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Topic: Abbas I of Safavid

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	History of Iran: Safavid Empire 1502 - 1736
		Safavids went on and conquered rest of Azerbaijan, Armenia and Khorasan; They became the strongest force in Iran, and their leader, Esma'il, now fifteen, was declared Shah (King) on 11 March 1502.
		Safavid's power over various tribes was not strong enough to consolidate an absolute supremacy; tribal leaders remained those who had been tribal chieftains and consider their tribes to be independent.
		This masterpiece is known as "Shahnameh of Tahmaspi" and was presented by the Safavid ruler to the Ottoman sultan Selim II in 1568.
	www.iranchamber.com /history/safavids/safavids.php (4245 words)

	Iran - Printer-friendly - MSN Encarta
		Notable among them were the Safavids, who headed a militant Sufi order founded in the northwest by Shaikh Safi of Ardabīl in the early 14th century.
		This marked the beginning of the Safavid dynasty and was the first time since the 7th century that all of Iran was unified as an independent state.
		The Safavid empire gradually declined after the reign of Abbas II ended in 1666.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761567300___47/Iran.html (7872 words)

	Safavid - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		SAFAVID [Safavid], Iranian dynasty (1499-1736), that established Shiite Islam in Iran as an official state religion.
		The consolidation of Safavid rule was completed during the reign of Shah Abbas I.
		Recognizing his military inferiority vis-à-vis the Ottoman Sultanate, Abbas accepted the Ottoman occupation of the western parts of his domain and was thus able to concentrate his efforts on creating a standing army and halting Uzbek incursions from the east.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-safavid.html (528 words)

	The Islamic World to 1600: The Rise of the Geat Islamic Empires (The Safavid Empire)
		His task at the beginning of his reign was to rejuvenate the ailing Safavid Empire, which had fallen nearly to the point of collapse since the death of Tahmasp in 1576.
		In doing so, Abbas essentially ensured the survival of the empire for a century after his death, because despite the series of weak rulers who followed him, the central administration he established was able to continue operating.
		Abbas feared that this practice gave the princes too much power, however, so he ended it, and instead forced the princes to stay in the harem, to be raised by women and eunuchs.
	www.ucalgary.ca /applied_history/tutor/islam/empires/safavid/abbas.html (1031 words)

	Osmanlı Tarihi Kültürü Medeniyeti Edebiyatı Sanatı
		In the midst of general anarchy in Persia, he was proclaimed ruler of Khorasan in 1581, and obtained possession of the Persian throne with the help of Morshed Gholi Ostajlou, whom he later killed in July, 1589.
		In 1622 he took the island of Hormus from the Portuguese, by the assistance of the British, and much of its trade was diverted to the town of Bandar Abbas which he had taken from the Portuguese in 1615 and had named after himself.
		Despite the ascetic roots of the Safavid dynasty and the religious injunctions restricting the pleasures lawful to the faithful, the art of Shah Abbas' time denotes a certain relaxation of the strictures.
	www.osmanlimedeniyeti.com /wiki/Abbas_I_of_Safavid_.html (674 words)

	Shi'a: The Safavids
		He had assumed control of the Safavids in 1494 AD / 900 AH (at the age of seven!), and appears to have gained a fanatical following by not only calling himself the representative of the Hidden Imam, but by claiming to be the Hidden Imam himself (later he would claim divinity).
		The greatest of the Safavid arts was architecture; the Safavid mosques, palaces, and parks built during the reign of Abbas I are among the greatest architectural achievements in Islam.
		Both Islamic and Western historians believe that Safavid decline began shortly after the death of Shah Abbas I. The later Shahs were never as firm or disciplined as Abbas, and the Empire slowly disintegrated under the invasive pressures of the Ottomans and the Uzbeks in the north.
	www.wsu.edu:8080 /~dee/SHIA/SAFAVID.HTM (1091 words)

	Safavids
		The Safavid state was through long periods a theocracy, with the shah claiming legitimacy as ruler through his religious position.
		The idea of the shah as a infallible semi-divine figure which had dominated the early years of the Safavid state, was crushed in the battle at Chaldiran in 1514.
		It was really only under Abbas 1 that the shah was fully able to curb their power and centralize the administration all over the Safavid state.
	i-cias.com /e.o/safavids.htm (966 words)

	Iran - MSN Encarta
		Intermittent warfare between the Safavids and the Ottoman Empire continued for more than 150 years as successive rulers of each accused one another of heretical beliefs.
		After several unsuccessful campaigns, the Safavids finally recaptured Baghdād in 1623 under Abbas I.
		(They held the city for 15 years before the Ottomans gained permanent control in 1638.) During his reign, Abbas moved the Safavid capital from Tabrīz, which was dangerously close to the Ottoman border and had been occupied briefly by the Ottomans, to the centrally located city of Eşfahān.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761567300_11/Iran.html (1965 words)

	Abbas I of Persia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Savafid empire had substantially weakened during the reign of his semiblind father, allowing usurpations and the inner feuds of the seven Turkmen Kizilbash ("Redhead") amīrs, leaders of the tribes constituting the backbone of the Safavid army.
		Abbas was a skilled diplomat, tolerant of his Christian subjects in Armenia.
		While the sultan was limited by the dictates of the Moslem religious laws as interpreted by the chief religious leader of the realm, the Shii Safavids were not so limited.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Abbas_I_of_Safavid (1264 words)

	1598. 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History
		Shah Abbas moved the Safavid capital to Isfahan, a city more centrally situated than Qazvin.
		Safavid offensive against the Ottomans recovered the territories lost in the war of 1578–90.
		The Mughal emperor Akbar's envoy Amir Masum al-Bhakkari arrived in Iran to offer Shah Abbas gifts and assurances of friendship after a period of border disputes over Afghanistan.
	www.bartleby.com /67/814.html (356 words)

	History of Iran: Is there an ultimate use for historians? Reflections on Safavid history and historiography
		The establishment of the Safavid state in 1501, like the Arab conquest of Iran in the 7th century, and the Mongol invasions of the 13th century, marks a turning point in the history of Iran.
		In 1598, Shah 'Abbas transferred the Safavid capital from Qazvin to Isfahan, where he built a whole new city, cheek by jowl with the ancient one; his intent was to build a new capital worthy of the Safavid state at the height of its power.
		The study of Safavid history by Western scholars took a quantum leap forward with the publication in 1936 of Walther Hinz's Irans Aufstieg zum Nationalstaat im fünfzehnten Jahrhundert, and of Vladimir Minorsky's translation of the Tadhkirat al-Muluk, with commentary and notes in 1943.
	www.iranchamber.com /history/articles/reflections_safavid_history_historiography1.php (2669 words)

	long_stearns_wc_4\|Student Resources\|The Muslim Empires\|Outline
		Although the Safavid successor of Ismâ'il extended Safavid control to Iran and what is now Iraq, the Safavids were turned back by the Ottomans at the battle of Chaldiran in 1514 from attempts to penetrate farther west.
		Abbas imported European technology and military advisors to aid the Safavids in their conflicts with the Ottomans.
		The Safavid decline after the reign of Abbas I was rapid.
	wps.ablongman.com /long_stearns_wc_4/0,8725,1125947-,00.html (1975 words)

	Calligraphy of the Imperial Courts
		In the early sixteenth century Iran was united under the rule of the Safavid dynasty, whose members traced their descent to Shaykh Safi, a Sufi who founded a dervish order at Ardabil, in northwestern Iran.
		The greatest of the Safavid rulers was Shah Abbas (r.
		Under Abbas, Iran reached new heights of power, prosperity, and opulence, and although his successors failed to match his achievements, they continued his traditions for another century, until the fall of the Safavid dynasty in 1732.
	www.thejerusalemfund.org /gallery/callig/safavid.html (296 words)

	lastislamic.html
		Abbas replaced the army of religious enthusiasts with an army of paid soldiers trained in the Western European manner, and got cannon from the English as well.
		Abbas also poured money into infrastructure — he built roads, canals, and shrines and improved pilgrimage roads to stimulate pilgrimages through his territories.
		The lasting legacies of Safavid rule were the firmly established Shi’ite character of the whole Iranian region, and the Persian culture that was established under their patronage in literature, theology, philosophy, painting, and architecture.
	www.loyno.edu /~seduffy/lastislamic.html (2519 words)

	The Modern Magazine for Persian Celebrations, Cuisine, Culture & Community
		The Afghans invaded Persia in 1719 and dethroned the Safavid Shah.
		Although the Safavids were Turkish, the adopted the Persian language and unified all to one Iranian rule.
		Zaynab Begum was an unmarried aunt of Shah Abbas.
	www.persianmirror.com /culture/history/safavid.cfm (2234 words)

	Azerbaijan
		Some Safavid followers, most notably the Qizilbash Turks, believed in the mystical and esoteric nature of their rulers and their relationship to the house of Ali, and thus, were zealously predisposed to fight for them.
		The Safavid rulers claimed to be descended from Ali himself and his wife Fatima, daughter of the Prophet Muhammad, through the seventh Imam Musa al-Kazim.
		Abbas I's reign represented the high point of development of the state and he was able to repel the Ottomans and re-capture Azerbaijan and Shirvan in 1603.
	www.vugar.4mg.com /about.html (8183 words)

	New Page 1
		Their architects was the flower of the Safavid line, Abbas Mirza, known to history as Shah Abbas the Great (1587-1628).
		It had, the Englishman reported, pleasant gardens and a palace he found confusingly divided into four banqueting houses, all "gorgeously painted." This was one of a number of pleasure gardens Shah Abbas built amid the marshes and forests of the region, adapting the chahar-bagh to the slopes of the landscape with terraces and water chutes.
		Farahabad was established as a new royal quarter in 1611 by Shah Abbas.
	www.rozanehmagazine.com /janfeb2003/asafavidtext.html (846 words)

	Safavid Empire (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Safavids were a Turkish group that ruled parts of Iran and nearby areas during the 16th, 17th, and early 18th centuries CE.
		During the period of Safavid rule Iran became a predominantly Shi'ite Muslim country.
		In the 16th and 17th centuries, Iran was situated between two great Islamic empires: the Ottoman empire on the west and the Mughal empire on the east.
	users.telerama.com /~jdehullu/islam/more_029.htm (185 words)

	The Islamic World to 1600: The Rise of the Great Islamic Empires (The Safavid Empire) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In 1533 a surprise Ottoman attack, while the Safavid army was in the east fighting the Uzbeks, led to the Ottoman capture of Baghdad, which then remained in Ottoman hands for nearly 100 years.
		He attempted to return the Safavid Empire to Sunnism, he executed many members of his family and followers for unclear reasons, and he was murdered a year after taking power.
		The next ruler, Muhammad I, was nearly blind, and was deposed by his son, the 16-year-old Abbas, in 1587.
	www.ucalgary.ca /applied_history/tutor/islam/empires/safavid/chaos.html (391 words)

	The Art of the Safavids before 1600 A.D. \| Special Topics Page \| Timeline of Art History \| The Metropolitan Museum of ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In the early sixteenth century, Iran was united under the rule of the Safavid dynasty (1501–1722), the greatest dynasty to emerge from Iran in the Islamic period.
		Abbas' reforms that the Safavid forces were able finally to defeat the
		Abbas transferred his capital to Isfahan, in southern Iran, where he built a new city alongside the old one.
	www.metmuseum.org /toah/hd/safa/hd_safa.htm (760 words)

	Safavid Architecture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Safavid Shah 'Abbas built this extraordinary mosque in 1602, and it served as the Friday mosque for the Safavids until the Masjid-i-Imam (below) was finished.
		Another characteristic feature of Safavid architecture was the use of brightly colored mosaics made of single-color painted tiles for decoration of external and internal surfaces.
		In the 17th century, cuerda seca tile painting was used more than tile mosaic because it allowed speedier construction of designs - mosaic design was a lengthy process requiring planning, shaping, and fitting of tiny pieces of tile.
	homepages.bw.edu /~wwwhis/safavid.html (258 words)

	Isfahan in San Francisco
		In 1598 the Safavid Shah Abbas the Great moved his capital to Isfahan in the center of the country, and rebuilt the city with broad avenues, elaborate gardens, majestic bridges, a magnificent royal palace, and stunning mosques.
		Abbas Milani (Research Fellow, Hoover Institution, and Professor of Political Science, Stanford University) paints in deft, colorful strokes an image of Iranian society in this golden age and the role it played in international politics, focusing on the capital city of Isfahan as the perfect metaphor for the aspirations of Safavid royalty, particularly Shah Abbas.
		The Imagined Embrace: Christians and Jews Under the Safavids” The Safavid Dynasty proclaimed Twelver Shiite Islam as the state religion, and its rulers embarked on a rigorous campaign to convert muslims and non-muslims of Iran to Shiism.
	www.payvand.com /news/04/may/1091.html (772 words)

	Bandar Abbas - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Hindu Temple in Bandar Abbas, Iran, built during the Qajar era for Indian soldiers serving in the British Army during the British occupation.
		Bandar Abbas or Bandar-e 'Abbas (in Persian: بندر عباس) is a port city and capital of Hormozgan province on the southern coast of Iran (Persia), on the Persian Gulf.
		The earliest historical record of Bandar Abbas is during the reign of Darius the Great between 586 and 522 BC where his army commander, Silakos embarked from Bandar Abbas to India and Red sea.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bandar_Abbas (487 words)

	AllRefer.com - Abbas I, Iran History (Iranian History, Biography) - Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Abbas I (Abbas the Great), 1557–1629, shah of Persia (1587–1628), of the Safavid dynasty.
		He maintained diplomatic contacts with Europe, and with English aid he took (1622) Hormoz from the Portuguese and founded what is now the port of Bandar Abbas.
		He broke the power of the tribal chiefs and established the Shahsavan [friends of the shah].
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/A/Abbas1.html (211 words)

	Rug History
		Shah Abbas was a contemporary of Elizabeth I and a great patron of the arts.
		The weavers of the Safavid period often made carpets using rich materials such as wool combined with silk, gold and silver threads.
		Beautiful photographs of these "classical" court rugs are found in many books on the history of rug weaving and many museums have examples of rugs from this period on display.
	www.rugsrugs.com /education1b.cfm (235 words)

	Safavid — FactMonster.com
		Shah Abbas II (1642–66) attempted to eliminate bureaucratic corruption, and gained a peace, largely due to the military exhaustion of Iran's neighbors.
		Persian art and architecture: The Safavid Dynasty - The Safavid Dynasty Under the Safavid dynasty (1499–1722) palaces were decorated with mural...
		Ismail, shah of Persia - Ismail, 1486–1524, shah of Persia (1502–24), founder of the Safavid dynasty.
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/people/A0842919.html (394 words)

	Abbas (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Shah Abbas was king of the Safavid dynasty in Persia from 1588 until 1629.
		The Safavids descended from Sheykh Safi od-Din who led a Sufi order in the 13th century.
		Shah Abbas strengthened the Safavid dynasty when the old Sufi bands were replaced by a standing army.
	www.hyperhistory.com /online_n2/civil_n2/histscript6_n2/abbas.html (124 words)

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