A-law algorithm - Factbites

A-law algorithm - Factbites
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Topic: A-law algorithm

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	Mu-law algorithm - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In telecommunication, a mu-law algorithm (μ-law) is a standard analog signal compression or companding algorithm, used in digital communications systems of the North American and Japanese digital hierarchies, to optimize (in other words, modify) the dynamic range of an audio analog signal prior to digitizing.
		It is similar to the A-law algorithm used in Europe.
		The mu-law algorithm is also used in some rather standard programming language approaches for storing and creating sound (such as the sun.audio classes in java 1.1, in the.au format, and in some C# methods).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mu-law (236 words)

	A-law algorithm - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		An a-law algorithm is a standard companding algorithm, used in European digital communications systems to optimize, i.e., modify, the dynamic range of an analog signal for digitizing.
		The A-law algorithm provides a slightly larger dynamic range than the mu-law at the cost of worse proportional distortion for small signals.
		A-law encoding effectively reduces the dynamic range of the signal, thereby increasing the coding efficiency and resulting in a signal-to-distortion ratio that is superior to that obtained by linear encoding for a given number of bits.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/A-law_algorithm (230 words)

	Audio data compression - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Perhaps the earliest algorithms used in speech encoding (and audio data compression in general) were the A-law algorithm and the mu-law algorithm.
		In algorithms such as MP3, however, a large number of samples have to be analyzed in order to implement a psychoacoustic model in the frequency domain, and latency is on the order of 23 ms (46 ms for two-way communication).
		Due to the nature of lossy algorithms, audio quality suffers when a file is decompressed and recompressed (generational losses).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Audio_data_compression (2030 words)

	A-Law Compressed Sound Format
		A-Law is similar to the µ-Law (Mu-Law) algorithm used in North America and Japan.
		A-Law (or a-Law) is used in Europe and throughout the rest of the world.
		Standard companding algorithm used in European digital communications systems (telephones, for the most part) to optimize the dynamic range of an analog signal (generally a voice) for digitizing, i.e., to compress 16 bit LPCM (Linear Pulse Code Modulated) data down to 8 bits of logarithmic data.
	www.digitalpreservation.gov /formats/fdd/fdd000038.shtml (412 words)

	mu
		Mu is the name of a (hypothetical) vanished continent, located in the Pacific Ocean but now, like Atlantis and Lemuria, sunk beneath the waters.
		Mu is a letter in the Greek alphabet: lowercase μ, uppercase Μ.
		Mu (無) is a Japanese word meaning "null", "nothing", "emptiness", "vacuum", "void".
	www.fact-library.com /mu.html (317 words)

	A-Law Compressed Sound Format
		A-Law is similar to the µ-Law (Mu-Law) algorithm used in North America and Japan.
		A-Law (or a-Law) is used in Europe and throughout the rest of the world.
		Standard companding algorithm used in European digital communications systems (telephones, for the most part) to optimize the dynamic range of an analog signal (generally a voice) for digitizing, i.e., to compress 16 bit LPCM (Linear Pulse Code Modulated) data down to 8 bits of logarithmic data.
	www.digitalpreservation.gov /formats/fdd/fdd000038.shtml (412 words)

	List of algorithms - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Buddy memory allocation: Algorithm to allocate memory such that fragmentation is less.
		See also the list of data structures, list of algorithm general topics and list of terms relating to algorithms and data structures.
		Rainflow-counting algorithm: Reduces a complex stress history to a count of elementary stress-reversals for use in fatigue analysis
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/List_of_algorithms (1528 words)

	AG-T1 and AG-E1 Installation and Developer's Manual P/N 6207-15
		A-law A companding algorithm used in E1 transmissions, primarily in Europe.
		Another algorithm, mu-law, is used in North America and Japan.
		mu-law A companding algorithm used in T1 transmissions, primarily in North America and Japan.
	www.nmscommunications.com /manuals/6207-15/h-09.htm (2102 words)

	AG-24/30/48/60 Installation and Developer's Manual (6399-13): Glossary
		A-law is the other algorithm used in European networks.
		The other algorithm, mu-law, is used in North America and Japan.
		An algorithm for removing a portion of the received signal determined to be echo by comparison with the output signal.
	www.nmscommunications.com /manuals/6399-13/glossary.htm (1835 words)

	Talk:A-law algorithm - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A-law expansion is then given by the inverse equation:
		And I was very surprised because the decoded A-Law stream was very silent.
		I think the A must be the denominator in both cases:
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Talk:A-law_algorithm (95 words)

	DSP Trick: Fast Floating-Point to mu-Law Conversion
		I present a C algorithm, which will not be fast, but should get the basic idea across.
		I believe this algorithm to be fully compliant.
		The Trick: The algorithm is performed in a few steps.
	www.dspguru.com /comp.dsp/tricks/alg/mu_law.htm (340 words)

	Definition: mu-law algorithm
		-law) algorithm: A standard analog signal compression algorithm, used in digital communications systems of the North American digital hierarchy, to optimize, i.e.
		This HTML version of Telecom Glossary 2K was last generated on Wed May 8 15:36:48 MDT 2002.
	www.its.bldrdoc.gov /projects/devglossary/_mu-law_algorithm.html (104 words)

	mu-Law - a Whatis.com definition
		The other type of codec algorithm, A-Law, is the standard used in Europe and elsewhere.
		Mu-Law is the standard codec (compression/decompression) algorithm for pulse code modulation (PCM) from the CCITT (Consultative Committee for International Telephone and Telegraph).
		Mu-Law is used in the United States and Japan.
	searchnetworking.techtarget.com /sDefinition/0,,sid7_gci848008,00.html (146 words)

	Java Sound, Compressing Audio with mu-Law Encoding
		The black and white algorithm might use fewer data bits to describe each sample than would be the case with the color algorithm, because there would be significantly fewer possibilities that would need to be described at each sample point for the black and white photograph.
		Although we haven't discussed the decoding algorithm yet, when this byte is decoded, it will return a 16-bit short value of 620 for an encoding/decoding error of about 1.8 percent.
		As another example of a lossless system, if a black and white photograph is scanned using a scanning algorithm that is designed to properly scan color photographs and to maintain information about millions of colors, the resulting file may contain redundant data bits.
	www.developer.com /java/other/article.php/3286861 (7320 words)

	App Note Abstract: mu-Law Compression on the TMS320C54x
		This document discusses how to perform a software mu-law compression algorithm using the TMS320C54x.
		The algorithm requires a minimum number of instructions, and does not have the memory requirement needed for a lookup table.
	www.ti.com /sc/docs/psheets/abstract/apps/spra267.htm (51 words)

	Future of VoIP
		There are two main algorithms defined in the standard, mu-law algorithm (used in North America and Japan) and a-law algorithm (used in Europe and the rest of the world).
		G.729 is an audio data compression algorithm for voice that compresses voice audio in chunks of 10 milliseconds.
		The complexity of the algorithm is below 16 MIPS 2.2 kilobytes of RAM is needed for codebooks.
	www.futureofvoip.com (1184 words)

	Distinguishing received A-law and .mu.-law signals in a PCM modem - Patent 6181737
		According to a third aspect of the invention, whether the incoming signal is coded according to A-law or according to.mu.-law is determined by calculating the value of an A-law/.mu.-law separation function, and then comparing the value of the function to a predetermined threshold.
		According to a fourth aspect of the invention, a method for choosing a final scaling factor Scf for A-law and/or linear.mu.-law channels includes calculating a PAD estimation function and comparing the value of the calculated PAD estimation function to a series of thresholds to determine whether or not the PAD is <6 dB.
		In the preferred embodiment of the invention, at 510a, the pad estimation function is calculated for levels thirty-three and fifty-eight of A-law PCM signal PAD estimation.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /6181737.html (11414 words)

	AG CAS Installation and Developer's Manual (6527-12): Glossary
		Another algorithm, mu-law, is used in North America and Japan (primarily for T1 trunks).
		Another algorithm, A-law, is used for E1 transmission.
		A-law A companding algorithm used in E1 transmissions.
	www.nmscommunications.com /manuals/6527-12/appa.htm (1764 words)

	A-Law - a Whatis.com definition
		A-Law is the standard codec (compression/decompression) algorithm for pulse code modulation (PCM) from the ITU-T (the Telecommunication Standardization Sector of the International Telecommunications Union).
		A-Law is the type of PCM used in most of the world.
		The other type, mu-Law, is used in the United States and Japan.
	searchsmb.techtarget.com /gDefinition/0,,sid44_gci847984,00.html (112 words)

	math lessons - Quantization (signal processing)
		In digital telephony, two popular quantization schemes are the 'A-law' (dominant in Europe) and 'µ-law' (dominant in North America and Japan).
		Using this quantization law and assuming that quantization noise is uniformly distributed (accurate for rapidly varying x or high M), the signal to noise ratio can be approximated as
		where x is a real number, Q(x) an integer, and f(x) is an arbitrary real-valued function that controls the "quantization law" of the particular coder.
	www.mathdaily.com /lessons/Quantization_%28signal_processing%29 (265 words)

	Speech-Recognition-HOWTO
		Using a U-Law/A-Law algorithm or some other compression scheme is usually not worth it, as it will cost you in computing power, and not gain you much.
		An ASR system is trained by having the speaker repeat standard or common phrases and adjusting its comparison algorithms to match that particular speaker.
		Developers should experiment with different values to determine what works best with their algorithms.
	www.ibiblio.org /pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO/Speech-Recognition-HOWTO (3977 words)

	Electronic Music Mailing List Archives: musicdsp - [music-dsp] A-Law Mu-Law Compression on adsp2186m
		A-law and u-law encoding are relatively trivial and can be implemented using lookup tables.
		Navigation: home » musicdsp » 2004 » 01 » [music-dsp] A-Law Mu-Law Compression on adsp2186m
		but i couldn't fine where i am doing fault....Looking forward for your favorable reply ALaw_Compression: /* This routine determines the 8-bit (right-justified) a-Law value from the 16-bit (right-justified) linear input.
	elists.resynthesize.com /musicdsp/2004/01/851261 (316 words)

	LAN Terminology And Components
		The Mu-Law algorithm is a standard PCM technique used in North American digital telecommunications systems to optimize the dynamic range of an analog signal prior to digital encoding.
		North America and Japan both use Mu-Law, while Europe uses a similar technique known as the A-Law algorithm.
		Mu-Law is based on the theory that a majority of voice signals are concentrated in the quieter range, so the number of steps in the PCM sampling scale should be concentrated there as well.
	edtech.utb.edu /6325/lessons/lesson10/20.htm (220 words)

	A-Law and mu-Law
		Vox Studio files in adpcm, wav, a-law or mu-law, pcm, cvsd computer telephony vo...
		App Note Abstract: mu-Law and A-Law Companding Using the TMS320C2xx DSP...
		App Note Abstract: TMS320C6000 u-Law and a-Law Companding with Software or the M...
	www.scienceoxygen.com /gadget/44.html (329 words)

	LearnThis.Info Encyclopedia articles beginning with 'Mu'
		M > Mu Listed below are all articles that begin with Mu.
	encyclopedia.learnthis.info /m/mu (75 words)

	Computer, Telephony and Electronics Glossary and Dictionary
		AES is an advanced encryption algorithm for securing sensitive but unclassified material by US Government agencies and, as a likely consequence, will probably evolve as the encryption standard for day to day commercial transactions in the private sector.
		In mathematics and computer science, an algorithm usually means a small programming procedure that solves a particular task or recurrent problem.
		A programming and mathematical term, an algorithm is a procedure or formula for solving a problem.
	www.csgnetwork.com /glossarya.html (9096 words)

	Articles - Bit/A-law algorithm
		Look for Bit/A-law algorithm in the Commons, our repository for free images, music, sound, and video.
		Start the Bit/A-law algorithm article or add a request for it.
		Look for Bit/A-law algorithm in Wiktionary, our sister dictionary project.
	www.voiprealfan.com /articles/Bit/A-law_algorithm (158 words)

	Speeding Up The Computations On An Elliptic Curve Using Addition-Subtraction Chains - Morain, Olivos (ResearchIndex)
		Our best algorithm is 11.11% faster than the ordinary binary algorithm and speeds up accordingly the factorization and primality testing algorithms using elliptic curves.
		We use this method in the context of elliptic curves for which a law exists with the property that division has the same cost as multiplication.
		Recent algorithms used in primality testing and integer factorization make use of elliptic curves...
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /morain90speeding.html (685 words)

	Installing the D/41ESC and the CP4/SC in SC mode
		Typically for a system running in the United States or Canada, the audio digital encoding algorithm of choice is Mu-law.
		To change the CP4/SC to Mu-law or A-law, change switch five on the six switch switch bank (SW1) on the SC daughter card or use the writefpga setting.
		The voice files for the D/41ESC should therefore be in A-law if the system is in A-law, and Mu-law if the board is in Mu-law.
	resource.intel.com /telecom/support/Gammalink/Install/735 (1074 words)

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