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| The later ' |
 | | These Iraq Seljuq sultans tried unsuccessfully to maintain their control over the 'Abbasid caliph in Baghdad, but in 1135 the caliph al-Mustarshid (1118-35) personally led an army against the sultan Mas'ud, although he was defeated and later assassinated. |
 | | For nearly half a century, he tried to rally the Islamic world under the banner of 'Abbasid universalism, not only politically, by emphasizing the necessity for the support of caliphal causes, but also morally, by attempting to reconcile the Sunnites and the Shi'ites. |
 | | Through this policy, he was able to rid himself of the last Iraq Seljuq sultan, Toghrl III (1176-94), who was killed by the Khwarezm-Shah 'Ala' ad-Din Tekish (1172-1200), the ruler of the province lying along the lower course of the Amu Darya (ancient Oxus River) in Central Asia. |
| www.angelfire.com /nt/Gilgamesh/abasid2.html (412 words) |
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