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	Abd-ar-Rahman - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Abd ar-Rahman II (788-852) - Emir of Cordoba, The Son of Emir Al-Hakam I. Abd-ar-Rahman III (912 - 961) - Emir and Caliph of Cordoba, reigned for almost half a century.
		Abd ar-Rahman IV (1017) - Caliph of Cordoba in the Umayyad dynasty in Spain.
		Abd ar-Rahman V (1023-1024) - Proclaimed Caliph in December 1023 at Cordova, and murdered in January 1024 by a mob.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Abd-ar-Rahman (204 words)

	Encyclopedia: Abd-ar-rahman III (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Abd-ar-Rahman III was the grandson of his predecessor, Abdullah, one of the Spanish Umayyads.
		Abd ar-Rahman I (ruled 756-788) was the founder of a Muslim dynasty that ruled Spain for nearly three centuries.
		Al-Hakam II was Caliph of Cordoba, in Al-Andalus, and son of Abd_ar_rahman III (al_Nasir).
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Abd_ar_rahman-III (1022 words)

	Abd ar-Rahman III, emir and caliph of Cordoba. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Abd ar-Rahman III, emir and caliph of Cordoba.
		When he succeeded to the throne, the Spanish emirate was reduced to Córdoba and its environs and beset with tribal warfare.
		Abd ar-Rahman recovered the lost provinces, consolidated the central government, and created internal peace and prosperity.
	www.bartleby.com /65/ab/AbdarRah3.html (152 words)

	chapterfive.html
		'Abd ar-Rahman III was ushered to the Umayyad throne by destiny.
		But 'Abd ar-Rahman was not oblivious of the danger, and was able to confront the Fatimids courageously and forcefully, and although he had protected the integrity of the state quite efficiently, one important element had skipped his mind, namely, the importance of having a strong naval force.
		Another part was later added to the southern end by Abd ar-Rahman II in 833, while his son Emir Muhammad (852-886) renovated the older part adding, in the process, a chamber, maqsurah', for the rulers to rest and meet with the 'ulama', the clergy, after prayers.
	www.artopedia.com /chapter4.html (7072 words)

	Caliph of Cordoba - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The title Caliph was claimed by Abd-ar-Rahman III on January 16, 929; he was previously known as the Emir of Cordoba.
		Rulers of the Emirate were content to use the title emir or sultan until the 10th century, when Abd-ar-Rahman III was faced with the threat of invasion by the Fatimids, a rival Islamic empire based in Cairo.
		This move helped Rahman III gain prestige with his subjects, and the title was retained even after the Fatimids were repulsed.
	www.sevenhills.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Caliph_of_Cordoba (468 words)

	Abd-ar-Rahman III - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Abd-ar-Rahman III, Emir and Caliph of Cordoba (912 - 961) was the greatest and the most successful of the princes of the Ummayad dynasty in Spain.
		His life was so completely identified with the government of the state that he offers less material for biography than his ancestor Abd-ar-Rahman I.
		Abd-ar-Rahman III came to the throne when the country was exhausted by more than a generation of tribal conflict among the Arabs, and of strife between them and the Muslims of native Spanish descent.
	www.secaucus.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Abd-ar-Rahman_III (424 words)

	ABD AR-RAHMAN (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Abd Ar-Rahman III was the greatest ruler of the Omyyad Arab Muslim dynasty of Spain.
		The Omyyad dynasty in Spain was established in 756 by the only surviving prince of the bloodbath that had decimated the Omyyads in Damascus at the hands of the first Abbasids.
		In 929 Abd Ar-Rahman III proclaimed himself Caliph, thereby challenging the spiritual authority of the Baghdad Caliphate.
	www.hyperhistory.com /online_n2/people_n2/ppersons4_n2/abdar.html (119 words)

	Abd ar-Rahman II and III
		This portrait was painted during the reign of Abd ar-Rahman II at the al-Hambra's, Generalife and portrays a colourful, sophisticated lifestyle adopted by many of the courts nobles, including the Arabs.
		Furthermore, Abd ar-Rahman II is ascribed with the establishment of the princely monoploy over the minting of coinage, and, the streamlining of the administrative machine.
		Abd ar-Rahman's first important task was to accomplish what his forebeares had failed to do, which was restoring internal unity amongst the citizens of al-Andalus and stabilize the region from invaders.
	www.idir.net /~suede/successor3.html (567 words)

	Articles - Abd-ar-Rahman III (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Abd-ar-Rahman III, (Arabic: عبد الرحمن الثالث) Emir and Caliph of Cordoba (912-961) was the greatest and most successful of the princes of the Ummayad dynasty in Spain.
		Abd-ar-Rahman came to the throne when the country was exhausted by more than a generation of tribal conflict among the Arabs, and of strife between them and the Muslims of native Spanish descent.
		In the 10th century Abd-ar-rahman III declared himself as the Caliphate of Cordoba, effectively breaking all ties with the Egyptian and Syrian caliphs.
	www.gaple.com /articles/Abd-ar-Rahman_III (528 words)

	AllRefer.com - Abd ar-Rahman III, emir and caliph of COrdoba (Spanish And Portuguese History, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		Abd ar-Rahman III, emir and caliph of COrdoba, Spanish And Portuguese History, Biographies
		Abd ar-Rahman III 891–961, Umayyad emir (912–29) and first caliph (929–61) of COrdoba.
		When he succeeded to the throne, the Spanish emirate was reduced to COrdoba and its environs and beset with tribal warfare.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/A/AbdarRah3.html (232 words)

	João Sedycias: História da Língua Espanhola (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In foreign policy 'Abd ar-Rahman II conducted intensive diplomatic activity: he exchanged ambassadors with the Byzantine Empire and with the Frankish king Charles II the Bald and maintained friendly relations with sovereigns of Tahart, which lent military support to Spain.
		A protector of poets and scholars, he concealed his rationalism under a cloak of piety and was the darling of the faqihs (scholars versed in the traditions of Islam); he contrived to attract to himself the outstanding poets of that era.
		In Africa the Almohad dynasty finally triumphed, and 'Abd al-Mu'min (1130-63), successor to Ibn Tumart, was able to turn his attention to Spain and to undertake the integration of all the Muslim states — the second ta'ifas — formed under the shield of the latest internecine wars caused by the Almoravid decline.
	home.yawl.com.br /hp/sedycias/historia11a.htm (7387 words)

	AllRefer.com - Spain : History : Muslim Spain and the Christian Reconquest, Spain & Portugal (Spanish And Portuguese ...
		In 756, however, Abd ar-Rahman I, scion of the Umayyad dynasty, established an independent emirate.
		The rulers of Asturias, who were descended from the semilegendary Pelayo, conquered large territories in NW Spain and consolidated them with Asturias as the kingdom of LeOn.
		• Abd ar-Rahman III, emir and caliph of COrdoba
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/S/Spain-history-muslim-spain-and-the-christian-reconquest.html (1282 words)

	Caliph - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		From 756 to 929, this Umayyad domain in Spain was an independent emirate, until Abd-ar-rahman III reclaimed the title of Caliph for his dynasty.
		Muawiya instituted dynastic rule by appointing his son Yazid as his successor, a trend that would continue through all subsequent caliphates.
		Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz - Umayyad caliph considered by some (mainly Sunnis) to be a fifth rightly guided caliph.
	www.pineville.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Arabian_Empire (1885 words)

	CORDOVA - LoveToKnow Article on CORDOVA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		It reached its zenith of prosperity in the middle of the 10th century, under Abd-ar-Rahman III.
		A period of decadence began in 1016, owing to the claims of the rival dynasties which aimed at succeeding to the line of Abd-ar-Rahman; the caliphate never won back its position, and in 1236 Cordova was easily captured by Ferdinand III.
		The substitution of Spanish for Moorish supremacy rather accelerated than arrested the decline of art, industry and population; and in the I9th century Cordova never recovered from the disaster of 1808, when it was stormed and sacked by the French.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /C/CO/CORDOVA.htm (1387 words)

	Moors. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In 756, Abd ar-Rahman I established the Umayyad dynasty at Córdoba.
		This emirate became under Abd ar-Rahman III the caliphate of Córdoba.
		Córdoba fell to Ferdinand III of Castile in 1236.
	www.bartleby.com /65/mo/Moors.html (512 words)

	MSN Encarta - Search Results - Abd-ar-Rahman III (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Abd-ar-Rahman III (889-961), eighth Umayyad ruler of Spain (912-61).
		Abdur Rahman Khan (1844?-1901), emir and founder of modern Afghanistan.
		He was born in Kābul, Afghanistan, and was a son of Afzul Khan and grandson...
	encarta.msn.com /Abd-ar-Rahman_III.html (176 words)

	Abd-ar-Rahman III -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		His life was so completely identified with the government of the state that he offers less material for biography than his ancestor (Click link for more info and facts about Abd-ar-Rahman I) Abd-ar-Rahman I.
		Abd-ar-Rahman III was the grandson of his predecessor, (Click link for more info and facts about Abdullah) Abdullah, one of the (The Romance language spoken in most of Spain and the countries colonized by Spain) Spanish Umayyads.
		He repelled the Fatimids, partly by supporting their enemies in (The second largest continent; located south of Europe and bordered to the west by the South Atlantic and to the east by the Indian Ocean) Africa, and partly by claiming the caliphate for himself.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/a/ab/abd-ar-rahman_iii3.htm (371 words)

	Marbella’s Arabic origins - News in Spain (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Other elements bequeathed by the Arab culture are items of pottery found by chance, the layout of the old quarter and the castle, a fortress built by the caliph Abd-ar-Rahman III in the tenth century.
		According to this book, the Alcazaba and the castle date from the already mentioned year 970, when Abd-ar-Rahman III, faced with the threat posed by a recently established caliphate in North Africa, created a network of coastal fortifications such as those at Tarifa (in the province of Cadiz), at Almeria and at Marbella itself.
		The writer says: “I believe that a vast fleet was based in Almeria to defend the gold, slaves and corn that arrived from Africa” from the danger presented by the caliphate in the neighbouring continent.
	www.andalucia.co.uk /channels/general/andalucia.news.print.asp?newsid=1150 (953 words)

	Spain (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In 929 Abd-ar- Rahman III gave himself the title Caliph, as his capital grew into the largest city in Western Europe.
		Construction was began in 786 by Abd ar-Rahman I, and it was completed in the 10th century after three expansions had increased its size to cater for Cordoba's growing population.
		Amongst the museums in Cordoba is the Museo Arquelologico, housed in a Renaissance mansion on Plaza de Jeronimo, with collections from the medieval, Islamic, Visigothic, Roman and earlier periods.
	www.heritagesites.eu.com /spain/cordoba.htm (486 words)

	Moorish Towns in southern Spain
		In 756, Abd-ar-Rahman I, a member of the Umayyad family, made Córdoba the capital of Moorish Spain, and for the next 250 years the city was one of the world's great commercial and intellectual centres.
		In 929 Abd-ar-Rahman III established the caliphate of Córdoba, and the city reached a peak of prosperity, rivalling Damascus and Baghdad in its brilliance and intellectual activity.
		In 1236 the city was captured and made part of Roman Catholic Spain by Ferdinand III of Castile.
	www.sonhex.dk /moorish.htm (1012 words)

	al-Hakam II
		Abd ar-Rahman III's eldest son, al-Hakam II, had been designated heir to the throne at an early stage, but he was 46 before he finally came to power, and he was Caliph for only 15 years.
		Al-Hakam had just one son, born of a Basque mother when he was already of advanced age.
		In order to secure the favour of his influential community, Ibn Abi Amir went so far as to have the books in al-Hakam II's library which they judged heretical (in particular the scientific works) publicly burned.
	www.idir.net /~suede/successor4.html (390 words)

	Abd-ar-rahman III
		Yet it supplies some passages which show the real character of an oriental dynasty even at its best.
		Abd-ar-rahman III was the grandson of his predecessor, Abdullah, one of the weakest and worst of the Spanish Umayyads.
		The old sultan was so far influenced by humanity and remorse that he treated his grandson kindly.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/abd_ar_rahman_iii (750 words)

	Abd ar-Rahman on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		He sought, unsuccessfully, to take advantage of the overthrow of Turkish rule in Algeria in order to extend his territory.
		Later he allied himself with the emir, Abd al-Kader, but after their defeat at Isly (1844), he made peace with France and refused the emir further asylum in Morocco.
		Abd ar-Rahman was at various times involved in difficulties with Austria, Spain, and Great Britain.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/a/abdarr1ah-m1or.asp (378 words)

	The Jews in Al-Andalus
		Andalusian culture and power was represented by the caliph Abd ar-Rahman III, who made Cordova the cultural capital of the West.
		It was a Golden Age for the Jews; they learned Arabic and built prosperous communities in Seville, Granada and Cordova, the capital.
		They played a role in the caravans which moved across Al-Andalus' main routes and cities, with skins, cloth and jewellery as their main products.
	sefarad.rediris.es /english/judalandalu_english.htm (588 words)

	WHKMLA : History of Spain : Umayyad Spain, 755-1031
		The last Umayyad prince, ABD AR-RAHMAN fled to Spain where he could take control of the peninsula.
		Ruling for 33 years, unlike his many predecessors as governors of Spain, Abd ar-Rahman was able to gradually extend his authority over a populace tending to rebel against any infriction of their status.
		The situation was volatile, as rebellions were frequent, the loyalty of governors of towns often came with considerable autonomy of the latter.
	www.zum.de /whkmla/region/spain/umayyadspain.html (494 words)

	:: ESSENTIAL MAGAZINE.COM :: your online Marbella Lifestyle Magazine & Travel Guide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		At the time Córdoba was the main centre of learning in Europe, a capital of a Muslim empire where the Arab conquerors applied and expanded the science, engineering and medicine of the Romans.
		Under Abd ar-Rahman III, Cordoba was the largest city of the Mediterranean world, with over 300 mosques, 300 public baths, 50 hospitals, 80 public schools, 20 public libraries and 17 colleges.
		On the whole, therefore, the period of Umayyad rule was characterised by prosperity, cultural and scientific sophistication, and religious tolerance, as the Muslims of this period tolerated all ‘people of the Book’.
	www.essentialmagazine.com /index2.php?p=showarticle&id=9 (1195 words)

	Articles - Caliph of Cordoba (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The title Caliph was claimed by Abd-ar-Rahman III on January 16, 929; he was previously known as the Emir of CÃ³rdoba.
		All Caliphs of CÃ³rdoba were members of the Ummayad dynasty; the same dynasty had held the title Emir of CÃ³rdoba and ruled over roughly the same territory since 756.
		The last Caliph of CÃ³rdoba was Hisham III, also of the Umayyad dynasty.
	www.lastring.com /articles/Caliphate_of_Cordoba?mySession=c0a0c25febf5c1ddbc5303d6292cc8a6 (380 words)

	Garcia I Sanchez -- Encyclopædia Britannica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		He owed his throne to the support of his cousin 'Abd ar-Rahman III, the Umayyad caliph of Cordoba.
		The end of his reign was taken up with wars against the count of Castile, Fernán González.
		Hamlet Act III Scene I: To Be Or Not To Be
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9036035?tocId=9036035&query='abd (871 words)

	AllRefer Encyclopedia - Spanish And Portuguese History, Biographies Encyclopedia
		• Alfonso III, king of AragOn and count of Barcelona
		• Ferdinand III, Spanish king of Castile and LeOn
		• Henry III, Spanish king of Castile and LeOn
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/categories/sphistbio.html (507 words)

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