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Topic: Abbe Nollet

	Jean-Antoine Nollet
		Abbé Nollet was the first to recognize the importance of sharp points on the conductors in the discharge of electricity.
		Nollet was also a member of the Institute of Bologna and of the Academy of Sciences of Erfurt.
		Nollet contributed to the "Recueil de l'Académie des Sciences" (1740-67) and the "Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society"; his larger works include among others: — "Programme d'un cours de physique expérimentale" (Paris, 1738); "Leçons de physique expérimentale" (Paris, 1743); "Recherches sur les causes particulières des phénomenes électriques" (Paris, 1749); "L'art des expériences" (Paris, 1770).
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/n/nollet,jean-antoine.html (429 words)

	Nollet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		Franklin and Nollet found themselves on opposite sides of current debate about the nature of electricity, with Franklin supporting action at a distance and two qualitatively opposing types of electricity, and Nollet advocating mechanical action and a single type of electric fluid.
		Osmosis was discovered by Nollet in 1748 with a container, filled to the brimwith alcohol and closed by a pig's bladder, which had stood for several hours in water (to protect the alcohol against entry of air).
		Nollet, tutor of the royal family and professor at University of Paris, is explaining the two kinds of electricity of Du Fay as two kinds of "fluid", one vitreous and the other resinous.
	chem.ch.huji.ac.il /~eugeniik/history/nollet.html (3030 words)

	» Jean-Antoine Nollet Great Personalities Biography : Incredible People : Famous People Guide: Famous ...
		Abbe Nollet was the first to recognize the importance of sharp points on the conductors in the discharge of electricity.
		Nollet, tutor of the royal family and professor at University of Paris, is explaining the two kinds of electricity of Du Fay as two kinds of"fluid", one vitreous and the other resinous.
		‘Nollet recognized these menaces and replied in an amusing set of “Lettres sur l’electricite (1753)", containing a wealth of counterexamples which drew their strength from Franklin’s occasional obscurities, imprecision’s, exaggerations, and inappropriate appeals to traditional effluvial models'’ (and which were very important to Franklin’s research).
	profiles.incredible-people.com /jean-antoine-nollet (2976 words)

	Nollet
		Nollet’s theory at first gained wide acceptance, but met its nemesis in 1852 with the publication of the French translation of Franklin’s Experiments and Observations on Electricity.
		Nollet is said to be responsible for one of the most impressive and spectacular demonstrations of electricity up to that time.
		As the story goes, Abbe Nollet first sent a discharge from a Leyden jar through a company of 180 soldiers holding hands.
	www.sparkmuseum.com /BOOK_NOLLET.HTM (355 words)

	Jean-Antoine Nollet - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Jean-Antoine Nollet (19 November 1700 – 25 April 1770) was a French clergyman and physicist.
		As the head of a monastery, he was also known as Abbé Nollet.
		He was particularly interested in the new science of electricity, which he explored with the help of Du Fay and Réamur.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Jean-Antoine_Nollet (132 words)

	Chapter 2. The Same Mistake Repeated in Cell Physiology (p. 8-9)
		Abbé Nollet (1700-1770), Preceptor in the Natural Philosophy to His Majesty Louis XV of France, and the scientific opponent of Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) on electricity, was the first to record in 1748 an experiment on osmosis-even though the term, osmosis, was not yet invented (see below).
		Nollet immersed in water a pig's bladder filled with water and (grain) alcohol.
		Nollet thus discovered an unusual attribute of the bladder wall-an attribute later given the name semipermeability by van't Hoff (1826-1894).
	www.bioparadigma.spb.ru /hidden_history/ch02.htm (614 words)

	The History of The Discovery of Cinematography - 1750 - 1799 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		Abbe Nollet received a patent for this camera obscura (left) after submitting the design to the French Royal Academy of Sciences in 1752.
		This top of Nollet’s, when revolving at a fast speed re-created a sense of motion and had the appearance of being a solid object.
		Nollet not only encouraged the camera and lantern in entertainment but also in the use of education.
	www.precinemahistory.net /1750.htm (5000 words)

	Air Ions and Health. negative ionizers, ionizers, negative ion generators, high density negative ions, positive ions, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		Very shortly after the existence of atmospheric electricity was demonstrated by Franklin [1] and by d'Ailbard [2] in the mid 1700's, several natural philosophers ascribed to it a variety of biological effects.
		Abbe Bertholon [6] in addition concluded that the course of various diseases of man was influenced by atmospheric electricity.
		I 1899, Elster and Geitel [7] and J J Thompson [8] independently proved that atmospheric electricity depends upon the existence of gaseous ions in the air.
	www.ionizedwater.com /negions_n_health.htm (5657 words)

	Franklin & Electricity
		Nollet and Franklin did not really disagree on this point.
		Keep in mind that Nollet considered himself to be a scientist and even performed demonstrations of the power of electricity to amuse the king and his court.
		Franklin's kite experiment was designed to show that rain clouds built up static electricity and that it was possible to draw off that charge the way one could do from a smaller charge collected on the ground.
	www.class.uidaho.edu /engl440/finding_the_stases_electricity.htm (745 words)

	Neon history - part 2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		The next researcher whose work contributed to the development is Abbe Nollet.
		These tubes were referred to by Nollet's contemporaries as "electrical eggs", and indeed these eggs did hatch something - X rays.
		This image is of the Moore chapel in Madison Square Gardens, lit with Moore tubes.
	www.vitriol.com /images/neon/neon2.html (281 words)

	Lightning...Meteoroloo.com
		The analogy between the electric spark, and more especially of the explosive discharge of the Leyden jar, with atmospheric lightning and thunder, is too obvious to have escaped notice, even in the early periods of electrical research.
		It had been observed by Dr. Wall and by Gray, and still more pointedly remarked by the Abbé Nollet.
		Benjamin Franklin was so impressed with the many points of resemblance between lightning and electricity, that he was convinced of their identity, and determined to ascertain by direct experiment the truth of his bold conjecture.
	www.meteoroloo.com /lightning.html (1641 words)

	University of Delaware:Benjamin Franklin: Scientist
		He developed a theory of electrical attraction and repulsion that supposed the existence of a continuous flow of electrical matter between charged bodies.
		Franklin and Nollet found themselves on opposite sides of the debate about the nature of electricity, with Franklin supporting two qualitatively opposing types of electricity and Nollet advocating a single type of electric fluid.
		Franklin's argument eventually won acceptance and Nollet's theory was abandoned.
	www.lib.udel.edu /ud/spec/exhibits/franklin/science.htm (1674 words)

	Comments (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		The electric current passing through the discharge channels rapidly heats and expands the air into a plasma, producing acoustic shock waves (thunder) in the atmosphere.
		During early investigations into electricity via Leyden jars and other instruments, a number of people (Dr. Wall, Gray, Abbé Nollet) proposed that small scale sparks shared some similarity with lightning.
		Benjamin Franklin who also invented the lightning rod, endeavored to test this theory by using a spire which was being erected in Philadelphia.
	hopeful31.blogdrive.com /comments?id=6 (405 words)

	Volta (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		1763 - His interest in physics and chemistry led to correspondence on electricity with the Abbe Nollet in Paris and later with Prof.
		The beginnings of Volta's scientific activity are extremely precocious: even without any university preparation in 1763 at the age of only 18, he is already engaged in scientific correspondence with the major electric authorities of the time, Father Beccaria and the Abbot Nollet, to whom he courageously puts forward his own theories on the matter.
		Around 1765 Volta is a frequent visitor to the home of Giulio Cesare Gattoni (1741-1809) where he has the chance to use the physics laboratory which Gattoni had built between 1764 and 1765.
	chem.ch.huji.ac.il /~eugeniik/history/volta.htm (4222 words)

	SPALLANZANI, Abbé [Lazzaro]., Programme ou Précis d'un Ouvrage sur les Réproductions Animales. Traduit de l'Italien, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		SPALLANZANI, Abbé [Lazzaro]., Programme ou Précis d'un Ouvrage sur les Réproductions Animales.
		vii, 102, + an inserted leaf of dedication to the Abbé Nollet.
		The English translation appeared the following year, and later the same year Spallanzani was elected F.R.S. This item is listed on Bibliopoly by Nigel Phillips; click here for further details.
	www.polybiblio.com /phillips/703.html (252 words)

	Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin - Page 80
		A copy of them happening to fall into the hands of the Count de Buffon, a philosopher deservedly of great reputation in France, and, indeed, all over Europe, he prevailed with M. Dalibard to translate them into French, and they were printed at Paris.
		The publication offended the Abbe Nollet, preceptor in Natural Philosophy to the royal family, and an able experimenter, who had form'd and publish'd a theory of electricity, which then had the general vogue.
		He could not at first believe that such a work came from America, and said it must have been fabricated by his enemies at Paris, to decry his system.
	www.galileolibrary.com /ebooks/am03/franklin_page_80.htm (473 words)

	La Electricidad en Biología (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		Brazier, M.A.B. The Abbé Nollet (1700-1770): the beginnings of electrotherapy.
		McClendon, J.F. Polarization capacity and resistance of salt solutions, agar, erythrocytes, resting and stimulated muscle, and liver measured with a new Wheatstone bridge designed for electric currents of high and low frequency.
		Nollet, J-A. Experiences de l'électricité appliqué á des paralytiques.
	www.facmed.unam.mx /historia/Referencias.html (1006 words)

	YourArt.com >> Encyclopedia >> Lightning (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		During early investigations into electricity via Leyden jars and other instruments, a number of people (Dr.
		William Wall, Stephen Gray, and AbbÃ© Nollet) proposed that small-scale sparks shared some similarity with lightning.
		Benjamin Franklin, who also invented the lightning rod, endeavoured to test this theory using a spire which was being erected in Philadelphia.
	www.yourart.com /research/encyclopedia.cgi?subject=/Lightning (6737 words)

	Electricity on Show: Spectacular Events in Victorian London
		Electricity rapidly became a way of performing with and on the human body, of making it do strange things or, even more subversively, getting it do quite normal things like moving a limb or blinking an eye.
		The Abbé Nollet's famous (or infamous) experimental demonstration of electrical conduction by shocking a line of Carthusian monks into leaping into the air simultaneously is probably the best-known example.
		For Enlightenment philosophers and their nineteenth-century descendants, electricity was a way of demonstrating the body as a machine.
	www.fathom.com /course/21701713/session1.html (575 words)

	l5w2franklin
		In France, the Abbe Nollet lined up a collection of French soldiers, put them in a circle, and to amuse the King, sent a charge running through the group.
		The Abbe Nollet actually tried to set up a demonstration to prove Franklin wrong.
		When he repeatedly failed, he faked his experiment, but he got caught.
	www.pcs.cnu.edu /~gwebb/45w2franklin.htm (1019 words)

	UKBookworld.com old, rare and out-of-print book database
		Enter as few search words as possible; authors' first names and complete book titles are seldom necessary.
		[3207] NOLLET (Jean Antoine): Saggio intorno all’Elettricita de Corpi, del sig.
		Abate Nollet, Dell’ Accademia Reale delle Scienze e della Regia Societa di Londra.
	www.ukbookworld.com /cgi-bin/search.pl?s_i_DLR_ID=johnprice&s_i_keywords=Medicine (2620 words)

	University Press of Kentucky
		A Copy happening to fall into the Hands of the Count de Buffon, a Philosopher of great Reputation in France, he prevail'd with M. [T.F.] Dalibard to translate them into French, and they were printed at Paris.
		The Publication offended the Abbe Nollet, who had form'd a Theory of Electricity, which then had the Vogue throughout Europe.
		Afterwards having been assur'd that there really existed such a Person as Franklin of Philadelphia, which he had doubted, he wrote and published a Volume of Letters, chiefly address'd to me, defending his Theory, & denying the Verity of my Experiments and of the Positions deduc'd from them.
	www.kentuckypress.com /0813191319excerpt.cfm (1306 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Giuseppe Toaldo
		Toaldo, like his contemporaries, Divisch and Beccaria (both priests), gave special attention to the study of atmospheric electricity and to the means of protecting buildings against lightning.
		He advocated the erection of lightning-rods, adopting the views of Franklin on their preventive and protective action, rather than those of the French school led by Abbé Nollet.
		Toaldo was a member of many of the learned bodies of Europe, notably of the Royal Society, London.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/14749a.htm (183 words)

	[No title]
		Beginning in the 1740's, machines were introduced, first in Germany and then in England, for making frictional electricity by means of rotating class globes in contact with rubber strips.
		Human beings were often used as conductors in these experiments, and on one occasion, the Abbe Nollet discharged Leyden Jars through a chain of 180 monks!
		Finally, and of considerably less importance at this time, animal electricity was used to describe phenomena noted in a biological context; the most obvious was the behavior of the torpedo fish whose method of defense was to administer a series of sharp shocks to its enemies!
	academic.udayton.edu /history/Chapter7.htm (4932 words)

	Capacitor
		The inner coating was connected to a rod that passed through the lid and ended in a metal ball.
		Before Kleist's discovery became widely known, a capacitor essentially the same as his was invented independently in January 1746 by the Dutch physicist Pieter van Musschenbroek of the University of Leyden and was named by Abbe Nollet as the Leyden jar.
		Benjamin Franklin investigated the Leyden jar, and proved that the charge was stored on the glass, not in the water as others had assumed.
	www.favara.com /Dictionary/Capacitor_Dictionary.htm (4290 words)

	PSIgate - Physical Sciences Information Gateway: Search/Browse Results (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		April 25, 1770, Paris, France Jean-Antoine Nollet was French clergyman, experimental physicist, and leading member of the Paris Academy of Science.
		JEAN ANTOINE NOLLET NOLLET, JEAN ANTOINE (1700-1770), French physicist, of peasant origin, was born near Noyon (Oise) on the I9th of November 1700.
		He entered holy orders and ultimately attained the rank of abb; but his tastes all lay in the directio...
	www.psigate.ac.uk /roads/cgi-bin/search_webcatalogue.pl?term1=Nollet&limit=0 (288 words)

	Journal 2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		If you are not sure of something, that is OK I would just like to see you work at resolving these questions.
		See an example of how to perform this analysis: the disagreement between Franklin and the Abb
		é Nollet (the chief scientist for King Louis XV of France) over the nature of lightening
	www.class.uidaho.edu /engl440/Journal_Assignments/Journal_2.htm (360 words)

	The Benjamin Franklin Tercentenary
		At the Musée Carnavalet, the exhibition will highlight Franklin's diplomatic mission to help the American "insurgents" while at the same time evoking eighteenth century Salon society in Paris, Versailles and Passy.
		At the Musée des Arts and Métiers, we will be showcasing Franklin the scientist, with an emphasis on the debates between Franklin and Abbé Nollet, Franklin's contemporary and rival in the debates about the discovery and uses of electricity.
		With the support and advice of the French Honorary Committee of the Benjamin Franklin Tercentenary, we will develop accompanying symposia, lectures, concerts, and programs to underline the significance and longevity of the Franco-American friendship.
	www.benfranklin300.org /honorary.htm (206 words)

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