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Topic: Abd er Rahman

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	Chapter 2: A History of Aragon and Catalonia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Abd ar-Rahman (755-788), a member of the Ommeyad family, escaped from the general overthrow of the dynasty, and made his way to North Africa, where he attempted to establish an independent state.
		Abd er-Rahman's success in establishing himself as the independent caliph of Córdoba by no means brought peace to Spain.
		Abd er-Rahman was then able in 780 to conquer Zaragoza, to defeat the Basques and to reduce the Count of the Cerdagne to subjection, thanks to the energy of a Saxon chieftain of whose name he had never heard.
	libro.uca.edu /chaytor/hac2.htm (3678 words)

	Battle of Tours - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		During the battle, the Franks defeated the Islamic army and Emir Abd er Rahman was killed.
		As a gage, Uthman was given Eudes's daughter Lampade in marriage to seal the alliance, and Arab raids across the Pyrenees, Eudes' southern border, ceased [1].
		Abd er Rahman quickly crushed the revolt, and next directed his attention against the traitor's former ally, Eudes.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Battle_of_Tours (1678 words)

	Online Encyclopedia and Dictionary - Battle of Tours
		Rahman quickly crushed the revolt, and next directed his attention against the traitor's former ally, Eudes.
		This time the faith the Muslims had in their cavalry, armed with their long lances, long swords and spears, which had brought them victory in previous battles, was not justified.
		While attempting to stop the retreat, Abd er Rahman became surrounded, which lead to his death, and the Muslims returned to their camp.
	fact-archive.com /encyclopedia/Battle_of_Tours (1078 words)

	Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi - TheBestLinks.com - Abd er Rahman, Arab, Andalusia, Bordeaux, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Abd er Rahman, Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi, Arab, Andalusia, Bordeaux, Charles...
		Known by several names, including Abd er Rahman, Abdderrahman, Abderame, and Abd el-Rahman, he led the Spanish Muslims into battle against the forces of Charles Martel in the Battle of Tours.
		One of the reasons of defeat of the Muslim army was the preoccupation of the army with the war booty they captured in France, and the squabbles between various ethnic and tribal factions.
	www.thebestlinks.com /Abd_er_Rahman.html (402 words)

	Battle of Tours (732 A.D.)
		During the battle, the Franks defeated the Islamic army and Emir Abd er Rahman was killed.
		During the six days he waited to begin the Battle, Abd er Rahman recalled all those columns raiding and pillaging, so that on the seventh day, when by both eastern and western accounts the Battle began, both armies were at full strength.
		Abd er Rahman quickly crushed the revolt, and next directed his attention against the traitor's former ally, Eudes.
	www.thelatinlibrary.com /imperialism/notes/tours.html (3206 words)

	battle of poitiers 732 battle of Moussais, Charles Martel Eudes of Aquitaine, Abd. er-Rahman, medieval warfare
		Poitiers I was fought between Clovis and the Huns in 507 at Vouillé (west of Poitiers), Poitiers II was fought in 732 between Charles Martel and Eudes of Aquitaine against Abd.
		Meanwhile, Abd er-Rahman also started regathering his now dispersed forces with the idea of moving to Tours, which he understood the be a very rich prize.
		One is that a Frankish force penetrated to the Arab camp, either to plunder the baggage train or attack from the rear, and this caused confusion in the Arab ranks.
	home.eckerd.edu /~oberhot/moussais.htm (1610 words)

	Xbox-Scene Online Web Community > Charles Martel And The Battle Of Tours (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Dec 15 2004, 05:29 PM The importance of the battle lies with one fact, Abd er Rahman was killed.
		Abd er Rahman had been able to calm the rivals and was viewed as fair and just by muslim scholars today.
		Abd er Rahman, because he was able to calm the infighting was able to pull together an effective army that was estimated at 80,000 (the army involved at poitiers was smaller - the number is escaping my memory right now).
	forums.xbox-scene.com /lofiversion/index.php/t323469.html (472 words)

	ipedia.com: Battle of Tours Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In 732 Abd er Rahman, governor of Spain, marched over the Pyrenees, possibly to end the unrest on his northern border, but more likely to plunder the Frankish territories.
		Abd er Rahman defeated Eudes near Bordeaux, plundered the town, and marched north to the River Loire.
		Whatever the verdict, the death of Abd er Rahman caused the structure of the Muslim army to collapse.
	www.ipedia.com /battle_of_tours.html (964 words)

	A Preview of Things to Come or The Real Deal :: Posting #64 :: July 30, 2006, RenewAmerica Forum
		The Franks defeated the Islamic army and Emir Abd er Rahman was killed.
		No good general, and Abd er Rahman was one, liked to let his opponent pick the ground and conditions for battle — and Martel had done both.
		Given the importance Arab histories of the time placed on the death of Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi Abd al Rahman and the defeat in Gaul, and the subsequent defeat and destruction of Muslim bases in what is now France, it seems reasonably certain that this battle did have macrohistorical importance in stopping westward Muslim expansion.
	www.renewamerica.us /forum/?date=060730&message=64 (5463 words)

	Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		He was briefly relieved of his command, when 'Anbasa ibn Suhaim Al Kalbi was appointed in 105 A.H. After 'Anbasa was killed in 107 A.H. battle in (A Celt of ancient Gaul) Gaul; several successive commanders were put in place, none of whom lasted very long.
		He prepared to invade (A Celt of ancient Gaul) Gaul, and called for recruits from Yemen and the (The former name for the geographical area of the eastern Mediterranean that is now occupied by Lebanon and Syria and Israel) Levant.
		Charles, however, managed to form an army of Gauls and (A person of German nationality) Germans, and defeated Abdul Rahman near (The battle in 1356 in which the English under the Black Prince defeated the French) Poitiers, at the river (A French river; flows into the North Atlantic) Loire.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/a/ab/abdul_rahman_al_ghafiqi.htm (337 words)

	The Battle of Tours
		A Muslim army, in a crusading search for land and the end of Christianity, after the conquest of Syria, Egypt, and North Africa, began to invade Western Europe under the leadership of Abd-er Rahman, governor of Spain.
		Abd-er Rahman led an infantry of 60,000 to 400,000 soldiers across the Western Pyrenees and toward the Loire River, but they were met just outside the city of Tours by Charles Martel, known as the Hammer, and the Frankish Army.
		Martel gathered his forces directly in the path of the oncoming Muslim army and prepared to defend themselves by using a phalanx style of combat.
	www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org /jsource/History/Tours.html (384 words)

	[No title]
		So Abd Allah was sold like a sheep and carried to Fez, and there cast into prison on a penalty of two hundred and fifty dollars imposed upon him on the pretence of a false accusation.
		The son's name was Absalam (Abd es-Salem), and he had a wife whom he loved very tenderly, and one child, a boy of six years of age.
		Abd Allah was set free, Absalam was cast into prison, and the penalty was raised from two hundred and fifty dollars to three hundred.
	www2.cddc.vt.edu /gutenberg/1/3/0/1303/1303.txt (20163 words)

	Why Islam didn't conquer the world I vs. From the plains of medieval France to the modern Mideast, militant Muslims ...
		In the summer of 732, the centennial of Mohammed's death, this veteran Islamic juggernaut, at least 80,000 strong with the skilled and popular general Abd er Rahman at its head, passed over the Pyrenees Mountains into what is now France to begin the conquest of "the Great Land"--Christian Europe.
		Perhaps Abd er Rahman's chief regret was that there were too few of the outnumbered foe to go around.
		In Abd er Rahman's case, his men soon expected to be playing polo not with mallets and balls but with scimitars and heads.
	fredericksburg.com /News/FLS/2005/102005/10302005/141401/printer_friendly (1739 words)

	Luther and the Mohammadans
		Abd-er Rahman led an infantry of 60,000 to 400,000 soldiers across the Western Pyrenees and toward the Loire River, but they were met just outside the city of Tours by an incisive Christian opponent, Charles Martel, known as the Hammer, and the Frankish Army.
		Martel gathered his forces directly in the path of the oncoming Muslim army and prepared to defend themselves by using a phalanx style of combat.
		The exact length of the battle is undetermined; Arab sources claim that it was a two-day battle whereas Christian sources hold that the fighting clamored on for seven days.
	www.angelfire.com /ca3/graybrook/luther.htm (2271 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Cordova (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In 786 the Arab caliph, Abd-er Rahman I, began the construction of the great mosque of Cordova, now the cathedral, and compelled many Christians to take part in the preparation of the site and foundations.
		Though they suffered many vexations, the Christians continued to enjoy freedom of worship, and this tolerant attitude of the ameers seduced not a few Christians from their original allegiance.
		Under Abd-er Rahman II there came a change in the attitude of the Arab rulers, and a fierce persecution ensued, during which many Christians were accused of abusing the memory of Mohammed, of entering mosques, and of conspiracy against the Government.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/04359b.htm (1356 words)

	Carolingian era Islamic coins of Iberia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The descritption is from Alex Akin "This silver dirham of the Spanish Umayyad ruler ‘Abd al-Rahman II (822-852 AD), was struck at al-Andalus ("Andalusia," specifically Cordoba) in 235 AH (850 AD).
		Spain was thenceforth ruled by Muslims for several centuries, a period of mostly peaceful coexistence between the Muslim, Christian and Jewish populations.
		Abd al-Rahman II attempted to extend his power into France, reaching as far as Narbonne in 841, but he is probably remembered more for ruling Spain in relative peace and dramatic prosperity for three decades.
	home.eckerd.edu /~oberhot/islamic.htm (463 words)

	Penn & Teller \| TELLERS ESSAYS
		By 732, they'd mopped up parts of Gaul, beat Aquitaine to a pulp, and, led by super-commander Emir Abd Er Rahman, were moving on to Tours.
		The Arabs fell for the strategy and in the resulting battle Abd Er Rahman was killed.
		Unable to agree on a new commander, the Muslims retreated and that wave of conquest was repelled.
	www.pennandteller.com /03/coolstuff/tellerspeaks/telleressayformationofeurope.html (830 words)

	FrontPage magazine.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		A Moslem army, in a crusading search for land and the end of Christianity, after the conquest of Syria, Egypt, and North Africa, began to invade Western Europe under the leadership of Abd-er Rahman, governor of Spain.
		Martel gathered his forces directly in the path of the oncoming Moslem army and prepared to defend themselves by using a phalanx style of combat.
		The exact length of the battle is undetermined; Arab sources claim that it was a two day battle whereas Christian sources hold that the fighting clamored on for seven days.
	www.frontpagemag.com /GoPostal/commentdetail.asp?ID=11720&commentID=234160 (390 words)

	Islam Watch - "History of Jihad against the Franks (France) [732-740]" by History of Jihad
		He was followed by Abd-ur Rahman with fresh contingents, who moved up the Rhône as far as Lyons and Dijon destroying churches and monasteries, following Muhammad's creed of especially targeting non-Muslim places of worship, before moving on to Bordeaux.
		Abd-ur Rahman the Muslim general who invaded France destroyed palaces, burned churches, and imagined he could pillage the basilica of St. Martin of Tours.
		Abd-ur Rahman had crossed the Pyrenees, with a larger army and traversed the defiles [in the mountains] and the plains, so that he could penetrate deeper into the lands of the Franks with his ravaging and slaying campaigns.
	islam-watch.org /HistoryOfJihad/jihad-against-franks-france.htm (7474 words)

	The Battle of Tours
		After a fairly pitiful fight the people of Spain apologized for being foolish enough to have been born in the area and for scuffing the boots of the Moslems who stomped their butts into the ground.
		The Moslems, led by their commander Abd-er-"Rah, man" (so called becasue of his habit of cheering when someone abded) searched Spain, but found no nude beaches.
		The French (which is Hebrew for snail-lickers) turned to their last hope, Charles the Hammer (so called because he hated being called Chuck) and said they'd forgive him for eating food without sauces if he would open up a can of kick-butt on "L'il Abner" Rahman.
	www.angelfire.com /in2/kordspavilion/tours.html (662 words)

	Battle opf Tous: 732
		A Moslem army, in a crusading search for land and the end of Christianity, after the conquest of Syria, Egypt, and North Africa, began to invade Western Europe under the leadership of Abd-er Rahman, governor of Spain.
		Abd-er Rahman led an infantry of 60,000 to 400,000 soldiers across the Western Pyrenees and toward the Loire River, but they were met just outside the city of Tours by Charles Martel, known as the Hammer, and the Frankish Army.
		The Moslem army withdrew peacefully overnight and even though Martel expected a surprise retaliation, there was none.
	www.thenagain.info /WebChron/islam/Tours.html (393 words)

	BATTLE OF TOURS WEALTHY AND WISE FACT FINDER (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Battle of Tours (often called the Battle of Poitiers''', but not to be confused with the Battle of Poitiers, 1356) was fought on October_10, 732 between forces under the Frankish leader Charles_Martel and an Islamic army led by Emir Abd_er_Rahman.
		Estimates of his forces vary, but by most accounts were between 15–75,000.
		It would be centuries later, during the Ottoman Empire, that Islam again threatened Europe -- and they did so by way of the Balkins.
	www.boostmoney.com /Battle_of_Tours (1514 words)

	NCBuy: Saudi Arabia Country Reference
		In 1902, ABD AL-AZIZ bin Abd al-Rahman Al Saud captured Riyadh and set out on a 30-year campaign to unify the Arabian Peninsula.
		Today, the monarchy is ruled by a son of ABD AL-AZIZ, and the country's Basic Law stipulates that the throne shall remain in the hands of the aging sons and grandsons of the kingdom's founder.
		Following Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in 1990, Saudi Arabia accepted the Kuwaiti royal family and 400,000 refugees while allowing Western and Arab troops to deploy on its soil for the liberation of Kuwait the following year.
	www.ncbuy.com /reference/country/intro_sa.html (297 words)

	Battle of Tours - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		At any rate, even before the battle, discord among Arabs, Berbers, and the Iberian populations in al-Andalus had undermined the Muslim's ability to further their conquests: between 715 and 755, al-Andalus went through nearly twenty emirs, only three of whom ruled for more than five years.
		The death of Abd er Rahman threw his army into turmoil, and Muslim armies made no further major raids on western Europe until late in the 8th century.
		Altogether, even if this battle wasn't as important as some sources say, it still held some importance.
	www.jargons.org /wiki/Battle_of_Tours (1031 words)

	How we put on a happy face / What science says about the illusory pursuit of contentment
		Oprah, your mother and door-to-door Mormon missionaries all have their own ideas about what constitutes a happy life -- and they'll be more than happy to bestow their wisdom on you, if you'll sit for a spell.
		But perhaps the definitive word on happiness belongs to Abd-Er Rahman III, a 10th century Muslim governor of Spain.
		More than a millennium later, biological psychologist Daniel Nettle has written a book that expands on the Spanish leader's observation and provides a scholarly explanation for it.
	www.sfgate.com /cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2005/07/17/RVGBDDKN7B1.DTL&type=printable (850 words)

	The Scapegoat - Chapter XXIV (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		He had been heard of about four hours away, encamped with his Ministers, a portion of his hareem, and a detachment of his army, somewhere by the foot of Beni Hosmar.
		It was a mixed and noisy throng that came first, a sort of ragged regiment of Arabs, with long guns, and with their gun-cases wrapped about their heads--a big gang of wild country-folk lately enlisted as soldiers.
		Thus they went puffing along, covered with dust and sweltering in perspiration, and at every fresh shot and shout the streets they passed through grew denser.
	www.worldwideschool.org /library/books/lit/drama/TheScapegoat/chap24.html (1628 words)

	Day of Decision: The Battle of Tours - Associated Content
		Duke Odo allied himself with Uthman ibn Naissa, the Emir of what is now Catalonia and thus bought himself peace along his southern border.
		Abd er Rahman decided to invade Aquitaine to punish Odo.
		As Abd er Rahman’s army fanned out to devastate the surrounding countryside, Duke Odo, in desperation, turned to Charles, Mayor-of-the-Palace of the Frankish Kingdom of Austrasian.
	www.associatedcontent.com /action_comment.shtml?content_type=article&content_type_id=13948&flag=71062&type=bad (668 words)

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