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Topic: Abbassid

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	ABBASSID CALIFS (Jewish Encyclopedia) - BibleWiki
		The position of the Jews during the five centuries of the domination of the Abbassid Califs (750–1258) differed from that under their predecessors, the Ommiads, as the Abassids were troubled by no fears that Jewish influence would check the spread of Islam.
		The foundation of Bagdad by Al-Mansur (the second Abbassid Calif) brought the seat of Moslem government in close proximity to the two centers of Jewish spiritual life, Sura and Pumbedita.
		It is not to be inferred that under the Abbassids the Jews enjoyed continual peace.
	bible.tmtm.com /wiki/ABBASSID_CALIFS_%28Jewish_Encyclopedia%29 (313 words)

	Islamic History and Culture - Art and Architecture in Islam - The Abbassid Mosques (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The building enthusiasm of the Abbassids took a new dimension in the construction of mosques as reflected in their size and character.
		The major Abbassid addition was the introduction of the arcaded portico in the northern, western and southern side to protect the faithful from winter rain and summer heat as well as sheltering the poor and travellers.
		The other feature introduced by the Abbassids was the unusual shape of its plan by running the aisles of the sanctuary from North to South parallel to the central nave and intersecting them with the qibla in the Mihrab area forming a T shape.
	www.islamic-paths.org /Home/English/History/Art_Arch/Abbassids_Mosques.htm (1383 words)

	The Islamic architecture
		It was built by the Arabs with stone and plaster on a plan which suggests the high skill of its architects in the use of vaults and arches.
		Although the capital was abandoned for Samara in A.D.836, the Abbassids went back to it in A.D.892, and the city continued to expand on both sides of the river Tigris.
		Despite the short sojourn of the Abbassid Caliphate in Samara, the city's artistic, literary and scientific splendours have remained a legend in Arab history.
	home.tiscali.dk /8x036176/islamtxt.htm (1582 words)

	MuslimHeritage.com - Topics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The minaret of the Abbassids with its monumental character and size undertook another function, in addition to the call of prayers, consisting of advertising the presence of the Friday mosque from afar and sometimes used as landmark providing a sense of direction for travellers as the case of the minaret of Mujda (778)
		The Abbassids became patrons of a number of gigantic construction projects extending from large mosques and complex palaces to large-scale urban design and city planning, and consequently played a fundamental role in the city planning.
		Among the features of the Abbassids elaborate lifestyle that had a great impact on the architecture of this period was the ceremonial attitudes of the Abbassid Emirs which led to the spread of monumental gates and Iwans.
	www.muslimheritage.com /topics/default.cfm?ArticleID=270 (1606 words)

	Iransaga - The Abbassid Period of Persian Art
		The size of the buildings and the techniques of construction in the Abbassid period show a revival of the Mesopotamian architecture.
		The wide assortment of arches in Abbassid architecture leads one to believe that their varied shapes were for ornamental purposes rather than structural requirements.
		The pictorial art (miniatures) in the final period before the destruction of the caliphate is found mainly in manuscripts illustrating either scientific or literary works and was mainly restricted to Iraq.
	www.artarena.force9.co.uk /abbassids.htm (672 words)

	Islamic History and Culture - Art and Architecture in Islam - Architecture Under Abbassid Patronage (750 - 892) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Abbassids became patrons of a number of gigantic construction projects extending from large mosques and complex palaces to large-scale urban design and city planning, and consequently they played a fundamental role in the development of city planning and its architecture.
		The arrival of the Abbassids to the throne of Caliphate introduced upheaval in the socio-economic and political life of the Muslim world.
		Persia contributed militarily to the succession of the Abbassids especially under the leadership of Abu Muslim, later al-Ma'mun(endnote 2) led the coup d'etat against his brother al-Amin (in 813) from his residence in Merv (Persia).
	www.islamic-paths.org /Home/English/History/Art_Arch/Architecture_Abbassid.htm (1197 words)

	raqqa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		It was rebuilt in 772 AD by Caliph Mansour under the original plan of the Abbassid capital, Baghdad.
		Some of the Abbassid ruins are still preserved, although not much remains.
		The Abbassids rebuilt Al Raqqa 10 years after Baghdad, it was considered a second capital and was built by Caliph Mansour in the same horseshoe plan as that of Baghdad.
	www.travel2syria.com /travel2/cities/rak.htm (342 words)

	Bahrain Tourism
		The classification of lslamic gold Dinars was, at first, based upon their chronological sequence because the names of rulers and minting locations were not a basis for classification.
		In the days of the Abbassid Caliph / Abu lshaaq Mohammed AI Mu'atasim billah (219H/834AD), the name of the Caliph and the minting location were included on all Islamic coins.
		The names of rulers, their masters and relatives continued to be included on all coins after the Abbassid dynasty through various small Islamic states.
	www.bahraintourism.com /currency_museum.htm (1938 words)

	ARAB WORLD \| The expansion of Islam
		And it was on this basis that the Abbassids (descendants of the Prophet's uncle, Abbas) later prepared their conquest of power, in competition with other branches of the family.
		The Abbassid branch overthrew the Ummayads in the middle of the 2nd century AH (8th century AD) and shifted the seat of power to Iraq, where the second Abbassid Caliph built Baghdad, not far from the site of ancient Babylon.
		From east to west, the Abbassid, Fatimid and Umayyad caliphates, with their seats in Baghdad, Cairo and Cordova, ruled over three main zones : the first covering Iran and southern Iraq ; the second, Egypt, Syria and western Arabia; and the third, the Maghreb and Muslim Spain.
	www.imarabe.org /ang/perm/mondearabe/theme/docs/3.html (3523 words)

	--- W A X W E B --- { 05:42 / 1:25:00 } --- { Readings : Abbassid Learns } --- (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		A supposed photo of Zoltan Abbassid, but in reality an image of Zamenof, inventor of Esperanto, during the last years of his life.
		Abbassid cultivated the resemblance; one time, in his youth, he jumped a steamer and headed towards the Black Sea, in the hope of finding Zamenof in Odessa, but he was found and sent back.
		Ella ends up running the Society's weekly photographic seances, at one of which she meets the dead wife of Zoltan Abbassid, and so soon Abbassid himself, a man destined to be her husband, and in addition the very man who sold her brother the Mesopotamian bees, brought all the way from Basra.
	jefferson.village.virginia.edu /wax/fast/english/2start/1main/1/1a2a29a3.html (236 words)

	Abbassid after dark Abbassid (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Read about Abbassid in the free online encyclopedia and dictionary.
		(Abbassid) Abbasid provinces during the caliphate of Harun al-Rashid
		Abbasid was the dynastic name generally given to the caliphs of Baghdad, the second of the two great Shiite dynasties of the Muslim empire, that overthrew the Umayyid caliphs.
	www.find-ask.com /Encyclopedia/Abbassid/Abbassid.html (1050 words)

	POLITICAL AND SOCIAL CONDITIONS DURING IMAM'S TIME
		The Abbassids hunted down the descendants of Imam Ali bin Abi-Talib (a.s.) and their followers, prosecuting them in every part of the Islamic state.
		The Abbassids were not concerned with establishing justice, implementing Islamic laws and introducing reforms.
		Musa al-Hadi, the Abbassid caliph, on whose order the massacre was perpetrated, blamed the uprising on Imam Musa al-Kadhim (a.s.) and the survivors from the house of Abu-Talib.
	home.swipnet.se /islam/imams/7th_imam/4conditions.htm (5624 words)

	Saladin - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		As the leader of a foreign army from Syria, he also had no control over the Shi'ite Egyptian army, which was led in the name of the now otherwise powerless caliph Al-Adid.
		When the caliph died, in September 1171, Saladin had the imams pronounce the name of Al-Mustadi, the Abbassid caliph in Baghdad, at Friday prayers, and the weight of authority simply deposed the old line.
		Saladin revitalised the economy of Egypt, reorganised the military forces and, following the advice of his father, he stayed away from any conflicts with Nur ad-Din, his formal lord, after he had become the real ruler over Egypt.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Saladin (1795 words)

	NITLE Arab World Project
		This work, carried out at the beginning of the Abbassid era, mostly under the reign of the Caliph al-Ma'mun,3 was by no means an "innocent" operation or a "neutral" educational endeavor naturally flowing from the intellectual evolution of the time.
		Instead, it was part of a broader strategy used by the - newly established - Abbassid dynasty to confront hostile forces, namely the Persian aristocracy who, anxious for revenge, had resolved to fight on the ideological front following their failed attempts on the political and social fronts.
		In retaliation to these attacks, the early Abbassid state encouraged the Mu'tazilite theologians by officially adopting their doctrine, and by importing, translating and distributing scientific and philosophical works produced by the hereditary foes of the Persians (the Byzantine Greeks).
	arabworld.nitle.org /texts.php?module_id=7&reading_id=26&sequence=1 (1097 words)

	Abbassid Calligraphy - Big Calligraphy Guide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Abatua Abba Abbadide Abbai Abbasid Abbassid Abbasside Abbe Abbevilean Abbeville...
		It became a real threat to Muslim rule at the beginning of the Abbassid era when it was...
		Abbassid Dynasty : (750 - 1258) Ruling family of the Islamic Empire during its golden age.
	www.bigcalligraphyguide.com /abbassid-calligraphy.html (643 words)

	Iraq Craddle of Civilizations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		It was the dwelling place of seven Abbassid caliphs, who are: al-Wathiq, al-Mutawakkil, al-Muntasir, al-Musta’in, al-Mu'ataz, al-Muhtadi, and al-Mu’atamid who resided in it for some time and then went back to live in Baghdad.
		Samarra is the city where aspects of the Abbassid dynasty's civilizational style are most apparent.
		Most scientific studies indicate that it was built in the early period of the Abbassid dynasty, in the reign of the caliph al-Mansur Billah.
	www.isesco.org.ma /English/irak/MuslimArab.htm (2644 words)

	Department of Arabic Language and Literature (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		This course is a study of the history of Arabic literary criticism in its early ages; there will be case studies of Ben Salam, Ben Qutaiba, al-Jahith, al-Qadi al-Jirjani in terms of their contributions to literary criticism.
		This course is a general study of literary and intellectual life during the Abbassid era.
		The emergence and development of prose writing, and its subject matter are examined, coupled with a literary analysis of texts of Abbassid-period writers.
	www.najah.edu /english/Faculties/arts/Arabic.asp (2373 words)

	THE IMAM (A.S.) AND HAROON AL-RASHEED
		Al-Fadhl bin al-Rabi', one of the closest Abbassid officials to al-Rasheed, and a pillar of the Abbassid rule, recounts a bitter experience, which portrays the depth of fear and panic which he felt, due to the suffocating political climate created by the Abbassids.
		The policy of terror practised by the Abbassids isn't in fact, different from the methods adopted by the spying agencies, intelligence apparatus, and police units employed by the terrorist regimes, imposed on the people.
		It was reported that al-Ma'moon, the Abbassid caliph, had imprisoned him until he accepted the post of the senior judge in one of the provinces.
	home.swipnet.se /islam/imams/7th_imam/5al-rasheed.htm (6100 words)

	[No title]
		Carolingians and Abbassids found themselves common enemies of the Christian basileus of Constantinople, close to Haroun and the Omeyyad Caliph of Spain, close to Charlemagne102.
		The Abbassid council must have approved, if not inspired, their movements, which meshed with the negotiations in progress and whose objective we have pointed out: an understanding between common enemies, Byzantium and Omeyyad Andalusia.
		It was not a political protectorate that was granted by the Abbassids.
	www.al-bushra.org /jerus2K/charlemagne.htm (1825 words)

	iqexpand.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		ABBASSID DINAR OF HARUN AL RASHID 1001 NIGHTS ISLAMIC, Abbassid, Harun Al-Rashid, First Period, 170-193 AH/ 786-809 AD, AV gold DINAR, MINTED IN EGYPT 190 AH, (date sharp clear), His full name is...
		Amidst all this activity, the bee-scientist Zoltan Abbassid conducted his own experiments on the Mesopotamian bees he had provided Hive-Maker.
		Abbassid Caliphates Arts The Abbasid Dynasty (750-945) established its capital at Baghad, near the old Sassanian capital.
	abbassid.iqexpand.com (1342 words)

	Iransaga - Arab Conquest
		Century a period of decline began, and by the middle of the 10
		The governors whom the caliphs had appointed to administer the frontier provinces displayed a tendency to establish virtually independent local dynasties.
		During their 110 years of rule, the Buwayids seized all political power from the Abbassid caliphs.
	www.art-arena.com /arab.html (334 words)

	Samarra Massacre will haunt U.S. in Iraq (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		They are reminiscent of the Black Flags of the Abbassid Empire, the great Persian-Arab empire founded in 750 C.E. in Baghdad that ushered in the Golden Age of Islamic civilization.
		Because the founders of the Abbassid Empire usurped the weaker Umayyids, conquerors from outside, the symbolic message is clear to the residents of the region.
		For the Shi’a population of Iraq, an event such as this calls up images of martyrdom, such as that suffered by the central religious figure of the Shi’a sect of Islam, Hussein, the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad of Arabia.
	www.finalcall.com /artman/publish/printer_1185.shtml (749 words)

	ABBASSID DINAR OF HARUN AL RASHID 1001 NIGHTS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		ISLAMIC, Abbassid, Harun Al-Rashid, First Period, 170-193 AH/ 786-809 AD, AV gold DINAR, MINTED IN EGYPT 190 AH, (date sharp clear), His full name is Harun b.
		Historical sources estimate his Harem population by the thousands, from all parts of the Abbassid empire which during his reign reached the climax of its power, militarily, culturally, and financially.
		Those gold dinars although not bearing a mint name are known to have been minted in MISR (EGYPT) one of the Abbassid provinces.
	www.viewithere.com /sphinxcoins/listings/51.html (219 words)

	MuslimHeritage.com - Topics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In addition to their famous cities of Baghdad (762) and Samara (836), the Abbassids founded the settlement of Al-Rafiqa, near Al-Raqqa, in northern Syria which was named as the Companion of Raqqa city.
		It is known that Caliph Harun Al-Rashid temporarily made it his capital between 796 and 808 and undertook numerous works including improving the city's fortifications and the construction of residential quarter to the north (Blair & bloom, 2000).
		Its layout provides an insight into Muslim concepts of city planning and morphology while the ruins of its mosques serve as specimen for the next major edifices in the chronology of mosques, after the Ummayad.
	www.muslimheritage.com /topics/default.cfm?ArticleID=269 (599 words)

	Al-Ahram Weekly \| Heritage \| Islamic records enshrined in stone (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Following the fall of the Abbassid caliphate to the Tartars in 1258, the Abbassid Prince Abu-Qasem Al-Ahmed fled to Cairo.
		Arriving in 1261 he was welcomed by the Mameluk Sultan Baybars Al- Bunduqdari, who reinstalled him as the Abbassid caliph and dubbed him Al-Muntasir Billah.
		Cairo remained the seat of the Abbassid Caliphate until the conquest of Egypt by the Ottoman Sultan Salim.
	weekly.ahram.org.eg /2003/631/he1.htm (1866 words)

	Glossary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Abbassid Empire - place - (uh-BASS-id) Islamic Empire based in Baghdad and Samarra (modern day Iraq) that ruled much of the Islamic world from 750-1258 CE.
		Ibn Tulun, Ahmed - person - (ih-bin too-LOON) (835 - 884) Emissary of the Abbassid Caliph who founded the city of al-Qatta'i in 868, and had a large mosque built in his name as the centerpiece of that city.
		Suleiman al-Katib - person - Emissary of the Abbassid Caliph sent to reclaim Egypt from the descendants of Ibn Tulun in 905.
	menic.utexas.edu /menic/cairo/students/glossary.html (3971 words)

	Naseeb Vibes - The Largest Muslim E-Zine
		For instance, the early debates on the matter were quite intense; and the politics of the Umayyad (7th-8th centuries) and especially early Abbassid leaders (8th-10th centuries) had a lot to do with the outcome of this intellectual confrontation.
		Supported by the early Abbassid leadership, the school of the Muatazila maintained that the Quran was the created word of God.
		Just as his predecessor Al-Mamoon implemented the “Mihna” or inquisition and persecuted the rival school of the Traditionists and their most vocal representative Ahmad Ibn Hanbal, Al-Qadir declared the Muatazilite doctrine outlawed and threatened dissenters with death.
	www.naseeb.com /naseebvibes/prose-detail.php?aid=3951&pg=1 (1931 words)

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