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Topic: ABO blood groups

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	Blood type - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A blood type is a description of an individual's characteristics of red blood cells due to substances (carbohydrates and proteins) on the cell membrane.
		ABO blood type incompatibilities between the mother and child do not cause a similar problem because antibodies to the ABO blood groups are of the IgM type, which do not cross the placenta.
		The Japan blood type theory of personality is a popular belief that a person's ABO blood type is predictive of their personality, character, and compatibility with others.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Blood_group (2240 words)

	WHAT ARE BLOOD GROUPS
		ABO blood grouping depends on the fact that there are two main antigens on the red cells (A and B) and two main antibodies in plasma (anti-A and anti-B).
		ABO blood groups are determined by using anti-A and anti-B antibodies.
		Blood groups for each individual are determined by genes (small packets of information in cells) which are inherited from both parents.
	members.rediff.com /wande/blgroups.htm (676 words)

	Excerpt from "The Complete Blood Type Diet Encyclopedia" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		From a purely scientific point of view, chemical analysis of the group O antigen reveals that from a structural perspective, it is the simplest blood group and it serves as the backbone for the synthesis of increasingly complex A, B and AB.
		Two basic blood group B population patterns emerged out of the Neolithic revolution in Asia: an agrarian, relatively sedentary population located in the south and east, and the wandering nomadic societies of the north and west.
		Blood group AB is rarely found in European graves prior to 900 A.D. Studies of prehistoric grave exhumations in Hungary indicate a distinct lack of this blood group into the Langobard age (fifth to seventh century A.D.).
	www.dadamo.com /napharm/store3/template2/encyclopedia.html (6849 words)

	D'Adamo Knowledge Base: The Blood Type Diet Online (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Venous thromboembolism and ABO blood groups in a Brazilian population.
		An excess of blood group A and a decrease of blood group O was observed among the patients.
		Blood group A1 was associated with significantly higher serum total cholesterol levels in white females independent of multiple potential confounders, in white males independent of age and weight, and in southern fl females independent of age and weight.
	www.dadamo.com /knowbase/disease/disease4.htm (3177 words)

	Red Gold . Blood Basics . Blood in the Body . Blood Groups and Typing \| PBS
		Blood transfusions were not possible until Karl Landsteiner first identified the major human blood groups -- namely O, A, B, and AB -- in a series of experiments in 1901 that earned him the Nobel Prize.
		The ABO blood groups are defined by specific inherited molecules, or antigens, that are present on the surface of red blood cells.
		If group A red cells are mistakenly transfused to a group O recipient, for example, the anti-A antibody in the recipient's plasma destroys the transfused group A cells and a serious transfusion reaction occurs.
	www.pbs.org /wnet/redgold/basics/bloodgroups.html (333 words)

	Serology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Blood cells from a donor may be destroyed by antibodies in the plasma of a recipient.
		In this ABO blood group system, there are two antigens, A and B, which may or may not be present on the surface of red blood cells.
		Group AB persons can receive blood from any of the other groups, and group O persons can donate blood to any of the others, although such transfusions are made only in extreme emergencies.
	www.bergen.org /EST/Year5/blood2.htm (1655 words)

	The ABO Blood Group System (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		In Australia the frequency of the various ABO phenotypes as illustrated in table 1 is similar to that observed in the study in Britain in 1946 (24).
		Group AB The frequency of the ABO blood groups are not however as straight forward as these tables and figure indicate.
		This is because within the blood groups of the ABO system there exist subgroups of the A phenotype, subgroups of the B phenotype and rare groups such as the Bombay blood group.
	www.bh.rmit.edu.au /mls/subjects/abo/resources/Frequency1.htm (389 words)

	The ABO Blood Group System (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The consequences of an ABO incompatible blood donation is acute and potentially lethal intravascular destruction of the transfused red cells.
		Group O - Had neither A or B antigens on their red cells and had naturally occurring antibodies (anti- A and anti - B) that agglutinated all red cells from group A, B and AB people.
		The inheritance of the ABO blood groups was later suggested in 1910 (5).
	www.bh.rmit.edu.au /mls/subjects/abo/resources/discovery1.htm (703 words)

	abo blood groups Free Essays
		Blood is composed of cells and fluid, contain many inorganic and organic molecules.
		Blood in Macbeth In the play Macbeth, a symbol of blood is portrayed frequently and has different meanings throughout the play, this symbol is developed until it eventually becomes the main theme of the play.
		Macbeth In the play Macbeth, a symbol of blood is portrayed often (and with different meanings), and it is a symbol that is developed until it is the commanding theme of the play towards its end.
	www.netessays.net /search/69288.html (771 words)

	Blood Groups
		Blood groups are created by molecules present on the surface of red blood cells (and often on other cells as well).
		The ABO blood groups were the first to be discovered (in 1900) and are the most important in assuring safe blood transfusions.
		The table shows the four ABO phenotypes ("blood groups") present in the human population and the genotypes that give rise to them.
	users.rcn.com /jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/B/BloodGroups.html (651 words)

	Blood_types
		There are three different alleles for human blood type, A, B, and O: Each of us has two ABO blood type alleles, because we each inherit one blood type allele from our biological mother and one from our biological father.
		Since there are three different blood group alleles, there are a total of six possible different genotypes at the human ABO genetic locus.
		Group O Blood has neither A nor B antigens on red cells, and both anti-A antibody and anti-B antibody in the plasma.
	bioweb.wku.edu /courses/Biol115/Wyatt/Genetics/Blood_type.htm (860 words)

	Human Blood: ABO Blood Types
		ABO blood types are inherited through genes on chromosome 9, and they do not change as a result of environmental influences during life.
		An individual's ABO type is determined by the inheritance of 1 of 3 alleles (A, B, or O) from each parent.
		Some people are microchimeric--they have a small amount of blood of a different type in their system that has persisted from a blood transfusion or passed across the placental barrier from their mother before birth.
	anthro.palomar.edu /blood/ABO_system.htm (1027 words)

	Blood Groups (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The blood group locus in humans is on chromosome 9.
		ABO is the symbol for the blood group antigen gene.
		ABO typing is used in legal identity determination cases, but is not as useful as other methods.
	opbs.okstate.edu /~melcher/MG/MGW1/MG11121.html (343 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The frequency of the ABO blood group in the studied pts was compared with the frequency of the blood group in the control group of healthy blood donors (n=595).
		The B blood group was significantly more often in group II (22.9% vs 15.0%, p<0.04) compared with the frequency of the B blood group in the healthy donors’ group.
		The A blood group is not a risk factor for atherosclerosis in women in Lithuanian population.
	medicina.kmu.lt /02p2/02p2-62e.htm (434 words)

	Examples for Public Speaking 211 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Due to several deaths that occurred from animal to human blood transfusions, experimentation with transfusions was made illegal; however, in the mid-1800's a scientist by the name of James Blundell performed the first human to human blood transfusion.
		This ABO blood grouping system is made up of antigens found in the blood called agglutinogens and antibodies found in the serum called agglutinins.
		Race, the director of Medical Research Council Blood Group Research Unit, 47 percent of the United Kingdom population is O blood type, 42 percent is type A, 9 percent is type B, and only 3 percent is type AB.
	www.onu.edu /csc/speeches/blood.html (708 words)

	Abstract
		It has been reported that the prevalence and the risk of venous thrombosis were higher in individuals with blood group non-O compared to individuals with blood group O in FVL heterozygous individuals.
		The number of APCR(+) subjects was highest in blood group AB and the lowest in group O. While no significant difference was noticed by modified assay, the highest mean APCR-NR was observed in blood group O in APCR(–) subjects by the standard assay (O: 1.20, A: 1.10, B: 1.15, AB: 1.13) (P = 0016).
		This study suggests that, blood group O is physiologically away from activated protein C resistance and the APCR positivity may be low in blood group O. This finding should further be investigated using molecular biological techniques.
	www.blackwellpublishing.com /isth2003/abstract.asp?id=9116 (348 words)

	Blood Groups, Blood Typing and Blood Transfusions
		If you belong to the blood group 0 (null), you have neither A or B antigens on the surface of your red blood cells but you have both A and B antibodies in your blood plasma.
		The B antibodies in the A+ blood bind the antigens in the B+ blood and agglutination occurs.
		For a blood transfusion to be successful, AB0 and Rh blood groups must be compatible between the donor blood and the patient blood.
	nobelprize.org /medicine/educational/landsteiner/readmore.html (1146 words)

	blood groups
		An antibody in the blood which matches an antigen, as a key matches a lock, can bind to the antigen and in doing so initiate an immune reaction which leads to the death of that red blood cell.
		Blood can be classified by the antibodies with which it will react.
		Using tests for the three blood systems shown, a randomly chosen person has about a 50% chance of demonstrating he or she is not the child's biological parent.
	www.sizes.com /people/blood_groups.htm (189 words)

	ABO - Blood Groups - SCARF Exchange
		It was 25 years before these groups were shown to be inherited as Mendelian characters by means of three allelomorphic genes A, B and O and were, in fact, entities of one blood group system.
		The placement of the A and B antigens is dependent upon the existence of a substrate produced by the Hh blood group system (ISBT # 018).
		The ABO antigens, as stated above are not restricted to the red blood cell membrane but can be found in saliva and all body fluids except spinal fluid if the individual has inherited a secretor gene.
	jove.prohosting.com /~scarfex/blood/1.html (477 words)

	NAP: ABO blood groups and ear infection (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		In fact, blood type A has such a strong tie to severity of ear infections that just knowing the mother's blood type allows for an ability to predict the child's relative risk for having an ear infection requiring treatment.
		For mothers with blood type A, or mothers with a blood type A infant, this information is particularly important and should be put to use in an attempt to reduce your child's risk for ear infections.
		The appropriate blood type diet for the mother is of importance, with particular emphasis placed on avoiding the above foods that are challenging for your blood type.
	www.dadamo.com /napharm/store3/template2/earinfection.htm (1179 words)

	Human ABO Blood Groups - Roots of Mankind - Chimpanzees Gorillas
		Equally as interesting as chromosomes are blood types, the so-called ABO alleles and the MN alleles.
		Persons with blood type O are so-called universal donors, since they can give blood to anyone having any of the blood types A, B, O or AB.
		This means that an African with blood type A can give blood to a Scandinavian with blood type A, but a Scandinavian close relative with blood type B can not.
	www.lexiline.com /lexiline/lexi9.htm (589 words)

	Blood Types
		If the red blood cell had neither molecule, that blood was called type O. If two different blood types are mixed together, the blood cells may begin to clump together in the blood vessels, causing a potentially fatal situation.
		A person with type A blood can receive blood from a person with type A or type O. A person with type B blood can receive blood from a person with type B or type O. person with type AB blood can receive blood from anyone.
		A person with type O blood can receive blood from a person with type O. Because of these patterns, a person with type O blood is said to be a universal donor.
	sln.fi.edu /biosci/blood/types.html (303 words)

	Journal of Family Practice: Identifying ABO incompatibility in newborns: selective vs automatic testing - blood typing ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Approximately 40% of infants of mothers with type O blood are either group A or B.[1] The results of direct antiglobulin tests (DAT) of cord blood are positive in approximately one third of these infants.
		Two alternative approaches to identifying ABO incompatibility have been suggested.[3] One approach is to look for ABO incompatibility only in those infants who become sufficiently jaundiced to warrant diagnostic studies to determine the cause of jaundice.
		Of the 12 infants receiving phototherapy, 11 were blood group A or B, and 10 were DAT positive.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0689/is_n3_v35/ai_12627578 (1301 words)

	PakMediNet - View Abstract
		Objective: To document the frequency of ABO & Rhesus blood groups in the blood donors in Punjab.
		Design: ABO & Rh grouping was done on all prospective voluntary / replacement blood donors donating blood at major teaching hospital blood banks throughout Punjab over a period of four months from June 2003 to September 2003.
		The blood groups in the order of frequency in rhesus positive donors are B,O,A,& AB; while in rhesus negative donors it is O,A,B,& AB respectively.
	www.pakmedinet.com /view.php?id=6148 (395 words)

	ZOO 317 Lecture 30 - BLOOD GROUPS; HISTOCOMPATIBILITY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Indeed, their discovery was a major landmark in the development of both immunology and genetics and provided the basis for understanding the rules that govern blood transfusions.
		A. There are four main ABO blood types: A, B, AB, and O. When blood samples are mixed, either in vitro or in vivo, some are compatible and do not agglutinate, others are incompatible and agglutinate.
		C. The ABO blood groups are highly polymorphic among World populations.
	www.utexas.edu /courses/gene/L30.htm (1382 words)

	PakMediNet - View Abstract
		The survey was carried out of allelic frequencies of ABO alleles in the population of different cities of Pakistan (Larkana, Jamshoro, Hyderabad, Karachi) and in different ethnic groups (Abro, Noohani and schedule cast Hindus).
		Percentage distribution of ABO and their allelic frequencies are described in the districts/cities of the province of Sindh, Pakistan.
		The average gene frequencies for ABO groups in the population of Sindh are 0.1972 t 0.017, 0.2104 t 0.019, 0.5986 t 0.015, for A, B, O respectively.
	www.pakmedinet.com /view.php?id=342 (291 words)

	Blood Types Tutorial (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The Human Genetics Tutorial with problem solving exercises concerning the inheritance of the ABO blood group alleles has resulted in a steady stream of inquiries to the Biology Project from mothers, grandmothers, and children inquiring about the possible blood type of the father of a given child.
		I am trying to figure out what blood type the father of my son could have since my son and I are both type A+.
		A review of the tutorials of blood types problem 11 and problem 13 of the Monohybrid Cross Problem Set of the Mendelian Genetics might also be helpful.
	www.biology.arizona.edu /human_bio/problem_sets/blood_types/Intro.html (192 words)

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