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Topic: Abdallah, Almohad Caliph

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	Caliph oddd.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		But by 940 the power of the caliphate under the Abassids was waning as non-Arabs, particularly the Turkish (and later the Mamluks in Egypt in the latter half of the 13th century), gained influence, and sultans and emirs became increasingly independent.
		Abu Bakr was born in Mecca (Makkah), a Quraishi of the Banu Taim clan.
		This established the Umayyad dynasty, and the capital of the caliphate was moved to Damascus.
	venezuela.en.oddd.org /en/caliph (11202 words)

	Caliph of Cordoba dgun.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The title Caliph was claimed by Abd-ar-Rahman III on January 16, 929; he was previously known as the Emir of Córdoba.
		All Caliphs of Córdoba were members of the Ummayad dynasty; the same dynasty had held the title Emir of Córdoba and ruled over roughly the same territory since 756.
		Caliphs of Córdoba, is one of the finest examples of the high art and culture achieved by the Islamic civilization in Spain.]]
	caliph.of.cordoba.en.dgun.org (9673 words)

	Summary and Evaluation of Middle East & Africa to 1875 by Sanderson Beck
		Caliph an-Nasir (1180-1225) ignored the crusades and focused his diplomatic efforts in the east.
		Abdallah ibn Saud's son Turki drove the Egyptians out of Arabia in 1824 and governed until he was assassinated in 1834.
		Almohads fought the Almoravids in Morocco and Spain, confiscating property from those who did not accept their doctrines.
	www.san.beck.org /1-15-Summary.html (14077 words)

	Caliph infoTurkish.com Herşey Hakkında Türkçe Bilgi
		Caliph is the term or title for the Islamic leader of the Ummah, or community of Islam.
		With the defeat of these peripheral caliphates, the caliphate of the Ottomans began increasingly to be considered the undisputed primary caliphate.
		Muslims believe that the Caliphate is the application of Messengership of Prophets (Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, until Jesus and Muhammad) as the institution to protect and order the Muslims according the Law of God (in the Qur'an and the Universe), with the structure imitating the structure of Heaven (Mulkiyah/Government) and Earth (Ummah/People).
	www.infoturkish.com /Turkey/Caliph.html (7210 words)

	Dhimmi xmpg.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The Pact of Umar supposedly concluded between caliph Umar I and the conquered Christians, was another source of regulations pertaining to dhimmis.
		In the 12th century, rulers of the Almohad dynasty killed or forcibly converted many Jews and Christians in Andalusia and the Maghreb, possibly putting an end to the existence of Christian communities in North Africa outside Egypt.
		His grandson Abdallah, Almohad Caliph made a concession after appeals from the Jews, relaxing the required clothing to yellow garments and turbans.
	xmpg.org /en/dhimmi (5087 words)

	Africa to 1500 by Sanderson Beck
		During the enlightened caliphate of 'Umar II (717-20) enslaving Berbers was outlawed; but the new emir Yazid ibn Abi Muslim in 720 reversed this and even had his name tattooed on slaves' arms, causing angry Berber warriors to kill him.
		The Marinid tribes fought with the Almohads against Christians in Spain; but after the Muslim defeat in 1212 'Abdul-Haqq ibn Muhya led them into northeastern Morocco, where they battled an army of 10,000 Almohads in 1217; 'Abdul-Haqq was killed, but his son 'Uthman led the tribes to victory near Fez.
		The Marinid siege of the Almohad capital at Marrakesh led by Abu Yusuf failed in 1262, and his son was killed.
	www.san.beck.org /1-12-Africato1500.html (15707 words)

	YourArt.com >> Encyclopedia >> Morocco (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		What became modern Morocco in the 7th century, was the area invaded by the Arabs, who brought their customs, culture, and Islam, to which most of the Berbers converted, forming states such as the Kingdom of Nekor.
		Under the Almohad dynasty Morocco experienced a period of prosperity and brilliance of learning.
		The Almohad built the Marrakech Kutubiya Mosque, which accommodated no less than 25,000 people, but was also famed for its books, manuscripts, libraries and book shops, which gave it its name; the first book bazaar in history.
	www.yourart.com /research/encyclopedia.cgi?subject=/Morocco (3780 words)

	Destiny
		The Caliph encouraged Averroës to pursue a sustained series of commentaries on the works of Aristotle, a task which would consume much of his time for the rest of his life.
		An amazing variety of people frequent the household: the brother of the Caliph, the Caliph's sons, the gypsy dancer Manuela and her sister Sarah, the singer Marwen, poor students, wealthy students, a former religious fanatic whom the philosopher has taken in, Averroës' independent-minded daughter, and, of course, his devoted, spirited wife Zeinab.
		The younger son is weak, sensual, and easily distracted; he will become the brainwashed tool of a religious sect whose goal is to unseat the Caliph and the political/intellectual establishment, and establish the rule of fundamentalism and religious purity.
	spot.pcc.edu /~mdembrow/destiny.htm (1522 words)

	Almohad - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		New: Biocrawler.com now with the option to add inline videos.
		The Almohad Dynasty (From Arabic الموحدون al-Muwahhidun, i.e.
		You can find it there under the keyword Almohad (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almohad)The list of previous authors is available here: version history (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Almohadandaction=history).
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Almohad (1015 words)

	Sultan of Morocco wmix.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		- Abdallah III of Morocco (1740 – 1745)
		- Abdallah IV of Morocco (1745 – 1757)
		- Abdul Abdallah Mohammed III Saadi (1603 – 1607)
	sultan.of.morocco.en.wmix.org (347 words)

	Morocco info here at en.88of100d.info (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		What became modern Morocco in the 7th century, was the sphere invaded by the Arabs, who brought their customs, culture, und Islam, to which lion's meed of the Berbers converted, forming statuss such as the Kingdom of Nekor.
		The countrified promptly broke omitted from the restraint of the indirect Abbasid caliphs in Baghdad basement Idris ibn Abdallah who founded the Idrisid Dynasty.
		The Almohad put together the Marrakech Kutubiya Mosque, which accommodated no fewer than 25,000 people, but was famed for its books, manuscripts, roles und treatise shops, which gave it its name; the inaugural treatise bazaar in history.
	en.88of100d.info /Morocco (4075 words)

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