A priori (philosophy)

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	Epistemology
		This paper also recapitulates the defense of the thesis of the Autonomy and Authority of Philosophy given in the author’s “A Priori Knowledge and the Scope of Philosophy” (Philosophical Studies, 1996).
		The phenomenology of a priori intuition is explored at length (where a priori intuition is taken to be not a form of belief but rather a form of seeming, specifically intellectual as opposed to sensory seeming).
		The reliability of intuition is then defended against Lycan’s skepticism and a response is given to Lycan’s claim that the scope of a priori knowledge does not include philosophically central topics such as the nature of consciousness.
	spot.colorado.edu /~bealerg/epistemology.htm (1444 words)

	CHAPTER VIII
		This world is of great importance to philosophy, and in particular to the problems of a priori knowledge.
		His chief reason in favour of this view is that we seem to have a priori knowledge as to space and time and causality and comparison, but not as to the actual crude material of sensation.
		Thus our a priori knowledge, if it is not erroneous, is not merely knowledge about the constitution of our minds, but is applicable to whatever the world may contain, both what is mental and what is non-mental.
	www.ditext.com /russell/rus8.html (2461 words)

	Naturalism [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
		Naturalism is an approach to philosophical problems that interprets them as tractable through the methods of the empirical sciences or at least, without a distinctively a priori project of theorizing.
		Naturalism is a philosophical view, but one according to which philosophy is not a distinct mode of inquiry with its own problems and its own special body of (possible) knowledge.
		With respect to the epistemological dimension of naturalism, the main claim is roughly the following: the acquisition of belief and knowledge is a (broadly) causal process within the natural order, and a priori norms, principles, and methods are not essential to the acquisition or justification of beliefs and knowledge.
	www.iep.utm.edu /n/naturalism.htm (7839 words)

	CHAPTER VIII
		Thus our a priori knowledge, if it is not erroneous, is not merely knowledge about the constitution of our minds, but is applicable to whatever the world may contain, both what is mental and what is non-mental.
		Hume (1711-76), who preceded Kant, accepting the usual view as to what makes knowledge a priori, discovered that, in many cases which had previously been supposed analytic, and notably in the case of cause and effect, the connexion was really synthetic.
		We can be sure, he says, that anything we shall ever experience must show the characteristics affirmed of it in our a priori knowledge, because these characteristics are due to our own nature, and therefore nothing can ever come into our experience without acquiring these characteristics.
	www.ditext.com /russell/rus8.html (7839 words)

	Books & Literature : A Priori Knowledge
		A Priori Knowledge (The International Research Library of Philosophy)
		Product Name: A Priori Knowledge (The International Research Library of Philosophy)
		Store map 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
	www.literature.order-home.com /priori_knowledge_1855219832.html (7839 words)

	a priori knowledge and other knowledge related information
		priori knowledge in Western philosophy since the time of Immanuel Kant, knowledge that is independent of all particular experiences, as opposed to a posteriori knowledge, which derives from experience...
		a priori knowledge in Western philosophy since the time of Immanuel Kant, knowledge that is independent of all particular experiences, as opposed to a posteriori knowledge, which...
		Accordingly, for the logical positivist a priori knowledge is knowledge of analytic propositions; and so, knowledge of any proposition about the contents of...
	www.nethorde.com /knowledge/a-priori-knowledge.html (317 words)

	A priori versus a posteriori knowledge (from epistemology) -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		The Latin phrases apriori (“from what is before”) and a posteriori (“from what is after”) were used in philosophy originally to distinguish between arguments from causes and...
		A priori versus a posteriori knowledge (from epistemology) -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		More results on "A priori versus a posteriori knowledge (from epistemology)" when you join.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-59960?tocId=59960 (916 words)

	A priori - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Bertrand Russell, in The Problems of Philosophy, considered a priori knowledge to be the relation between universals.
		However, it is known a priori, because one metre was defined as the length of that bar, so the bar must have been one metre long (at the time it served as the standard) - it is a tautology.
		John Locke, in believing that reflection is a part of experience, gave a platform by which the entire notion of the "a priori" might be abandoned.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/A_priori (663 words)

	The Philosophical Gourmet Report 2004 - 2006 :: Analytic and Continental Philosophy
		Indeed, what distinguishes analytic philosophy even more than "style" is its adoption of the research paradigm common in the natural sciences, a paradigm in which numerous individual researchers make small contributions to the solution of a set of generally recognized problems.
		Continental philosophy is distinguished by its style (more literary, less analytical, sometimes just obscure), its concerns (more interested in actual political and cultural issues and, loosely speaking, the human situation and its "meaning"), and some of its substantive commitments (more self-conscious about the relation of philosophy to its historical situation).
		Analytic philosophers, crudely speaking, aim for argumentative clarity and precision; draw freely on the tools of logic; and often identify, professionally and intellectually, more closely with the sciences and mathematics, than with the humanities.
	www.philosophicalgourmet.com /analytic.htm (1185 words)

	What is existential-phenomenology?
		So understood, phenomenology as a philosophy is the science of the sciences, providing the principles which validate, a priori, all the sciences.
		Clearly, philosophy was 'not yet a science,' and this made Husserl launch his phenomenology as an attempt to make philosophy also a 'rigorous science.' He was clever enough to avoid the trap of ascribing to philosophy the same scientific character as belongs to the positive sciences.
		Philosophy cannot allow physics or any other positive science to dictate its methods, for the simple reason that philosophy is not a positive science.
	www.mythosandlogos.com /whatep.html (7199 words)

	Immanuel Kant
		Although it is often claimed, as by the great French mathematician Poincaré, that the existence of non-Euclidean geometry refutes Kant's philosophy of geometry, in fact Kant's view of the nature of the axioms of geometry as synthetic a priori propositions means that Kant could have predicted the existence of non-Euclidean geometry.
		Whatever Hume expected from intuition or demonstration, it would be hard to find a mathematician today who would agree that "the truths demonstrated by Euclid would for ever retain their certainty and evidence." If Hume's fame rests on this point, there would be little to recommend it.
		Intuitions of abstract objects concern meaning, and in general the ordinary sense of "intuition" (Intuition) applies to this.
	www.friesian.com /kant.htm (9663 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Intuition
		It may be remarked that Kant calls empirical intuitions our knowledge of objects through sensation, and pure intuition our perception of space and time as the forms a priori of sensibility.
		Intuition (Latin intueri, to look into) is a psychological and philosophical term which designates the process of immediate apprehension or perception of an actual fact, being, or relation between two terms and its results.
		Intuition alone, they maintain, is able to put us in communication with reality and give us a true knowledge of things.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/08082b.htm (802 words)

	Contemporary Analytic Philosophy: Core Readings, 2/E - Prentice Hall Catalog
		Prior to Quine, it was held that since philosophy consists of analysis, which is a purely a priori enterprise, philosophy is therefore fundamentally different from the sciences in both its method and its subject matter.
		Hence we have Dummett's "priority thesis" whereby "we may characterize analytic philosophy as that which follows Frege in accepting that the philosophy of language is the foundation of the rest of the subject" (1978, p.441).
		Analytic philosophy is sometimes characterized as placing the philosophy of language in a privileged position over other branches of the subject.
	vig.prenhall.com:8081 /catalog/academic/product/0,1144,013099068X-PRE,00.html (1809 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Mechanism
		Thus, it is alleged, all explanations fell into tautology, and science was doomed a priori to pursue a monotonous round in complete sterility.
		Whatever one may think of the Cartesian revolution in the realm of philosophy, it has certainly stimulated research in the scientific field.
		Mechanism is a cosmological theory which holds that all phenomena in nature are reducible to simple phenomena in such a manner that the ultimate realities of the material world are mass and motion.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/10100a.htm (2532 words)

	Amos Bronson Alcott: Philosophy
		Therefore, he considered the tasks of philosophy to be the examination of knowledge for the purpose of determining the a priori elements, the systematic enumeration of these elements (for forms), and the determination of rules for their legitimate application to the data of experience.
		Empirical philosophy is, therefore, a philosophy based on experience alone and adhering to the realm of experience in obedience to David Hume's maxim, "'Tis impossible to go beyond experience." Transcendental philosophy, on the contrary, goes beyond experience, and considers philosophical speculation to be concerned chiefly, if not solely, with those things which lie beyond experience.
		Thus, his philosophy can be described as that of critical transcendentalism.
	www.alcott.net /alcott/home/philosophy.html (1026 words)

	Philosophy in the Flesh
		But once we understand the importance of the cognitive unconscious, the embodiment of mind, and metaphorical thought, we can never go back to a priori philosophizing about mind and language or to philosophical ideas of what a person is that are inconsistent with what we are learning about the mind.
		The mind is not merely embodied, but embodied in such a way that our conceptual systems draw largely upon the commonalities of our bodies and of the environments we live in.
		Rather, the mind is inherently embodied, reason is shaped by the body, and since most thought is unconscious, the mind cannot be known simply by self-reflection.
	partners.nytimes.com /books/first/l/lakoff-philosophy.html (2276 words)

	Immanuel Kant
		Although it is often claimed, as by the great French mathematician Poincaré, that the existence of non-Euclidean geometry refutes Kant's philosophy of geometry, in fact Kant's view of the nature of the axioms of geometry as synthetic a priori propositions means that Kant could have predicted the existence of non-Euclidean geometry.
		Kant's most original contribution to philosophy is his "Copernican Revolution," that, as he puts it, it is the representation that makes the object possible rather than the object that makes the representation possible.
		Since Kant's thought is truly the watershed of modern philosophy, and still the fruitful point of departure for the 21st century, no such monument could be more suggestive, encouraging, and hopeful.
	www.friesian.com /kant.htm (2276 words)

	A Priori
		The possibility of a priori knowledge is an issue of dispute in philosophy.
		Mathematics and logic are often referred to in defense of the a priori because, it is argued, they do not rely on observation or experience for validation.
		An a priori conclusion can can be achieved via principles of reason and logic alone, starting from a set of general, abstract premises.
	www.iscid.org /encyclopedia/A_Priori (129 words)

	00:2 Newsletter on Philosophy and Law
		If there's a lesson taught by the history of philosophy, it is that the only sound reason to prefer a proposed conceptual analysis is not because it seems intuitively obvious (think of Kant and the Euclidean structure of space) but because it earns its place by facilitating successful a posteriori theories of the world.
		Philosophy would be out of business, except perhaps as the abstract, reflective branch of empirical science.
		Despite this methodological infirmity at the core of the seminal work of twentieth-century jurisprudence, legal philosophers continue with a priori conceptual analysis and appeals to intuition as though the philosophical landscape of 2001 were that of 1961.
	www.apa.udel.edu /apa/publications/newsletters/v00n2/law/06.asp (129 words)

	Kant, Immanuel -- Aesthetics [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
		First aesthetic judgments (both the sublime and the beautiful), and then teleological judgments will form the bridge between theoretical and practical reason, and (Kant hopes) bring unity to philosophy.
		Theoretical philosophy has as its topic the cognition of sensible nature; practical philosophy has as its topic the possibility of moral action in and on sensible nature.
		This new philosophy came to be known as 'critical' or 'transcendental' philosophy.
	www.iep.utm.edu /k/kantaest.htm (16836 words)

	What is the Philosophy of Science
		Philosophy had long been taken to aim at knowledge of necessary a priori truths.
		Philosophy seems to be restricted to semantic work: defining key terms and their relations to one another.
		According to this picture, philosophy cannot make much of a contribution to our knowledge, because all of its claims, unless they concern definitions and logical inferences from such definitions, are rendered meaningless by the criterion of cognitive significance.
	www.u.arizona.edu /~mmueller/PhilScienceRosenbergLogicalPositivismSpring2005.htm (16836 words)

	LRB Jerry Fodor : Water's water everywhere
		Note further that this necessary truth is available a priori; at no point in the course of its discovery did philosophy stir from the armchair in which we found it.
		It's not that pre-Kripkean analytic philosophy marginalised modality.
		Philosophy is to recognise not just the actual world that we live in but also a plethora of 'possible worlds'.
	www.lrb.co.uk /v26/n20/fodo01_.html (3968 words)

	Andrews, Philosophy after Analytic Philosophy
		For decades, philosophy in the English-speaking world has had to conform to external standards of "intellectual correctness"; several generations of philosophers in our universities have molded their institutions and formed their students to think that philosophy was analytic philosophy.
		Such judgments about pre-twentieth century philosophy are the results of the success of logical positivism of the early part of the century and its transformation into the linguistic philosophy of more recent times.
		The operation of expropriation and mutilation gave to linguistic philosophy that vital connection to the former history of philosophy, creating for them one continuous development where they were just the latest and best in that history, of course at the expense of interpreting former philosophy as unwittingly engaged in linguistic analysis.
	www.mun.ca /animus/1997vol2/andrews2.htm (5868 words)

	Modern Philosophy
		A more decisive and elaborate transformation of Ancient Metaphysics (i.e., First Philosophy) into a science of a priori principles of human knowledge was subsequently carried out by Immanuel Kant in his Critique of Pure Reason (1781).
		In spanning the extension of Modern Philosophy along the lines drawn by these two major philosophical projects we do not want to overlook significant differences and changes that separate them.
		The principal objective in this course is to become acquainted with the development of Modern Philosophy from Descartes to Kant.
	www.uri.edu /personal/szunjic/philos/modern.htm (1315 words)

	Linguistics, Cognitive Science 108
		To understand one of the major schisms in the field, one must understand the conceptual structure of analytic philosophy and where it still places a priori constraints on the study of mind, often in ways that are not consistent with empirical findings.
		The course rethinks philosophy from a cognitive science perspective, including basic philosophical concepts--time events, causation, the mind, the self, and morality--and the cognitive structure of the philosophical theories of the Presocratics, Plato, Aristotle, Descartes, Kant, analytic philosophy (especially Quine), and Chomsky.
		For Philosophy Majors: This is a chance to get a picture of the conceptual structure of your own discipline and to see how different Philosophy looks from the empirical perspective of the science of the mind.
	www.icsi.berkeley.edu /~bbergen/cs108/coursedescrip.html (1315 words)

	CSUSB Philosophy / Symposia / Past
		His philosophy, therefore, offers the best kind of critical apparatus for a study of the use and extension of functional explanations to various domains.
		Kant's Critical philosophy depends heavily on the division between theoretical and practical reason, which he evidently borrowed from Aristotle.
		There is by now a great deal of work concentrated on Aristotle’s “functionalism” as it relates to philosophy of mind.
	cal.csusb.edu /Depts/Philosophy/past-Sympsa.htm (1315 words)

	Philosophy Department Newsletter
		This paper is titled “Archaeological Evidence and the Philosophy of Science: A Case Study.” “A Truly Great Debate: The Role of Texts as Archaeological Evidence” is the title of a paper to be presented in March, 2004.
		Naticchia's Philosophy 490 course traveled to Chico on December 5th and tested their skills during the regional competition on December 6, 2003.
		His topic was "Contextualism, Closure, and Contingent A Priori Knowledge." Abstracts of both papers are available on the Symposium page.
	cal.csusb.edu /depts/philosophy/news_f_03.htm (1315 words)

	A priori - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This article is about the a priori in philosophy.
		Modern use of a priori began with Immanuel Kant who added the distinction between synthetic and analytic truths to the distinction between a priori and a posteriori knowledge.
		John Locke, in admitting that reflection is a part of experience, gave a platform by which the entire notion of the "a priori" might be abandoned.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/A_priori_assumption (1315 words)

	knowledge
		Knowledge has several specialized definitions in the academic discipline of philosophy.
		Knowledge may also be derived by reason from either traditional, authoritative, or scientific sources or a combination of them and may or may not be verified by resort to observation and testing.
		Knowledge may also be based upon the pronouncements of secular or religious authority such as the state or the church.
	www.yourencyclopedia.net /Knowledge.html (1315 words)

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