with valuable information about human nature and society." The only really simple languages are _pidgins_, which result when speakers of different languages come to live and work together.
		(and other myths about language) [--markrose] "The Eskimos have hundreds of words for snow." This story is constantly being repeated, with various numbers given, despite the fact that it has no basis at all.
	www.cs.cmu.edu /Groups/AI/html/faqs/ai/nlp/sci_lang/faq.html (4589 words)

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