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Topic: AI Virus

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List of computer viruses

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	PDA: Diseases & Viruses - Avian Influenza
		AI is labeled as either "high pathogenicity" or "low pathogenicity", based on antigens found on the surface of the virus.
		The fact that the "low path" AI may undergo a genetic mutation and become "high path" AI is a concern for the poultry industry, and is the reason why many flocks that are identified as being infected with the less pathogenic form are culled.
		AI is transmitted among susceptible birds through aerosolization: Susceptible birds inhale virus particles from nasal and oral secretions, and feces, of infected birds.
	www.agriculture.state.pa.us /agriculture/cwp/view.asp?a=3&q=127760 (760 words)

	AI (computer virus) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The virus is loaded into memory by executing an infected program and then effects the computer's runtime operation and corrupts program or overlay files.
		It does not appear to work with all.EXE files but does infect standard DOS files easily.
		AI adds garbage (meaningless) bytes to the end of the hosts file.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/AI_virus (92 words)

	Avian Influenza
		AI viruses belong to type A. Influenza viruses are further categorised into subtypes according to the antigens of the haemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N) projections on their surfaces.
		AI is characterised histologically by vascular disturbances leading to oedema, haemorrhages and perivascular cuffing, especially in the myocardium, spleen, lungs, brain and wattles.Necrotic foci are present in the lungs, liver and kidneys.
		AI virus is most commonly isolated by inoculation of swab material or tissue homogenates into 9-11-day-old embryonated chicken eggs by the allantoic sac route.
	www.fao.org /ag/againfo/subjects/en/health/diseases-cards/avian.html (1880 words)

	New York State Department of Agriculture and Markets
		Usually AI virus only infects birds however, the pig has receptors on the surface of its cells that are compatible with both avian and mammalian influenza viruses and has traditionally been viewed as the “mixing vessel” where these viruses can exchange genes and create new strains capable of infecting people.
		AI virus is capable of surviving in the environment for prolonged periods of time in cool, wet conditions and almost indefinitely in frozen material.
		AI virus isolation and antibody testing are the primary laboratory methods used to diagnose AI infection and/or exposure to the virus.
	www.agmkt.state.ny.us /AI/AvianFlu.html (1276 words)

	Avian Influenza Backgrounder
		Waterfowl serve as a reservoir of AI virus and may be a source for original introduction of the disease into poultry flocks.
		Infected birds shed the virus in oculonasal discharges and feces, and contaminated drinking water is commonly implicated as the source of infection.
		The clinical course of AI in birds ranges from mild disease to rapidly fatal, and depends on the age and species of the bird affected, husbandry practices, the pathogenicity of the virus strain, and environmental factors.
	www.avma.org /public_health/influenza/avinf_bgnd.asp (1721 words)

	bird flu
		When avirulent AI viruses with the H7 antigens were demonstrated in turkeys in 1971 and highly virulent AI viruses with the H5 antigen were first found in chickens in 1959, the necessity for redefining the term fowl plague or using other terminology became apparent.
		Virus may readily be isolated in large quantities from the feces and respiratory secretions of infected birds.
		The presence of facial edema, swollen and cyanotic combs and wattles, and petechial hemorrhages on internal membrane surfaces increases the likelihood that the disease is HPAI.
	www.geocities.com /jkveterinarian/birdflu.html (4801 words)

	AVIAN INFLUENZA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-22)
		Avian influenza (AI) is a disease of viral etiology that ranges from a mild or even asymptomatic infection to an acute, fatal disease of chickens, turkeys, guinea fowls, and other avian species, especially migratory waterfowl (1,2,3,4,8,9,10,11).
		An influenza virus isolated from harbor seals that died of pneumonia had the HA and NA surface antigens of an influenza virus isolated from turkeys a decade earlier.
		Is is impossible to predict the importance of AI virus in determining the strains of virus that infect humans.
	www.vet.uga.edu /vpp/gray_book/FAD/AVI.htm (2928 words)

	Terrestrial Animal Health Code - 2005
		AI virus infection of unvaccinated birds including sentinels is detected by antibodies to the NP/M, subtype specific HA or NA proteins, or NSP.
		The samples should be evaluated for the presence of AI virus, by virus isolation and identification, and/or detection of influenza A specific proteins or nucleic acids (Figure 2).
		Virus isolation is the gold standard for detecting infection by AI virus and the method is described in the Terrestrial Manual.
	www.oie.int /eng/normes/mcode/en_chapitre_3.8.9.htm (3510 words)

	Avian Influenza - College of Veterinary Medicine - University of Minnesota
		Influenza virus is released in respiratory secretions and excretions and droppings of infected birds where it is protected by organic material.
		Once AI is introduced into the poultry industry it is transmitted from farm to farm by direct and indirect contact.
		Because AI viruses causing highly pathogenic AI are considered exotic to the United States, they are reportable to the USDA, and confirmation by virus isolation is essential.
	www.cvm.umn.edu /ai/home.html (1987 words)

	Release No. 0458.05
		AI viruses can be classified into low pathogenicity and highly pathogenic forms based on the severity of the illness they cause in poultry.
		AI is primarily spread by direct contact between healthy birds and infected birds, and through indirect contact with contaminated equipment and materials.
		AI is inactivated by heat and drying and it is also very sensitive to most disinfectants and detergents.
	www.usda.gov /2005/10/0458.xml (1907 words)

	World Veterinary Association (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-22)
		The causative agent of 1994 outbreak was confirmed as Avian Influenza virus (H7 N3 type) and this isolated virus was purified and processed for preparation of inactivated vaccine that was used on mass scale to control the disease outbreak in poultry.
		As the non-usage of vaccines against AIV lead to perpetuation of the virus on the farms, and the AIV (H9 N2) became endemic in flocks in Karachi region.
		However, the danger of contracting AI virus by humans should be taken very seriously and various measures for verifying cross poultry-humans AI virus infections need to be further strengthened at the Departmental laboratories run by the health and veterinary departments.
	www.worldvet.org /printarticle1648.html (1967 words)

	Sources of Avian Influenza
		Secondary spread of AI viruses is mainly by mechanical transfer of infective faeces, in which virus may bepresent at high concentrations and may survive for considerable periods (Utterback, 1984).
		Of the 13 AI subtype viruses isolated from waterfowl within the quarantine zones, only one H5N2 subtype was found in a hunter-killed duck Genetic analysis determined that the HA gene could be clearly distinguished from the H5N2 family of viruses that caused the Pennsylvania epidemic.
		Virus isolates from this study were passaged in chickens; the isolates were found to replicate but did not produce disease.
	www.upc-online.org /poultry_diseases/22306flu_source.html (2344 words)

	Food Safety Research Information Office: A Focus on Avian Influenza (Bird Flu)
		The Avian Influenza A (H5N1) virus, currently being spread by migratory birds across Asia, Europe and Africa, causing poultry outbreaks and mortality in both poultry and humans is an example of the instability of the Type A viruses.
		Virus quantities present in infected food of avian origin is quite variable and depends on several factors: virus strain; avian species; type of organ; stage of infection at which the food product was collected; the degree of viraemia; physical or chemical treatments on the food (heating; cooking; freezing); and pH changes in meat after slaughter.
		Determined the risk of exposure to AI virus through the food supply is negligible or minimal and that AI virus is rapidly inactivated by normal cooking and in the case of egg products, pasteurization.
	fsrio.nal.usda.gov /document_fsheet.php?product_id=207 (4122 words)

	Biosecurity for the Birds
		AI viruses can also be spread by manure, equipment, vehicles, egg flats, crates, and people whose clothing or shoes have come in contact with the virus.
		AI viruses can remain viable at moderate temperatures for long periods in the environment and can survive indefinitely in frozen material.
		Materials that carry the AI virus can be picked up on shoes and clothing and moved from an area with sick birds to an area with healthy ones.
	www.aphis.usda.gov /vs/birdbiosecurity/hpai.html (932 words)

	Avian Influenza and Food Safety: An Overview
		Low path AI has been identified in the United States and around the world for more than 100 years, and is a relatively common finding just as flu viruses are a common and seasonal occurrence in humans.
		When AI outbreaks occur in poultry, quarantine and depopulation (culling) of all infected, exposed, or potentially infected birds, followed by proper disposal of carcasses, and the quarantining and rigorous disinfection of farms and surveillance around affected flocks are the preferred eradication and control options.
		The primary route of infection by the influenza virus is via the respiratory tract (in birds and humans).
	atrp.gatech.edu /pt17-3/17-3_p1.html (1446 words)

	USDA Options for AI Control (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-22)
		For example, Mexico’s AI regulation (12) stipulates that source flocks must be tested for AI within 15 days of slaughter as a requirement for the importation of chicken and turkey meat into Mexico.
		Currently, a live pox virus recombinant vaccine and a killed virus vaccine are licensed for vaccination against H5 infections and a killed virus vaccine could be approved on an emergency basis for vaccination against H7 infections.
		Currently, the most feasible use of H5 and H7 AI vaccines appears to be as an adjunct to the quarantine, depopulation, cleaning, disinfection, and biosecurity measures necessary to control an AI outbreak.
	ag.ansc.purdue.edu /ispa/news/Reports/USDAoptionsAI.html (3389 words)

	Diagnostic Approach for Differentiating Infected from Vaccinated Poultry on the Basis of Antibodies to NS1, the ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-22)
		and eradication of LPAI or HPAI virus infections (14).
		AI virus replicates and causes the death of the endothelial
		Expression of the amino-terminal half of the NS1 region of the hepatitis C virus genome and detection of an antibody to the expressed protein in patients with liver disease.
	jcm.asm.org /cgi/content/full/43/2/676 (6110 words)

	International Association for Food Protection
		Research has demonstrated that low-pathogenic AI virus has a limited distribution in affected birds and is not found in muscle meat or eggs.
		Even though the high pathogenic AI virus can be found in the muscle and eggs of the infected poultry, research and epidemiological investigations continue to show that contaminated poultry and eggs that have been properly cooked do not spread the disease.
		HPAI virus is inactivated in poultry meat held at 70 ° C for one second, which is significantly less than the 82°C recommended to consumers for best flavor and to reduce other bacterial pathogens on poultry.
	www.foodprotection.org /aboutIAFP/AvianFluSB.asp (1637 words)

	What Small Flock Owners in Maine Need to Know About Avian Influenza (“Bird Flu”)
		The virus of greatest concern at present is an H5N1 subtype of high-path virus.
		AI can spread in domestic bird populations through contact with infected poultry or poultry products, as well as through poor biosecurity, such as contaminated footwear and clothing, or infected litter and manure.
		High-path AI can survive in poultry feces for at least 35 days at temperatures of 4ºC or 39ºF. AI viruses are killed by most disinfectants and detergents as well as by heating and drying.
	www.umext.maine.edu /AI/avianflu.htm (1616 words)

	Effect of Vaccine Use in the Evolution of Mexican Lineage H5N2 Avian Influenza Virus -- Lee et al. 78 (15): 8372 -- The ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-22)
		An outbreak of avian influenza (AI) caused by a low-pathogenic
		HPAI virus in terms of morbidity and mortality (30, 31).
		Influence of virus strain and antigen mass on efficacy of H5 avian influenza inactivated vaccines.
	jvi.asm.org /cgi/content/full/78/15/8372 (5756 words)

	W32/Bagle.ai@MM
		Viruses are programs that self-replicate recursively, meaning that infected systems spread the virus to other systems, which then propagate the virus further.
		The virus spoofs the sender address by using a harvested address in the From: field.
		The virus listens on TCP port 1080 and UDP port 1040 for remote connections.
	vil.nai.com /vil/content/v_126798.htm (828 words)

	Introduzione ai virus
		Here's our definition: A virus is a program which reproduces its own code by attaching itself to other programs in such a way that the virus code is executed when the infected program is executed.
		Virus writers want their programs to spread as far as possible before anyone detects them.
		This means the virus can wait for some external event such as inserting a diskette, copying a file, or executing a program to actually infect another program.
	www.chierotti.net /nemu/vintro.html (3583 words)

	AI Virus Still Circulating in the Region - Long-Term Surveillance and Control Strategies Needed
		ASIA - New outbreaks of the avian influenza virus H5N1 in China, Thailand and Vietnam confirm that the virus is still endemic in the region, FAO said in a statement today.
		AI Virus Still Circulating in the Region - Long-Term Surveillance and Control Strategies Needed - ASIA - New outbreaks of the avian influenza virus H5N1 in China, Thailand and Vietnam confirm that the virus is still endemic in the region, FAO said in a statement today.
		But the new outbreaks clearly demonstrate that the virus continues to circulate in parts of the region and new cases might flare up in future, posing a continuing threat to human health," he said.
	www.thepoultrysite.com /LatestNews?AREA=LatestNews&Display=6777 (777 words)

	generation5 - Using Bugs and Viruses to Teach Artificial Intelligence
		In the next two sections we will discuss the Virus and Terrarium Academic games and the APIs that were developed together with the server which allowed each student’s AI to compete against the other student’s AI and AI written by the instructors.
		Black Marble also wrote a server application for the Virus game, which allowed a competition to run continuously between student AI players, maintaining a league table that permitted students to continuously monitor the relative performance of their AI player against those of the other students.
		While students were certainly happy with this setup, many wished for the immediacy of the Virus game server, and this is an issue which it would be desirable to address by allowing bugs to be directly added to the Terrarium environment as they are uploaded to the server.
	www.generation5.org /content/2004/bugsViruses.asp?Print=1 (3425 words)

	Children's Hospital Boston - Investigators
		Generation of high-titer defective HSV-1 vectors using an IE 2 deletion mutant and quantitative study of expression in cultured cortical cells.
		Long-term persistence of defective HSV-1 vectors in the rat brain is demonstrated by re-activation of gene expression following superinfection with helper virus.
		A defective herpes simplex virus vector system for gene delivery into the brain: Comparison with alternative gene delivery systems and usefulness for gene therapy.
	www.childrenshospital.org /research/mrrc/investigators/geller/publications.html (705 words)

	Wisconsin Ag Connection - National/World News - Three More Countries Report AI Virus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-22)
		France's Agriculture Ministry said tests confirmed the H5N1 virus in a dead wild duck found in the Ain region in eastern France.
		In one case, the virus was found in a turkey sold in Cairo.
		The H5N1 strain of the avian influenza virus killed approximately 50,000 birds in the state of Maharashtra in India, according to the Hindu Business Line news agency.
	www.wisconsinagconnection.com /story-national.cfm?Id=214&yr=2006 (281 words)

	CERT/CC Computer Virus Resources
		The following databases can be useful if you are looking for specific information about a particular virus.
		AVAR consists of prominent experts on computer virus from various areas such as Australia, China, Hong Kong, India, Japan, Korea, Philippines, Singapore,Taiwan, UK, and U.S.A. Our independence helps us to play an important role to fight against computer virus globally and to raise users' awareness on computer security issues.
		Virus Bulletin is the technical journal on developments in the field of computer viruses and anti-virus products
	www.cert.org /other_sources/viruses.html (630 words)

	McAfee — Computer Anti-Virus Software and Internet Security For Your PC
		The assessment of this threat has been downgraded to Low-Profiled due to a decrease in prevalence.
		This virus constructs messages using its own SMTP engine.
		It attempts to notify the author that the infected system is ready to accept commands, by contacting various websites, calling a PHP script on the remote sites.
	us.mcafee.com /virusInfo/default.asp?id=description&virus_k=126798 (556 words)

	Win32.Bobax.ai
		It drops a randomly named.EXE file, a copy of the virus, into the default Windows System folder and a randomly named.DLL file into the default Windows temporary folder.
		The virus will then infect all.EXE files currently running on the system.
		Finally, the virus will modify the infected system's HOSTS file and disrupt the user's ability to access many security related websites.
	www.aladdin.com /home/csrt/analysis.asp?virus_no=21200 (191 words)

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