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Topic: ABO blood group system

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	Type and Screen - Definition, Purpose, Description, Preparation, Aftercare, Risks, Normal results
		Blood typing is a laboratory test that identifies blood group antigens (substances that stimulate an immune response) belonging to the ABO blood group system.
		An antibody is a protein produced by lymphocytes (nongranular white blood cells) that binds to an antigen, facilitating its removal by phagocytosis (or engulfing by macrophages) or lysis (cell rupture or decomposition).
		Blood typing and screening are most commonly performed to ensure that a person who needs a transfusion will receive blood that matches (is compatible with) his or her own; and that clinically significant antibodies are identified if present.
	www.surgeryencyclopedia.com /St-Wr/Type-and-Screen.html (3034 words)

	[No title]
		Blood is the fluid of life, transporting oxygen from the lungs to body tissue and carbon dioxide from body tissue to the lungs.
		Blood group antigens, especially of the ABO system, are present in all cells of the body but they have been studied in red blood cells.
		The four groups are determined by the presence or absence of the blood group antigens A and B in the red blood cells.
	www.ncl.ac.uk /nbyc/alaiweb.htm (2359 words)

	Serology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Blood cells from a donor may be destroyed by antibodies in the plasma of a recipient.
		In this ABO blood group system, there are two antigens, A and B, which may or may not be present on the surface of red blood cells.
		Group AB persons can receive blood from any of the other groups, and group O persons can donate blood to any of the others, although such transfusions are made only in extreme emergencies.
	www.bergen.org /EST/Year5/blood2.htm (1655 words)

	Blood Type \| Macmillan Genetics
		In the case of the ABO blood groups, the antigens are present on the surface of the red blood cell, while the antibodies are in the serum.
		Blood group O individuals are said to be universal donors, because their blood can be used for transfusion in individuals who have any one of the four blood types.
		The ABO blood group substances are glycoproteins, the basic molecule of which is known as the H substance.
	www.bookrags.com /research/blood-type-gen-01 (1334 words)

	Blood_type - The real meaning from Timesharetalk wikipedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		If an individual is exposed to a blood group antigen that is not recognised as self, the individual can become sensitized to that antigen; the immune system makes specific antibodies which binds specifically to a particular blood group antigen and an immunological memory against that particular antigen is formed.
		Blood transfusion is a potentially risky medical procedure and it is vital that all blood specimens are correctly identified, so in cross-matching labeling is standardized using a barcode system known as ISBT 128.
		The blood type diet is a system whereby people modify their food intake and lifestyle according to their ABO blood group and secretor status for health.
	www.timesharetalk.co.uk /wiki.asp?k=Blood_type (3036 words)

	Grouping
		For all donors and recipients, ABO blood groups are determined to ensure that blood of the same or a compatible ABO type is used for transfusion.
		Group O Individuals have antibodies to both red cells of blood group A and blood group B. If ABO incompatible blood is administered there may be an immediate and fatal transfusion reaction mediated by these naturally-occurring antibodies.
		The Rh(D) antigen is the most immunogenic blood group protein and antibodies to the D antigen are commonly detected in pretransfusion testing in Caucasians.
	www.palmslab.com.au /Education/transfus/grouping.shtml (747 words)

	ABO blood group system - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		In blood group O the H antigen remains unchanged and consists of a chain of galactose, N-Acetylglucosamine, galactose, and fructose attached to the ceramide.
		ABO blood group incompatibilities between the mother and child does not usually cause hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) because antibodies to the ABO blood groups are usually of the IgM type, which do not cross the placenta; however, sometimes IgG ABO antibodies are produced and a baby can develop ABO HDN.
		Agglutination indicates the presence of blood group antigens in the blood.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/ABO_blood_group_system (1343 words)

	Blood Typing And Crossmatching \| Principal Health News
		Blood bank laboratories are usually located in facilities, such as those operated by the American Red Cross, that collect, process, and supply blood that is donated, as well as in facilities, such as most hospitals, that prepare blood for transfusion.
		The incidence of the Rh blood types varies between racial groups, but not as widely as the ABO blood types: 85% of whites and 90% of fls are Rh-positive; 15% of whites and 10% of fls are Rh-negative.
		Blood type based on the presence or absence of the A and B antigens on the red blood cells.
	www.principalhealthnews.com /topic/topic100586530 (2434 words)

	Human Blood: ABO Blood Types
		However, if B type blood is injected into their systems, anti-B antibodies in their plasma will recognize it as alien and burst or agglutinate the introduced red cells in order to cleanse the blood of alien protein.
		ABO blood types are inherited through genes on chromosome 9, and they do not change as a result of environmental influences during life.
		An individual's ABO type is determined by the inheritance of 1 of 3 alleles (A, B, or O) from each parent.
	anthro.palomar.edu /blood/ABO_system.htm (1093 words)

	ABO - Blood Groups - SCARF Exchange
		It was 25 years before these groups were shown to be inherited as Mendelian characters by means of three allelomorphic genes A, B and O and were, in fact, entities of one blood group system.
		The placement of the A and B antigens is dependent upon the existence of a substrate produced by the Hh blood group system (ISBT # 018).
		The ease of testing for the ABO blood groups contribute to the broad knowledge base of this blood group system.
	jove.prohosting.com /~scarfex/blood/1.html (477 words)

	The Individualist: ABO Blood Group
		Despite the recognized importance of the ABO antigens in blood typing, few physicians appreciate the extraordinary complexity of this system, its association with human disease, fascinating phylogenetic heritage and usefulness in describing physiologic parameters, especially digestive and secretory.
		The first description of a human blood group system was published by Karl Landsteiner in 1900, working to understand the unpredictability of hemolytic reactions resulting from early attempts at transfusion.
		ABO genes consist of at least 7 exons, and the coding sequence in the seven coding exons spans over 18kb of genomic DNA.
	www.dadamo.com /wiki/wiki.pl/ABO_Blood_Group (946 words)

	Abo blood group - definition from Biology-Online.org
		According to the type of antigen present, a person may be assigned a blood type of a, B, ab or O. a second type of antigen, the rh factor, renders a positive or negative blood type.
		classification of blood types in humans, a, B, ab and O. blood transfusions of blood type O are suitable to transfer to all other blood groups.
		blood groups tend to change in proportion in differing races, usually as a result of the geographical location in which the group has previously existed and consequently the ancestors who had such a blood group.
	www.biology-online.org /dictionary/Abo_blood_group (296 words)

	The ABO Blood Group System (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		The ABO blood group system is used to categorise human blood.
		ABO antigens (which can be attacked by disease-fighting antibodies) appear on the surface of red blood cells.
		So if a donor provides type B blood to a type A recipient, a transfusion reaction would occur because there will be a clumping of the natural anti-B antibodies of the recipient onto the foreign type B antigens from the donor.
	www.health-fitness.com.au /the-abo-blood-group-system (442 words)

	ABO \| English \| Dictionary & Translation by Babylon
		The ABO system is the most important blood type system in human blood transfusion.
		ABO blood types are also present in apes such as chimpanzees, bonobos and gorillas.
		ABO to French ABO to Italian ABO to Spanish ABO to Dutch ABO to Portuguese ABO to German ABO to Russian ABO to Japanese ABO to Turkish ABO to Hebrew ABO to Additional
	www.babylon.com /definition/ABO/English (337 words)

	Paksitan Journal of Medical Sciences
		A relationship of Kell-1 and Kell-2 was also established, Kell-1 demonstrated its highest positivity in A2 blood group and least in B blood group, Kell-2 on the other hand demonstrated its highest positivity in B blood group and least in A2 blood group.
		Antibodies of Kell blood group system are immune in nature and belong to the IgG class of immunoglobulins.
		In an analysis of the prevalence of Kell-1 and Kell-2 phenotype in ABO blood group system.
	www.pjms.com.pk /issues/octdec01/article4.html (1596 words)

	GeneCard for ABO (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Evidence for a new type of O allele at the ABO locus, due to a combination of the A2 nucleotide deletion and the Ael nucleotide insertion.
		Genetic and epigenetic alterations of the blood group ABO gene in oral squamous cell carcinoma.
		Human histo-blood group A2 transferase coded by A2 allele, one of the A subtypes, is characterized by a single base deletion in the coding sequence, which results in an additional domain at the carboxyl terminal.
	bioinfo.cnio.es /cgi-bin/genecards/carddisp?ABO (808 words)

	National Blood Service to Host World Blood Donor Day 2005, UK
		This year's World Blood Donor Day (WBDD) is to be hosted by the National Blood Service (NBS) on June 14, a date that commemorates the birth of Karl Landsteiner, who discovered the ABO blood group system.
		Blood in the UK is generously donated by voluntary donors from the public.
		Group O is the most common and therefore the most in demand.
	www.pharma-lexicon.com /medicalnews.php?newsid=25851 (1052 words)

	Blood Group
		Red blood cells or erythrocytes are present in the blood and contain certain proteins on their surface.
		AB blood group are those who will have type A and type B antigens on the surface of red blood cells and no antibodies to A or B antigens in plasma.
		O blood group are those who will have neither type A or type B antigens on the surface of red blood cells but will have anti-A and anti-B antibodies in plasma.
	medindia.net /patients/patientinfo/bloodgroup.asp (315 words)

	Blood group, ABO definition - Medical Dictionary definitions of popular medical terms
		The ABO type of a person depends upon the presence or absence of two genes, A and B. These genes determine the configuration of the red blood cell surface.
		It is most important to determine the ABO status of both donor and recipient in transplants and transfusions.
		The first recorded blood transfusion may have taken place in 1492 when Pope Innocent VIII, laying in a coma, was given the blood of 3 young men.
	www.medterms.com /script/main/art.asp?articlekey=6686 (401 words)

	HIV-1 incorporates ABO histo-blood group antigens that sensitize virions to complement-mediated inactivation -- Neil et ...
		blood group antigens as cellular receptors on the gastric mucosa.
		Binding of Norwalk virus-like particles to ABH histo-blood group antigens is blocked by antisera from infected human volunteers or experimentally vaccinated mice.
		Antibody to histo-blood group A antigen neutralizes HIV produced by lymphocytes from blood group A donors but not from blood group B or O donors.
	www.bloodjournal.org /cgi/content/full/105/12/4693 (4580 words)

	Centre for Clinical Molecular Biology - Aalborg Hospital: Entry ABO
		ABO incompatible transfusion may result in death of patients.
		The ABO genotyping status are investigated utilizing sequencing and a PCR-RFLP method.
		Grunnet N, Steffensen R, Bennett EP, Clausen H. Evaluation of histo-blood group ABO genotyping in a Danish population: frequency of a novel O allele defined as O2.
	www.ccmbah.dk /genes/ABO.html (149 words)

	SWBIC - ABO Blood Group (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Some people have red blood cells that contain both "A and B antigens" so they have the blood type AB.
		ACTIVITY to practice "Typing Blood": On the attached sheet, identify and label the red blood cells according to the type t hey represent.
		Those with Blood Type B- carry the B antigen, and produce antibodies against the A antigen and the Rh antigen.
	www.swbic.org /education/aboblood.php (527 words)

	ABO blood group definition - Womens Health and Medical Information on MedicineNet.com
		ABO blood group: The major human blood group system.
		A person's ABO type depends upon the presence of absence of two genes --the A and B genes.
		It is most important to determine the ABO status of both donor and recipient in transplants and transfusions by typing and cross-matching.
	www.medterms.com /script/main/art.asp?articlekey=2090 (417 words)

	Human protein: Q6L639 - ABO glycosyltransferase (Fragment). EMBL Bioinformatics Harvester
		this protein is the basis of the abo blood group system.
		Upstream genomic sequence for ABO blood group (transferase A, alpha 1-3-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase; transferase B, alpha 1-3-galactosyltransferase)
		ABO blood group (transferase A, alpha 1-3-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase; transferase B, alpha 1-3-galactosyltransferase) (ABO)
	harvester.embl.de /harvester/Q6L6/Q6L639.htm (747 words)

	UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot entry P16442 [BGAT_HUMAN] Histo-blood group ABO system transferase
		: This protein is the basis of the ABO blood group system.
		The histo-blood group ABO involves three carbohydrate antigens: A, B, and H. A, B, and AB individuals express a glycosyltransferase activity that converts the H antigen to the A antigen (by addition of UDP-GalNAc) or to the B antigen (by addition of UDP-Gal), whereas O individuals lack such activity.
		The manganese ion interacts with the beta-phosphate group of UDP and may also have a role in catalysis.
	www.expasy.org /uniprot/P16442 (779 words)

	ABO Genotyping by Polymerase Chain Reaction
		ABO blood group system's genotyping by polymerase chain reaction in genomic DNA level is developed.
		The positions of nucleotide 258 and 700 of cDNA from A transferase were used to distinguish A, B, and O alleles by restriction enzyme digestion.
		Biologic forensic samples, such as, blood stains, saliva stains, semen stains, hair, bone tissue, and semen contaminated with vaginal secretion were also successfully typed.
	www.astm.org /JOURNALS/FORENSIC/PAGES/944.htm (241 words)

	Human Blood: Related Internet Sites
		ABO Blood Group System (biochemistry and genetics of the ABO system including a description of the Bombay phenotype--University of Virginia, Charlottesville)
		Blood Group System: ABO (technical summary of the genetics of ABO types--Serum, Cells, and Rare Fluid Exchange)
		Blood Group System: Rh (technical summary of the genetics of Rh types--Serum, Cells, and Rare Fluid Exchange)
	anthro.palomar.edu /blood/links.htm (232 words)

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