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Topic: Abamectin

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	Abamectin
		Abamectin is used to control insect and mite pests of a range of agronomic, fruit, vegetable and ornamental crops, and it is used by homeowners for control of fire ants (5).
		The LD50 for abamectin in Bobwhite quail is 2,000 mg/kg.
		Abamectin is a white to yellowish crystalline powder (4).
	pmep.cce.cornell.edu /profiles/extoxnet/24d-captan/abamectin-ext.html (1744 words)

	PCO Directory: Non-Toxic Pest Management
		Although, abamectin is a natural fermentation product of this bacterium, the pesticide is classified by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as a class II toxicity pesticide on a scale of I to IV, I being the most toxic.
		A study in rats given 0.40 mg/kg/day of abamectin showed decreased lactation, increased stillbirths and an increased likelihood of producing unhealthy offspring, demonstrating a strong chance of similar effects in humans at high enough doses.
		Abamectin is broken down quickly in the soil via photodegradation at the soil surface and microbial degradation in dark, aerobic conditions.
	www.beyondpesticides.org /infoservices/pesticidefactsheets/toxic/Abamectin.htm (472 words)

	4.1 Abamectin (T, R)
		Abamectin is registered for use in the USA on cucumbers and squash at 0.011-0.021 kg ai/ha with three applications at the higher or six at the lower rate, and harvest 7 days after the final treatment.
		Abamectin was not detected (<0.005 mg/kg) in three trials at the GAP rate and three at twice that rate in potatoes harvested 0,3 and 7 days after the last of four applications.
		Abamectin residues were not detectable in the juice or sauce produced from treated apples, but were concentrated in pomace, a result expected from the nature of abamectin as a surface residue.
	www.fao.org /docrep/W8141E/w8141e0e.htm (5816 words)

	836. Abamectin (Pesticide residues in food: 1992 evaluations Part II Toxicology)
		Long-term toxicity carcinogenicity studies Mice Abamectin (purity 90%) was administered in the diet to groups of mice (Crl:CD-1(ICR)BR;74/sex/group; 24/sex/group for interim sacrifice) at concen-trations resulting in doses of 0, 2, 4 or 8 mg/kg bw/day over a period of 94 weeks.
		Antidote study of abamectin intoxication in dogs Ipecac given at a rate of 30 ml/dog by stomach tube 15 min after a lethal oral dose of abamectin of 8 mg/kg bw induced vomiting within 15-45 min after ipecac was given.
		In view of the similarity in structure and toxicity of abamectin and ivermectin and the diversity of responses among the different species it was suggested that an acute oral toxicity study in rhesus monkeys might serve as a valuable source of information about the potential toxicity of the compounds in primates.
	www.inchem.org /documents/jmpr/jmpmono/v92pr02.htm (10315 words)

	Zhejiang Shenghua Biok Biology Co., Ltd.--Abamectin Technical (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The avermectins are insecticidal/miticidal compounds derived from the soil bacterium Streptomyces avermitilis.
		Abamectin is used to control insect and mite pests of citrus, pear, and nut tree crops, and it is used by homeowners for control of fire ants.
		Abamectin is a stomach and contact poison to mites and insects.
	www.vetamo.com /vetamo/abamectin.htm (323 words)

	Resistant Pest Management Newsletter
		Baseline susceptibility to abamectin in thirty-four Colorado potato beetle (CPB) populations was determined by diet-incorporated assays.
		Nine of the 12 populations tested in 1993 were collected on research farms where abamectin was used in small-scale testing for several years, whereas populations in 1994 came primarily from commercial potato farms without any previous exposure to abamectin.
		Because the laboratory-induced abamectin resistance is unstable and associated with high fitness costs (Clark, personal communication), the resistant strain, reared for two generations without selection pressure, may have reverted to a more susceptible level.
	whalonlab.msu.edu /rpmnews/vol.8_no.2/globe/rpm_g_dively_jansson.htm (1611 words)

	EXTOXNET PIP - ABAMECTIN
		Abamectin is unlikely to cause teratogenic effects except at doses toxic to the mother.
		Breakdown in soil and groundwater: Abamectin is rapidly degraded in soil.
		Because abamectin is nearly insoluble in water and has a strong tendency to bind to soil particles, it is immobile in soil and unlikely to leach or contaminate groundwater [145].
	extoxnet.orst.edu /pips/abamecti.htm (1277 words)

	Equimax - Horse Wormer
		Abamectin combined with praziquantel gives results which are nothing short of spectacular to provide the broadest spectrum of worm control for your horse.
		The abamectin component of Equimax is the parent chemical from which the ivermectin in Equimec is derived.
		Abamectin, ivermectin and moxidectin are all members of the family of macrocyclic lactones, although abamectin is the only one of the group that occurs naturally.
	www.cyberhorse.net.au /virbac (524 words)

	United States Patent Application: 0030148965
		Method of controlling pests in crops of transgenic useful plants, characterized in that a pesticidal composition comprising a macrolide compound in free form or in agrochemically useful salt form as active ingredient and at least one auxiliary is applied to the pests or their environment.
		Method of controlling wood pests and molluscs, characterized in that a pesticidally active amount of a pesticide comprising, as pesticidally active compound, at least one macrolide, in free form or agrochemically utilizable salt form, as active ingredient and at least one auxiliary is applied to the pests or their environment.
		Abamectin is a mixture of avermectin B.sub.1a and avermectin B.sub.1b and is described, for example, in The Pesticide Manual, 10.sup.thEd.
	appft1.uspto.gov /netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&co1=AND&d=PG01&s1=20030148965&OS=20030148965&RS=20030148965 (4469 words)

	876. Abamectin (addendum) (Pesticide residues in food: 1994 evaluations Part II Toxicology)
		Abamectin was first evaluated by the Joint Meeting in 1992, when it was allocated an ADI of 0-0.0001 mg/kg bw on the basis of the lowest NOAEL of 0.05 mg/kg bw per day for maternal toxicity observed in a study of teratogenicity in mice and a two-generation study of reproductive toxicity in rats.
		The 24-hydroxymethyl derivative of abamectin was found in rats, goats and cattle treated with the compound and in rats treated with the delta-8,9 isomer, and the 3"-O-demethyl derivative was found in rats and cattle administered abamectin and in rats administered the isomer (Annex I, reference 67; Chiu & Lu, 1989).
		Abamectin was administered orally in sesame oil to groups of 49 male and 50 female CF-1 mice and five male and five female CD-1 mice at 0.8 mg/kg bw per day for five days.
	www.inchem.org /documents/jmpr/jmpmono/v94pr02.htm (3286 words)

	FarmSaver.com News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Abamectin has become the foundation of mite management programs in tree crops, principally post-bloom, summer oil and fall sprays, and for two-spotted mites in cotton.
		Abamectin controls the entire pest mite complex, leafminers, and pear psylla that reduce yields and quality of citrus, cotton, grapes, pome fruits, strawberries and nuts, in fruiting and leafy vegetables, and many sucking insect pests of horticulture.
		FarmSaver.com’s abamectin is formulated as a microemulsion that penetrates foliage quickly, leaving leaf surfaces safe for beneficials while creating a reservoir of protection in leaves and maturing fruit for full-season control of russeting, scarring and discoloration in citrus, apples and many other crops.
	www.farmsaver.com /news.asp (407 words)

	EPA: Federal Register: Abamectin; Notice of Filing a Pesticide Petition to Establish a Tolerance for a Certain ...
		The 24-hydroxymethyl derivative of abamectin was found in rats, goats, and cattle treated with the compound and in rats treated with the delta 8,9 isomer, and the 3''-O-demethyl derivative was found in rats and cattle administered abamectin and in rats administered the isomer.
		EPA has evaluated abamectin repeatedly since its introduction in 1985 and has found repeatedly that the level of dietary exposure is sufficiently low to provide ample margins of safety to guard against any potential adverse effects of abamectin.
		International Tolerances Abamectin is a broad spectrum insecticide used throughout the world to control pests of livestock, crops, ornamental plants and turf, and household, commercial and industrial use areas.
	www.epa.gov /fedrgstr/EPA-PEST/2004/July/Day-28/p16852.htm (4649 words)

	Crop Profiles
		Abamectin usage in the greenhouse is limited to 2 sprays per crop, thus applications typically follow alternative materials (Interviews, 1999).
		Abamectin use is highest in the Central Coast region and none is applied in the Desert areas.
		Greater reliance on abamectin in the Central Coastal region may be accounted for by the relative lack of beneficial insects in the fields and by higher infestation rates over longer periods of the season (Interviews, 1999).
	cipm.ncsu.edu /cropprofiles/docs/cacelery.html (16598 words)

	Syngenta In The News
		Abamectin, sold by Novartis under the trade names Vertimec and Agrimec, is a mixture of two avermectins, which are naturally occurring compounds derived from a microbial source.
		The abamectin is separated and purified from the other six compounds.
		Abamectin products are widely used for insect and mite control in fruit and vegetable crops throughout the world, especially in Asia.
	www.border.us /en/media/article.aspx?pr=111198&Lang=en (522 words)

	Resistant Pest Management Newsletter
		An experiment was conducted in the laboratory to evaluate the efficacy of certain commercial grade pesticides and botanical pesticides viz., dicofol, dimethoate, malathion, monocrotophos, phosalone, propargite, abamectin and azadirachtin at three concentrations, viz.
		Result showed that abamectin, malathion, phosalone and azadirachtin were not showing the ovicidal action with 0.0125, 0.025 and 0.05% concentrations.
		Result indicates that abamectin, malathion, phosalone and azadirachtin were not responding the ovicidal action with 0.0125, 0.025 and 0.05 per cent concentration (Table 1).
	whalonlab.msu.edu /rpmnews/vol.14_no.1/globe/rpm_g_kumar_singh.htm (980 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Abamectin has become the foundation of mite management programs in tree crops, vegetables, cotton and vines.
		Abamectin controls the entire pest mite complex, leafminers, pear psylla and many sucking insect pests of horticulture, that reduce yields and quality of many crops.
		In the first half of 2004 the company posted strong growth in all financial parameters, including sales of $766.6 million and a profit of $85.7 million, an increase of 54% compared with the first half of 2003.
	www.main.co.il /main2003/news.asp?RelId=84 (237 words)

	NZPPS paper - Laboratory Screening Of Novel Compounds Against Greenhouse Thrips Heliothrips Haemorrhoidalis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		A number of novel insecticides, which are being trialled or have registration for use to control thrips on citrus in overseas countries and may be compatible with integrated pest management or organic programmes on citrus, were considered for evaluation in New Zealand.
		Abamectin is produced from a naturally occurring soil micro-organism and is chemically unrelated to any other commercially available acaricide or insecticide.
		Abamectin may require more precise timing to obtain optimum control of thrips.
	www.hortnet.co.nz /publications/nzpps/proceedings/95/95_143.htm (2281 words)

	Arizona Citrus
		It is not applied pre-bloom, during bloom, in nurseries, or to nonbearing trees.It is always applied in combination with a narrow range oil. Abamectin is relatively nontoxic to beneficial insects and mites.
		Abamectin is relatively nontoxic to beneficial insects and mites.It is most effective if substantial numbers of predators are present. Do not exceed three applications per year, and allow at least 30 days between applications.
		Abamectin. 7 day PHI.Abamectin (AGRI‑MEK) is a macro-cyclic lactone which is applied at label rates to all varieties of citrus.It has a narrow range of activity, but is efficacious towards mites. Average application rates are about 0.012 lbs ai per acre.
	cipm.ncsu.edu /CropProfiles/docs/AZcitrus.html (7447 words)

	Kraft TM (abamectin)
		Abamectin is a naturally derived acaricide/insecticide — isolated from the fermentation broth of the soil micro-organism, Streptomyces avermitilis.
		Since the introduction of the compound in 1985 abamectin has become a leading acaricide/insecticide in several crops and in many countries.
		Abamectin controls leaf eating mites and insects such as leaf miners, diamond back moth, tomato pinworm and colorado potato beetle.
	www.cheminova.com /en/insecticides/kraft_tm (168 words)

	Growers - California Avocado Research Symposium
		Abamectin was applied as Agri-Mek 0.15EC at 10 or 20 oz/acre with 1% NR 415 oil, and in some trials with Silwet, an organosilicone surfactant.
		Abamectin was effective in a 50 gpa spray volume when applied by air on small, medium, and large trees.
		Possibly some abamectin residue in spinosad spray because the emptied helicopter tank was not rinsed with water after abamectin and before spinosad applications.
	www.avocado.org /growers/pages/12hoddle3.php (2784 words)

	Baseline Susceptibility to Abamectin in the Colorado Potato Beetle Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say)
		The degree of association the LC for abamectin and the LC s for esfenvalerate and azinphos methyl were determined by correlation analysis.
		Significant variations in sensitivity and toxicity to abamectin existed among the 35 CPB populations.
		Susceptibility to abamectin significantly decreased as the levels of resistance to esfenvalerate and azinphosmethyl increased (Figures 2 and 3).
	www.msstate.edu /Entomology/v8n2/art01.html (1620 words)

	Multiresidue Determination of Abamectin, Doramectin, Ivermectin, and Moxidectin in Milk Using Liquid Chromatography and ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Abamectin, doramectin, ivermectin, and moxidectin are macrocyclic lactones derived from soil dwelling actinomycetes, and are very effective against nematode, insect, and arthropod infestations.
		These compounds, known as endectocides, have been approved for use in beef cattle in the United States; however, they are currently not approved for use in dairy cattle.
		Abamectin, doramectin, ivermectin, and moxidectin residues were isolated from milk by a series of liquid—liquidextraction steps, derivatized with trifluoroacetic anhydride, and determined by liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection.
	www.aoac.org /pubs/JOURNAL/1999/Nov_Dec/Multiresidue_Determination.htm (122 words)

	UC IPM: UC Management Guidelines for Webspinning Spider Mites on Cotton (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Rotation of abamectin (Zephyr), hexythiazox (Onager), or other recently registered miticides with the older miticides may help to reduce resistance to any one of them and slow the development of resistance in areas where it is not yet a problem.
		Abamectin (Zephyr) is effective against mites anytime during the season but works best early to mid-season before the leaf ages and "hardens off".
		At this point it is important to determine their level of resistance to dicofol, propargite, and abamectin when determining the best miticide to use.
	www.ipm.ucdavis.edu /PMG/r114400111.html (1731 words)

	June 2000 Agrichemical Environmental News
		Using a range of concentrations of abamectin, we were able to develop a dose-mortality line and determine the lethal concentration (LC) of chemical needed to kill 50 or 99% of the TSSM population.
		Resistance to abamectin and reversion to susceptibility to fenbutatin oxide in spider mite (Acari: Tetranychidae) populations in the Pacific Northwest.
		Susceptibility of populations of twospotted spider mites (Acari: Tetranychidae) from Florida, Holland and the Canary Islands to abamectin and characterization of abamectin resistance.
	aenews.wsu.edu /June00AENews/June00AENews.htm (9626 words)

	Abamectin
		Abamectin is an agricultural compound approved as a plant protection agent which is used also as a veterinary drug for control of endo- and ectoparasites.
		Abamectin was on the agenda for the 45th JECFA in 1995 for evaluation of its use as a veterinary drug, intending to rely On the toxicological evaluation performed by the 1994 JMPR Meeting.
		Recognizing that liver, kidney and fat are the only tissues appropriate for monitoring residues of abamectin in animal tissues, there is no need for an MRL in bovine muscle where residues deplete to non-detectable concentrations at the recommended withdrawal time.
	www.fao.org /docrep/W4601E/w4601e04.htm (633 words)

	AVJ Jan'97 pp 32-
		Abamectin occurs as a natural product whereas doramectin is derived from fermentation of a chemically induced mutation of S avermitilis (Goudie et al 1993).
		Abamectin is in a vehicle of propylene glycol and glycerol formal, whereas the doramectin formulation consists largely of sesame oil with ethyl oleate included as a surfactant.
		On day 0, all doramectin and abamectin treatments were administered using commercial 1% w/v solutions by subcutaneous injection at a dose rate of 0.2 mL/10 kg (to achieve a minimum dose of 200 µg/kg).
	www.ava.com.au /avj/jan97/32.htm (4876 words)

	Cheminova.dk :: Kraft TM (abamectin) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Abamectin tilhører gruppen af insektmidler/akaricider med en "naturlig" baggrund.
		Abamectin er et naturligt stof isoleret fra gæringen i jordens mikroorganismer (strålesvampe).
		Abamectin er i mange lande det førende insektmiddel/akaricid i en række afgrøder.
	www.cheminova.dk /dk/produkter_02/kraft_tm (99 words)

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