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Topic: ADFGVX cipher

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Classical cryptography

Trifid cipher

Running key cipher

Straddling checkerboard

Affine cipher

Pigpen cipher

Book cipher

Tabula recta

Hill cipher

Playfair cipher

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	ADFGVX cipher - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In cryptography, the ADFGVX cipher was a field cipher used by the German Army during World War I.
		Invented by Colonel Fritz Nebel and introduced in March 1918, the cipher was a fractionating transposition cipher which combined a modified Polybius square with a single columnar transposition.
		ADFGVX was cryptanalysed by French Army Lieutenant Georges Painvin.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/ADFGVX_cipher (556 words)

	Hill cipher - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In classical cryptography, the Hill cipher is a polygraphic substitution cipher based on linear algebra.
		Unfortunately, the basic Hill cipher is vulnerable to a known-plaintext attack because it is completely linear.
		Jeffrey Overbey, William Traves, and Jerzy Wojdylo, On the Keyspace of the Hill Cipher, Cryptologia, 29(1), January 2005, pp59–72.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hill_cipher (925 words)

	Nihilist cipher - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In the history of cryptography, the Nihilist cipher is a manually operated symmetric encryption cipher originally used by Russian Nihilists in the 1880s to organise terrorism against the czarist regime.
		Because each symbol in both plaintext and key is used as a whole number without any fractionation, the basic Nihilist cipher is little more than a numerical version of the Vigenère cipher, with multiple-digit numbers being the enciphered symbols instead of letters.
		The ultimate development along these lines was the VIC cipher, used in the 1950s by Reino Hayhanen.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Nihilist_cipher (658 words)

	Cipher - The real meaning from Timesharetalk wikipedia
		Ciphers, on the other hand, work at a lower level: the level of individual letters, small groups of letters, or, in modern schemes, individual bits.
		Historical pen and paper ciphers used in the past are sometimes known as classical ciphers.
		Symmetric key ciphers can be distinguished into two types, depending on whether they work on blocks of symbols of fixed size (block ciphers), or on a continuous stream of symbols (stream ciphers).
	www.timesharetalk.co.uk /wiki.asp?k=Cipher (994 words)

	ADFGVX
		This cipher was restricted to German High Command communications between and among the headquarters of divisions and army corps.
		The ADFGVX cipher was considered secure because it combined both a good substitution (bipartite fractionation) and an excellent transposition in one system.
		Using ADFGVX to encrypt message, for example, plaintext "7" is in the "F" row and in the "A" column, then "7" is encrypted to "FA".
	library.thinkquest.org /C0126342/adfgvx.htm (375 words)

	Pigpen cipher - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The pigpen cipher uses graphical symbols assigned according to a key similar to the above diagram.
		The pigpen cipher (sometimes called the masonic cipher or Freemason's cipher) is a simple substitution cipher exchanging letters for symbols based on a grid.
		The Elian Script is a variation of this cipher, used as art.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pigpen_cipher (151 words)

	Trifid cipher - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In classical cryptography, the trifid cipher is a cipher invented around 1901 by Felix Delastelle, which extends the concept of the bifid cipher to a third dimension, allowing each symbol to be fractionated into 3 elements instead of two.
		That is, while the bifid uses the Polybius square to turn each symbol into co-ordinates on a 5 × 5 (or 6 × 6) square, the trifid turns them into co-ordinates on a 3 × 3 × 3 cube.
		Thus, in a sense, the trifid cipher can be thought to stand on the border between classical cryptography's ancient Polybius square, and the binary manipulations of the modern world.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Trifid_cipher (639 words)

	Glossay of Cryptography Terms from CryptoBuddy.com
		Cipher often published in newspapers for entertainment, usually based on a monoalphabetic substitution, with plaintext spacing and punctuation are left intact, and no letter representing itself.
		Cipher in which the exact same key is used to encipher plaintext, and then decipher the resulting ciphertext, as opposed to a public key cipher.
		Cipher in which dissimilar keys are used to encipher plaintext, and then decipher the resulting ciphertext, as opposed to a private key cipher.
	www.cryptostick.com /cryptographyglossary.php?PHPSESSID=4a27cafbad00964873e581402827a294 (3099 words)

	Cryptography Tutorial - Transposition Ciphers
		Therefore, we expect the cipher letter frequencies to be close to the letter frequencies of the English language.
		Generally, in Route Ciphers the elements of the plaintext (here single letters) are written on a pre-arranged route into a matrix agreed upon by the sender and the receiver.
		The resulting bi-literal cipher is only an intermediate cipher, it is then written into a rectangular matrix and transposed to produce the final cipher which is the one which was transmitted.
	www.antilles.k12.vi.us /math/cryptotut/transposition.htm (1213 words)

	Cipher Machines - █ FURTHER READING:
		In this broad sense, any mechanical aid from a cipher wheel to a supercomputer can qualify as a cipher machine; however, the term is usually reserved for devices that are fairly complex and that operate on mechanical or electromechanical rather than on electronic principles.
		Cipher machines made it possible to cipher and decipher large numbers of messages with less training for personnel, fewer errors, and higher speed.
		Cipher machines continued to be used by many countries for some years after the end of World War II, but were slowly rendered obsolete by the increasing availability of general-purpose digital computers.
	www.espionageinfo.com /Ch-Co/Cipher-Machines.html (1253 words)

	History of Cryptography : Cryptography History by XRamp Security Services (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The ATBASH cipher is a Hebrew code which substitutes the first letter of the alphabet for the last and the second letter for the second last, and so on.
		In the case of the Atbash cipher, the first letter of the alphabet is substituted for the last, the second for the second last and so on." I.e., for us in English the letter A becomes "Z", the letter "B" becomes "Y", the letter C becomes X, and so on.
		The German ADFGVX cipher was the first cipher used by the German Army during World War I. This was a fractioning transposition cipher which combined a modified Polybius square with a single columnar transposition used to encode a 36 letter alphabet (26 letters plus 10 digits).
	www.xramp.com /resources/cryptography-history (2609 words)

	BBC - h2g2 - Polyalphabetic Field Ciphers
		Having a cipher system in which the plaintext letter can never be encrypted as itself is a serious weakness in a cipher as it eases the use of 'Cribs' in cryptanalysis.
		The Vigenère Cipher is much more secure than the Julius Caesar Cipher, nonetheless cryptanalysis was used to break it and the first person to successfully do so was none other than Charles Babbage, the spiritual father of computing.
		ADFGVX is a checkerboard cipher, a relatively common type of paper-based field cipher.
	www.bbc.co.uk /dna/h2g2/A583931 (696 words)

	ADFGX Cipher - █ FURTHER READING:
		The ADFGX cipher, sometimes referred to as the ADFGVX cipher, is one of the most famous codes in the entire history of cryptography.
		The ADFGX Cipher in World War I. The ADFGX cipher, developed by German army radio officer Fritz Nebel (1891–1967), made its appearance on March 5, 1918, when the Germans used it in a wireless transmission on the western front.
		The brilliance of the ADFGX cipher lay in the fact that, unlike ordinary codes, the frequency of letters such as E was not easy to recognize.
	www.espionageinfo.com /A-An/ADFGX-Cipher.html (730 words)

	Cryptography and Cryptanalysis - ADFGVX Cipher (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The ADFGVX cipher is a combination substitution and transposition cipher.
		The substitution part of this cipher only uses the characters A, D, F, G, V, and X in the cipher text.
		The transposition part of the cipher is accomplished by writing the cipher text out in rows and removing it in columns.
	packetvoid.com /adfgvx.html (125 words)

	[4.0] Codes & Codebreakers In World War I
		On the evening of 3 June, Painvin cracked an ADFGVX ciphertext, containing an urgent request that large amounts of artillery ammunition be sent to a particular sector, presumably for a pre-assault bombardment.
		A hybrid scheme known as an "autokey" could also be used, using a short initial cipher key to encrypt the first letters of a message, and then the plaintext of the message itself, beginning from the first letter, to encrypt the rest.
		A one-time pad cipher requires printing and distributing pads of keys, and the situation is even worse than with a code, since each person who uses the cipher have a unique set of keys.
	www.vectorsite.net /ttcode_04.html (7386 words)

	Cryptography Tutorial - Substitution Ciphers
		Example 1: (Caesar Cipher) The simplest of all substitution ciphers is the one in which the cipher letters results from shifting plain letters by the same distance.
		In Substitution Ciphers, single letters or pairs of letters are replaced with symbols or groups of symbols, which need not be the same as those used in the plaintext.
		We will study three monoalphabetic ciphers in detail and learn that neither the cyclical-shift substitution ciphers nor any other monoalphabetic substitution cipher in which a given plaintext letter is always encrypted into the same ciphertext letter are secure.
	www.antilles.k12.vi.us /math/cryptotut/substitution.htm (1335 words)

	Atbash - The real meaning from Timesharetalk wikipedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		It is a very weak cipher because it only has one possible key, and it is a simple monoalphabetic substitution cipher.
		The Atbash cipher is referenced in Google's Da Vinci Code Quest, in which participants must decode a common word from Atbash.
		A secret message is set to use the atbash cipher at this point in reading the document.
	www.timesharetalk.co.uk /wiki.asp?k=Atbash (290 words)

	Encryption - Free net encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		A cipher is an algorithm for performing encryption (and the reverse, decryption) — a series of well-defined steps that can be followed as a procedure.
		The word descends from the Arabic word for zero: Template:IPAifr or صِفْر, like (the Italian) zero (which remained in use for 0, the crucial innovation in positional Arabic versus Roman numerals) but soon was used for any decimal digit, even any number.
		While it may have come to mean encoding because that often involved numbers, a theory says conservative Catholic opponents of the Arabic (heathen) numerals equated it with any 'dark secret'.
	www.netipedia.com /index.php/Encryption (984 words)

	Decrypting text
		Transposition cipher - text is placed in columns and then reordered to encrypt
		ADFGVX cipher - Decrypt a substitution and transposition cipher.
		ADFGVX cipher - Encrypt a substitution and transposition cipher.
	www.richkni.co.uk /php/crypta/index.php (144 words)

	CS 4803 - David Pritchett [Introduction]
		In this case, "each plaintext character is replaced by the character three to the right MOD 26" (9), essentially shifting the alphabet three characters to map the plaintext to the ciphertext.
		A common transposition technique is columar transpostion, where the plaintext is written horizontally in the table, and the ciphertext is produced as the vertical text.
		An example of this is "the German ADFGVX cipher used during World War I" This cipher involved a complex transposition as well as a simple substitution, however, it was broken by French cryptanalysts.
	www.prism.gatech.edu /~gte043j/CS4803/1.html (1226 words)

	Cipher Challenge
		The Cipher Challenge was a set of ten encrypted messages to be found at the end of The Code Book, a history of codes and code breaking that I published last year.
		For example, in stage 2 a Latin message was encrypted with the Caesar cipher, and in stage 4 a French message was encrypted with the Vigenère cipher.
		I wondered if the winner might be a team made up of an amateur who had cracked the ancient ciphers and a computer expert who had cracked the latter two ciphers.
	www.simonsingh.com /Cipher_Challenge.html (2021 words)

	[No title]
		(10) The ADFGVX cipher was considered secure because it combined both a good substitution (bipartite fractionation) and an excellent transposition in one system.
		Under the second method, 2 or more messages with plaintext endings were required to break the flat distribution shield of the substitution part of the cipher.
		A cipher that defends itself by fractionation - the breaking up of PT letters equivalents into pieces, with the consequent dissipation of its ordinary characteristics.
	www.und.nodak.edu /org/crypto/crypto/lanaki.crypt.class/docs/german/german2.cipher (917 words)

	German Field Cipher (1918) - ADFGVX (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		At first, the text is encoded using a checkerboard cipher.
		FF AD GG GG AG DG AD This is now enciphered using an irregular columnar transposition using a different key.
		The cipher can be used with 25 or 36 letter alphabets.
	members.aon.at /cipherclerk/Doc/ADFGVX.html (76 words)

	JBA - The Science of Secrecy
		Learn about a cipher which we will not be covering in class (refer to the syllabus).
		Learn about a particular event in history in which cryptography played an important role (again, one that we will not be covering class).
		Write a program or programs to implement some of the ciphers are studying.
	www2.truman.edu /~tvazzana/jba/projects.htm (102 words)

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