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Topic: ABM Treaty

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	How the ABM Treaty Obstructs Missile Defense
		Many defenders of the ABM Treaty argue that this kind of test, which would demonstrate the ability of sea-based interceptors to defend the territory of the United States, is inconsistent with either Article V or Article VI of the treaty, or both.
		ABM Treaty defenders object to this kind of test on the same grounds that they opposed testing of the sea-based interceptor--violations of Article V and/or Article VI of the treaty.
		ABM Treaty supporters may be divided as to whether or not this test is inconsistent with the treaty.
	www.heritage.org /Research/MissileDefense/HL712.cfm (1892 words)

	Clinton's ABM Treaty Muddle
		This is the central premise of the ABM Treaty.
		Expanding the scope of the ABM Treaty and establishing new ABM Treaty partners to replace the Soviet Union are not mere interpretations of ABM Treaty requirements, as argued by the Clin- ton Administration.
		That is, the Administration desires to "multilateralize" the ABM Treaty by naming at least several of the former republics of the Soviet Union as the legal successors to the Soviet Union.
	www.heritage.org /Research/NationalSecurity/CB16.cfm (3721 words)

	[No title]
		Each Party undertakes not to deploy ABM systems for a defense of the territory of its country and not to provide a base for such a defense, and not to deploy ABM systems for defense of an individual region except as provided for in article III of this Treaty.
		ABM systems or their components in excess of the numbers or outside the areas specified in this Treaty, as well as ABM systems or their components prohibited by this Treaty, shall be destroyed or dismantled under agreed procedures within the shortest possible agreed period of time.
		Dismantling or destruction and deployment of ABM systems or their components and the notification thereof shall be carried out in accordance with Article VIII of the ABM Treaty and procedures agreed to in the Standing Consultative Commission.
	fletcher.tufts.edu /multi/texts/abm.txt (792 words)

	ASIL Insight: The ABM Treaty
		The ABM Treaty is a bilateral treaty (a treaty in force for only two states) entered into in 1972 between the United States and the then-Soviet Union.
		While the disintegration of the Soviet Union may raise a question whether the ABM Treaty is still binding on the successor states (four of which--Russia, Belarus, Ukraine and Kazakhstan--still had nuclear weapons at the breakup), it is clear that the United States and Russia have continued to regard it as remaining in force between themselves.
		Thus, consistent with the distinction between a bilateral and multilateral treaty, the NPT contemplates that withdrawal is a multilateral concern, whereas the ABM treaty contemplates that withdrawal is a bilateral concern.
	www.asil.org /insights/insigh70.htm (2034 words)

	Washington Bulletin by John J. Miller on ABM Treaty on National Review Online
		The ABM Treaty compelled one of its critics, Donald Brennan of the Hudson Institute, to invent a troubling new term with an appropriate acronym: Mutual Assured Destruction, or MAD.
		These foes were mainly arms-control cultists who worshipped the ABM Treaty and insisted on its preservation even after the collapse of the Soviet Union and the rise of rogue states committed to building weapons of mass destruction.
		The ABM Treaty's devotees predicted chilly international relations and the advent of a new arms race if their sacred document were ever abandoned.
	www.nationalreview.com /miller/miller061302.asp (525 words)

	Disarmament Diplomacy: - ABM Treaty Revision: A Challenge to Russian Security
		While the US seeks to change the ABM Treaty, Russia refuses to discuss the changes at all and, on numerous occasions, has expressed its strong commitment to the existing language of the document.
		The Treaty's very intrusive and unique verification regime could also be abandoned because it would be difficult to maintain strategic nuclear deployments at levels higher than that stipulated by the existing START I Treaty for economic reasons.
		The ABM Treaty demarcation agreements, which were negotiated with so many difficulties in 1993-97, have still not been ratified by the US Senate, which openly expressed its disapproval of them.
	www.acronym.org.uk /44abm.htm (3344 words)

	CONSTITUTIONALITY OF LEGISLATIVE PROVISION REGARDING ABM TREATY
		Section 233(a) appears to be designed to apply this principle to the ABM Treaty, by deeming "any agreement that would add one or more countries as signatories to the treaty or [that] would otherwise convert the treaty from a bilateral treaty to a multilateral treaty" to constitute a "substantive[] modif[ication]" of the treaty.
		Thus, although some changes in the administration of the ABM Treaty may be entailed by the inclusion of other successor States as parties, we do not see why their inclusion must be considered a matter of "substantively modifying," as distinct from "interpreting" and "implementing," the treaty.
		By purporting to determine that the addition of these successor States to the ABM Treaty would constitute an amendment to that treaty requiring the advice and consent of two-thirds of the Senate, the proposed legislation would act in derogation of the President's recognition power.
	www.usdoj.gov /olc/abmjq.htm (2279 words)

	Arms Control Association: Fact Sheets: The Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty at a Glance
		The treaty, from which the United States withdrew on June 13, 2002, barred Washington and Moscow from deploying nationwide defenses against strategic ballistic missiles.
		The United States shut down its permitted ABM defense only months after activating it in October 1975 because the financial costs of operating it were considered too high for the little protection it offered.
		The United States and the Soviet Union negotiated the ABM Treaty as part of an effort to control their offensive arms race.
	www.armscontrol.org /factsheets/abmtreaty.asp (915 words)

	World Press Review - Bush Withdraws from the ABM Treaty
		According to the opinion of some, abrogating the treaty will leave the United States as the real loser, and not Russia, as Washington is going to waste an enormous amount of money on the national missile defense system, the efficacy of which is questionable.
		Mainichi Shimbun (centrist), Dec. 15: The ABM treaty’s fate should not be determined without full debate and agreement between the parties.
		China, although not a signatory to the treaty, is strongly protesting.
	www.worldpress.org /0202views_abm.htm (809 words)

	Global Network - START II and the ABM Treaty
		Of course, preserving the ABM Treaty is in Russia’s interest, especially today, when the Russian economy is in very bad shape and it has no other means to prevent the ABM deployment.
		As we can see, regardless of whether the START II Treaty is ratified or not, Russia will be entering into a long period of uncertainty over the future of the next steps of the strategic arms reductions and over the future of the missile defense deployment and the ABM Treaty.
		At the same time, agreeing to the changes, Russia should underline that while a modified treaty could allow a limited defense, the relationship between missile defenses and strategic stability still holds true and therefore the spirit of the ABM Treaty should be preserved.
	www.space4peace.org /ethics/abm.htm (1928 words)

	The NATO-Russia Archive - Missile Defense and the Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty
		The long-established ABM Treaty prohibits the deployment of national defenses against a ballistic missile attack and has been considered as a cornerstone of strategic stability throughout the Cold War.
		The main theme of this paper is that the United States intends to move beyond the ABM Treaty and the strategy of mutual assured destruction and is seeking a new approach to deterrence that includes both offenses and defenses.
		The ABM Treaty was intended to discourage a first-strike nuclear attack by either side, because without defenses an attacker would face certain annihilation in a retaliatory strike.
	www.bits.de /NRANEU/BMD/ABM.htm (6252 words)

	Arms Control Association: Arms Control Today: U.S. Withdraws From ABM Treaty; Global Response Muted
		Bush and other senior officials had frequently described the ABM Treaty as a Cold War relic and painted it as the sole obstacle to building a national missile defense, one of the administration’s top priorities.
		Signed in 1972 by Washington and Moscow to slow the nuclear arms race, the ABM Treaty barred both superpowers from deploying national defenses against long-range ballistic missiles and from building the foundation for such a defense.
		The treaty was based on the premise that if either superpower constructed a strategic defense, the other would build up its offensive nuclear forces to offset the defense.
	www.armscontrol.org /act/2002_07-08/abmjul_aug02.asp (1507 words)

	China
		The ABM Treaty is a 1972 bilateral agreement between the United States and the Soviet Union (later Russia), in which each country agrees to have only two ABM deployment areas, one to protect its capital and another to protect an ICBM launch area.
		Quantitative and qualitative limits are also imposed on the ABM systems that may be deployed, and both Parties agreed to limit qualitative improvement of their ABM technology.
		China is not a signatory to the ABM Treaty, a bilateral agreement between the United States and the Soviet Union/Russia.
	www.nti.org /db/china/abmorg.htm (330 words)

	Anti-Ballistic Missile Defense (ABM) Treaty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty prevents the deployment of a nation-wide system to defend the National territory of a signatory state against long-range strategic ballistic missiles and sets limits on the number and location of anti-ballistic missile systems in those states.
		Thus, the ABM Treaty was believed to remove an incentive for a nuclear arms race.
		Having provided that formal withdrawal notice, the United States is obligated under the ABM Treaty to continue to abide by its restrictions and limitations for a period of time that extends through June 13, 2002, that is, six months from the date of notification of intent to withdraw.
	www.nawcwpns.navy.mil /~treaty/ABM.html (1044 words)

	ABM Treaty: Memorandum of Understanding
		Each USSR Successor State shall implement the provisions of the Treaty with regard to its territory and with regard to its activities, wherever such activities are carried out by that State, independently or in cooperation with any other State.
		The USSR Successor States shall collectively be limited at any one time to a single anti-ballistic missile (ABM) system deployment area and to a total of no more than fifteen ABM launchers at ABM test ranges, in accordance with the provisions of the Treaty and its associated documents, including the Protocols of July 3, 1974.
		The obligations contained in Article IX of the Treaty and Agreed Statement "G" Regarding the Treaty shall not apply to transfers between or among the USSR Successor States.
	www.dod.mil /acq/acic/treaties/abm/ad_mou.htm (502 words)

	The ABM Treaty: Dead or Alive
		The first time the United States withdrew from a treaty was in 1798, when a pair of treaties with France were ended by an act passed by a majority of both houses of Congress and then signed by President John Adams.
		As things stand now, the Fort Greely site would violate the ABM Treaty, but all the Administration would have to do, according to Rhinelander, is notify Russia that, pursuant to Article IV of the Treaty and paragraph 5 of the 1978 agreed statement, it intends to establish a new test range in Alaska.
		The ABM Treaty specifically prohibits the development of mobile ABM systems, and Bush is pushing for laser weapons on 747 aircraft, interceptors on those Aegis cruisers, and space-based laser battle stations, all of which will violate the Treaty.
	www.rmbowman.com /ssn/ABMTreaty2.htm (3420 words)

	Unilateral Withdrawal From the ABM Treaty Is a Bad Idea (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		For months administration officials have derided the ABM Treaty as a "relic of the Cold War." They argue that with the Soviet Union gone, the treaty's ban on nationwide defenses no longer makes sense.
		Bush's abandonment of the Kyoto Protocol, unilateral withdrawal from the ABM Treaty would be widely seen as definitive proof that the United States has become a rogue superpower that considers itself above the law.
		Rather than abandon the ABM Treaty, he should make clear that the United States will live within its strictures provided that Moscow commits to a serious effort to negotiate the necessary modifications, or even a mutually acceptable replacement, that enable limited defense deployments to go forward.
	www.brook.edu /views/op-ed/daalder/20010430.htm (742 words)

	Treaty - ABM
		Article IX To assure the viability and effectiveness of this Treaty, each Party undertakes not to transfer to other States, and not to deploy outside its national territory, ABM systems or their components limited by this Treaty.
		(A) The Parties understand that, in addition to the ABM radars which may be deployed in accordance with subparagraph (a) of Article III of the Treaty, those non-phased-array ABM radars operational on the date of signature of the Treaty within the ABM system deployment area for defense of the national capital may be retained.
		First, we would note that the testing provisions of the ABM Treaty are intended to apply to testing which occurs after the date of signature of the Treaty, and not to any testing which may have occurred in the past.
	www.astronautix.com /articles/tretyabm.htm (2545 words)

	RAF Fylingdales BMEWSystem
		The argument as to whether or not Fylingdales breaks the ABM Treaty may soon be academic.
		The Foreign Office will be concerned about the destablising effects of breaking the ABM Treaty and the fact that other European governments have expressed grave concern and object to the US going ahead with the Star Wars Programme.
		In order for the ABM Treaty to accommodate an American NMD, the US says that the Treaty would only have to allow for the move of a single site from North Dakota to Alaska.
	cndyorks.gn.apc.org /fdales/fdabmt.htm (2246 words)

	Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		On May 26, 1972, the President of the United States, Richard Nixon and the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Leonid Brezhnev signed the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty.
		To further protect against ABM systems, the Soviet MIRV missiles were equipped with electronic countermeasures and heavy decoys, with heavy missiles like R-36 carrying as many as 40 of them.
		These discussions quickly led to the signing of the Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty in Moscow on 24 May 2002, which mandated the deepest ever cuts in deployed strategic nuclear warheads.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/ABM_Treaty (1601 words)

	E-Notes: The Failure of the ABM Treaty - FPRI
		This is depressing news, for ABM Treaty debate reminds one of Brigadoon.
		But if the theory were correct, then the ABM Treaty should have produced a leveling off of offensive proliferation.
		Clearly, then, the ABM Treaty did not help constrain offensive proliferation, but was a major stimulus of it.
	www.fpri.org /enotes/abm.20010525.garfinkle.abmfailure.html (1330 words)

	[No title]
		Which changed the terms of the treaty, limiting each side to only one site, The Soviets chose their Moscow defense site, and the US chose the site we were building in Grand Forks North Dakota, to defend our Missiles Silos.
		Clinton did not even take part in the mandatory five-year review of the treaty called for under article XIV, part 2 in 1998.” This was of chores your argument and evidence for claiming that the US violated the ABM treaty.
		Well the treaty was signed in 1972 plus five years equals 1977 plus five years equals 1982, plus five years equals 1987, plus five years equals 1992, plus five years equals 1997, not 1998.
	www.strategypage.com /militaryforums/23-134.aspx (1710 words)

	Anti-ballistic missile - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		McNamara, a private ABM opponent because of cost and feasibility (see cost-exchange ratio), claimed that Sentinel would be directed not against the Soviet Union's missiles (since the USSR had more than enough missiles to overwhelm any American defense), but rather against the potential nuclear threat of the People's Republic of China.
		Various technical, economic and political problems led to the ABM treaty of 1972, which restricted the deployment of strategic (not tactical) anti-ballistic missiles.
		Under the ABM treaty and a 1974 revision, each country was allowed to deploy a single ABM system with only 100 interceptors to protect a single target.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Anti-ballistic_missile (2994 words)

	ABM Treaty
		This month's letter writing project includes a short background piece on the ABM Treaty, as well as sample letters to the Senate and to the news media.
		The ABM treaty has been the cornerstone of arms control efforts since its inception in 1972.
		Withdrawing from the treaty to continue development of a missile shield system could hinder progress on nuclear reductions.
	www.quakernet.org /FCNL/ABM.htm (824 words)

	Global Beat: ABM Treaty - Anachronism or Cornerstone?
		The consequences of U.S. withdrawal from the ABM Treaty
		The current negotiations between the U.S. and Russia to modify the ABM Treaty are stalemated.
		The end of the ABM Treaty, following hard on the heels of the test ban defeat and the Kosovo military action unsanctioned by the United Nations, provide several examples that the U.S. is moving to a lawless state internationally.
	www.bu.edu /globalbeat/nuclear/Isaacs121799.html (1135 words)

	The American Enterprise: Dump the ABM Treaty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The country with which we signed the ABM Treaty no longer exists, and when it did exist it violated the treaty—as Soviet Foreign Minister Edouard Schevardnadze admitted soon after the Cold War ended.
		Her leaders are pushing for preservation of the ABM Treaty—paying lip service to “strategic stability”—while simultaneously using their new power to threaten Japan, Taiwan, the Philippines, and the U.S. The Chinese are also aiding the spread of nuclear and missile technology to
		By allowing the ABM Treaty to constrain our ability to defend ourselves, we allow dangerous governments to acquire power they would not otherwise have.
	www.taemag.com /issues/articleID.18947/article_detail.asp (763 words)

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