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Topic: Abdel Hakim Amer

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	Abdel Hakim Amer - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Amer was born in Astral in the Minya Province of Egypt in 1919.
		Amer, who was said to have a "gentle, warm and impulsive nature" played a leading role in the military coup that overthrew King Farouk of Egypt in 1952 which brought General Naguib and Colonel Nasser to power.
		Amer's distinguished career came to a sudden end after Egypt's defeat by Israel in the Six-Day War in June of 1967, and he was relieved of all his posts and forced into early retirement.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Abdel_Hakim_Amer (681 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Abdel Hakim Amer
		Abdel Hakim Amer (1919-1967) was an Egyptian military general and political leader.
		Amer, who was said to have a "gentle, warm and impulsive nature" played a leading role in the military coup that overthrew King Farouk of Egypt in 1952 which brought General Neguib and Colonel Nasser to power.
		On September 14, 1967, Amer was approached in his jail cell by high-ranking Egyptian officers where, like Erwin Rommel 23 years earlier, he was given a choice to remain there and stand trial for treason, which would inevitably have ended with his conviction and execution, or die an honorable death by taking poison.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Abdel_Hakim_Amer (337 words)

	Strategic Insights -- The Heikal Papers: A Discourse on the 1967 Arab-Israeli War, and Politics with Egyptian President ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Amer was an incompetent military leader who rose from Major to Field Marshal politically and who focused on controlling the internal apparatus of the Egyptian government.
		This seems like a basic understanding of the principles of war, yet Amer chose pride and conceit by positioning air and land forces closer to the Israeli border where it was extended logistically and lacked cover provided by the hills and mountains of central Sinai.
		Nasser complains that Amer hid losses from him and was in paralysis for three hours while his general staff looked into fighting a holding action in the Sinai.
	www.ccc.nps.navy.mil /si/2005/Apr/aboul-eneinApr05.asp (3342 words)

	Al-Ahram Weekly \| Egypt \| By his own hand? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The President and the Field Marshal focuses on the principal events between 1961, when the Egypt-Syria union collapsed, and 1967, when the Arabs were defeated in the war against Israel.
		She said the script lacked accuracy because it was based on unreliable sources and documents.
		"In addressing the issue of Amer's death, at the request of the prosecutor-general who re-opened the dossier of the case in the 1970s, El-Leithi did not refer to a report prepared by Dr Mohamed Diab, a toxicologist with the National Research Centre.
	weekly.ahram.org.eg /2001/519/eg8.htm (642 words)

	Encyclopedia: Six Day War
		Many of the Egyptian units remained intact and could be scrambled to prevent Israeli units from reaching the Suez Canal or engage in heavy combat in the attempt to reach the canal.
		However, when the Egyptian Minister of Defense, Field Marshal Abdel Hakim Amer heard about the fall of Abu-Ageila, he panicked and ordered all units in the Sinai to retreat.
		President Abdel Nasser's allegation … is firmly believed by almost the whole Arab population here who listen to the radio or read the press … Our broadcast denials are little heard and just not believed.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Six_Day-War (4842 words)

	MalafElSuez02b
		Upon which Abdel Hakim Amer suggested his own boss, General Mohammed Naguib, and Nasser agreed immediately that this was an excellent choice.
		This was even more strongly emphasized by an assassination attempt on General Sirry Amer, and the appearance of a dagger with a note pinned to his own desk at Abdin Palace (soon, said the note, the target will be yourself - and not in the back either).
		Amer, Sadeq and Nasser ran up the stairs, revolvers in hand, and burst into the chief of staff's office.
	egyptianchronicles.freewebsitehosting.com /MalafElSuez02b.html (3373 words)

	CNN - Controversy doesn't hurt 'Nasser' - July 19, 1998
		In fact, the son of Nasser's military chief, Field Marshall Abdel Hakim Amer, gives it an emphatic two thumbs down.
		Amer is irate, in particular, about a scene in "Nasser" in which his father advises the president to surrender during the 1956 war against Israeli forces, supported by Britain and France, over Nasser's nationalization of the Suez Canal.
		Field Marshal Amer has often born the brunt of criticism for Egyptian failures during Nasser's rule.
	www.cnn.com /SHOWBIZ/Movies/9807/19/egypt.nasser (456 words)

	Gamal Abdel Nasser ... youregypt.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Gamal Abdel Nasser was the mastermind of the covert formation of the Free Officers that acted against the monarchy and sought to take over the rule.
		In 1950, he was appointed head of the Free Officers Executive and on 23 July 1952, the Free Officers set about a coup d'état, later regarded as a "revolution." They declared Mohamed Naguib as the commander-in-chief.
		General Abdel Hakim Amer, chief of staff and the direct responsible for the defeat was dismissed and reportedly committed suicide few weeks later.
	youregypt.com /ehistory/history/republic/gamal (942 words)

	Strategic Insights -- Book Review: Learning and Rebuilding a Shattered Force—Memoirs of Pre-Yom Kippur War ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Amer and Nasser both felt that by sending a massive amount of forces would scare the Israelis and create a massive feint that would drive Tel-Aviv towards a course of action.
		Impossible!" Amer’s aide, thinking this was a coup attempt, pulls out his pistol and the other generals all go for their guns.
		Amer screamed at his Air Chief Sidqui, "Execute the plan!"—forgetting that the plan was an Egyptian first strike option that Sidqui had presented 72 hours earlier.
	www.ccc.nps.navy.mil /si/2005/Mar/aboul-eneinMar05.asp (6786 words)

	Al-Ahram Weekly \| 1952 - 2002 \| A shifting relationship
		Gamal Abdel- Nasser was no longer the friend I used to call "Jimmy." That friend was now a ruler, and I found myself calling him, "Mr President."
		And, indeed, Abdel-Hakim Amer apologised to me, and I was released.
		Amer laughed and said, "Then, the only solution, Ihsan, is that you accept my help."
	www.mafhoum.com /press3/nas105-9.htm (2712 words)

	Operation Musketeer: A Military Success Ends In Political Failure
		To be sure, the allies possessed overwhelming military strength and were on the verge of delivering a crushing military embarassment to Egypt and her president, Gamel Abdel Nasser.
		Abdel Hakim Amer, like his close friend Nasser, was born in upper Egypt.
		Amer knew little of unit dispositions and proved a very casual and ineffectual administrator possibly as a result of addiction to hasheesh.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/library/report/1984/RRW.htm (18671 words)

	Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser then began the re-militarization of the Sinai, and concentrated tanks and troops on the border with Israel.
		Many of the Egyptian units remained intact and could be scrambled to prevent Israeli units from reaching the Suez Canal or engage in combat in the attempt to reach the canal.
		These claims were also repeated by Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser in his 9 June resignation speech (his resignation was not accepted).
	www.daleboo.com /wiki/?title=Six_Day_War (5470 words)

	> Six-Day War at abcworld.net (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		In this instance, he felt pre-emption was justified, and therefore quickly added: "This was a war of self-defense in the noblest sense of the term." [21] Writing in 2002 American National Public Radio journalist Mike Shuster offered the view that Israel "was surrounded by Arab states dedicated to its eradication.
		Egypt was ruled by Gamal Abdel Nasser, a firebrand nationalist whose army was the strongest in the Arab Middle East.
		If you launch that attack, we cannot support you.â Egyptian Minister of Defense, Field Marshall Abdel Hakim Amer consulted his sources in the Kremlin, and they corroborated the substance of Kosygin's message.
	www.abcworld.net /Six-Day_War.html (7438 words)

	The NASSAR AND HIS ENEMIES: FOREIGN POLICY DECISION MAKING IN EGYPT ON THE EVE OF THE SIX DAY WAR
		He apparently asked Amer to change "withdraw" to "redeploy" and cross out "all" before "these troops." Amer reported that this was not possible, as the letter was already being delivered.
		While Amer and his military supporters perceived Israel as the primary enemy, and its military inferiority as the key factor determining action, Nasser's calculations were more complex, since his emphasis on the hostility of the United States caused him to pay greater attention to the global situation.
		However, although Nasser gave Amer much latitude, it seems unlikely that he was prepared to allow him to start a war without taking at least a passing interest, and other evidence suggests that he never had any intention of striking first.
	meria.idc.ac.il /journal/2005/issue2/jv9no2a2.html (8282 words)

	Commentary Magazine - From 1967 to 1973: The Arab-Israeli Wars (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		...In December 1966, Field Marshal Amer was not concerned with alleged Israeli troop concentrations on the Syrian border or purported Israeli threats to invade Syria...
		...In effect, Amer had given birth to an idea whose time had not yet come-but it was not long in coming...
		...Amer replied that he wanted to occupy Sharm el-Sheikh only, without closing the Gulf of Aqaba, in order to deprive Egypt's enemies in the Arab world of a pretext for their hostile propaganda...
	www.commentarymagazine.com /Summaries/V56I6P33-1.htm (12899 words)

	Foreign Affairs - Book Review - Egypt during the Nasser Years: Ideology, Politics, & Civil Society - Kirk J. Beattie (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		From an early flirtation with the Muslim Brethren to a later embrace of left-leaning socialism, Nasser remained essentially a nationalist, a pragmatist, and a dictator.
		But he was a dictator in a military regime in which the military was loyal to his rival, Abdel-Hakim Amer.
		The Nasser-Amer rivalry, now understood but at the time carefully hidden, helps explain much about Nasser's behavior in the 1960s, including some of his maneuvers on the eve of the fateful 1967 war.
	www.foreignaffairs.org /19941101fabook8907/kirk-j-beattie/egypt-during-the-nasser-years-ideology-politics-civil-society.html (290 words)

	Pakistan Link - Letter & Opinion
		Field Marshal Abdel Hakim Amer, the Egyptian Defense Minister and former army chief, was arrested two months later on charges of fomenting a rebellion and committed suicide in September.
		Everything is ready to go.” Within three years of the defeat, Abdel Nasser himself was a dead man, killed by a heart attack.
		Sadat noted that the war was lost because Amer’s war plan did not account for a surprise attack by Israel.
	www.pakistanlink.com /Opinion/2003/July03/11/03.html (982 words)

	Gamal Abdel Nasser \| President of Egypt \| Suez Canal \| Questia.com Online Library
		Gamal Abdel Nassers peculiar brand of neutralism...apply again; so in early 1937, Gamal Abdel Nasser, along with scores of...
		Abdel Qadir Awda on his...down to Colonel Nasser.
		Abdel- Nasser, or President Gamal Abdel Nasser; but no doubt for most...
	www.questia.com /library/history/african-history/african-countries/egypt/gamal-abdel-nasser.jsp (545 words)

	[No title]
		This is a historical villa that belonged to a prominent member of the Egyptian Army, Army Chief of Staff Abdel Hakim Amer.
		After Amer died his wife was allowed to live there, until she died then the villa was returned to the property of the Egyptian Government.
		In 1995 the villa was renovated and became the Mubarak Public Library.
	www.horus.ics.org.eg /en/WhereToGo/Place.aspx?id=40 (153 words)

	MalafElSuez02c
		The second is our land itself, and the position it occupies on the map of the world - that important strategic position which makes it the cross-roads of the world - the main route of its trade and the highway of its armies.
		His destiny, as it soon became evident, was to lash the winds of change up to hurricane force and to become a vital factor in the cold war.
		The New York Times of 27 February was in fact referring to a statement made by Gamal Abdel Nasser to a Correspondent of the New York Herald Tribune in the mid-November 1952.
	egyptianchronicles.freewebsitehosting.com /MalafElSuez02c.html (4263 words)

	ECSSR - Publications Book Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		This comes in addition to its general role at both the international and regional levels, as well as the growing role of the military, which held a tight grip on all the country’s activities.
		Another reason was the nature of the relationship between President Gamal Abdel Nasser and Marshal Abdel-Hakim Amer.
		This tie resulted in Nasser's relinquishing his grasp over the armed forces while Amer held their reins and established for himself a network of loyalists, similar to a a state within a state.
	www.ecssr.ac.ae /CDA/en/Publications/BookInformation/0,2091,144,00.html?type=AR (439 words)

	Six Day War Article, SixDayWar Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		In 1956, when the US withdrew its support of Egypt's Aswan High Dam facility,Egyptian President Gamel Abdel Nasser nationalised the Suez canal, a move whichincensed Britain and France.
		However, whenthe Egyptian Minister of Defense, Field Marshal Abdel Hakim Amer heard about the fall of Abu-Ageila, he panicked and ordered all units in the Sinai to retreat.
		President Abdel Nasser's allegation … is firmly believed by almost the whole Arab population here who listen to theradio or read the press … Our broadcast denials are little heard and just not believed.
	www.anoca.org /israeli/israel/six_day_war.html (4257 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Six-Day War
		Egyptian Minister of Defense, Field Marshall Abdel Hakim Amer consulted his sources in the Kremlin, and they corroborated the substance of Kosygin's message.
		Despondent, Amer told the commander of Egypt's air force, Major General Mahmud Sidqi, that the operation was cancelled." http://www.commonwealthclub.org/archive/02/02-06oren-intro.html
		Within Israel's political leadershi, it was decided that if the US would not act, and if the UN could not act, then Israel would have to act.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Arab-Israeli_war (5356 words)

	The Economist Reviews Oren, "Six Days of War: June 1967 and the Making of the Modern Middle East": Archive ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		All the same, Egypt's president, Gamal Abdel Nasser, did not believe that the Arabs were ready for war.
		But--and to Mr Oren's mind this was a third factor that precipitated war--his caution was not shared by Field-Marshal Abdel Hakim Amer, the head of the armed forces, with whom Nasser shared a complex and rivalrous friendship.
		Under pressure from Amer, with tension high on the Israel-Syria border, and after the Soviet warning, Nasser could not do nothing.
	www.j-bradford-delong.net /movable_type/archives/000136.html (1017 words)

	Telegraph \| News
		Gamal Abdel Nasser, 49, President of Egypt and leader of the Arab world for 11 years, resigned yesterday as firing stopped in Sinai where his army was crushingly defeated by Israel.
		It was announced later that Marshal Abdel Hakim Amer, chief of Egypt's armed forces and the Arab high command, and Gen Shamseddin Badran, Defence Minister, had also resigned.
		Col Nasser's resignation was seen in London last night as improving the chances of a peace settlement between Egypt and Israel.
	www.telegraph.co.uk /news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/campaigns/middle_east/midnass.xml (698 words)

	Baheyya: Egypt Analysis and Whimsy بهية: Kifaya reductionism, Kifaya gossip, Kifaya misrepresentation
		There's a long tradition in Egypt of reducing "the regime" (al-nizam) to not simply the executive branch but even more narrowly the president and his handful of advisers; cf.
		the endless speculations over Nasser and Abdel Hakim Amer, Sadat and his serial confidants/nemeses, Mubarak and Abu Ghazala, etc. Western "risk analysts" and pseudo-academics picked this up and elevated it to the status of dogma.
		The Financial Times got in on the act, but their breathless assertion that "The Egyptian government is facing an unprecedented challenge from the country's judges" is inaccurate (see below).
	baheyya.blogspot.com /2005/04/kifaya-reductionism-kifaya-gossip.html (1307 words)

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