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Topic: Abductive reasoning

	Abductive reasoning - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Abduction, or inference to the best explanation, is a method of reasoning employed in the sciences in which one chooses which hypothesis would, if true, best explain the relevant evidence.
		In other words, it is the reasoning process that starts from a set of facts and derives their most likely explanations.
		Abductive reasoning, Logic-based abduction, Set-cover abduction, History of the concept, Applications, References, See also, External links, FOLDOC sourced articles and Logic.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Abductive_reasoning (1128 words)

	What is Abductive Inference?
		Abductive reasoning has the logical form of an inverse modus ponens and is "reasoning backwards" from consequent to antecedent.
		With his concept of abductive reasoning as a "logic of discovery" Peirce tries to reformulate the Kantian question, how synthetical reasoning is possible at all.
		The question of the status of abductive reasoning as major aspect of a "logic of discovery" is a controversial issue in philosophy of science and epistemology.
	user.uni-frankfurt.de /~wirth/inferenc.htm (1098 words)

	Reasoning - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Reasoning is defined very differently depending on the context of the understanding of reason as a form of knowledge.
		The Logical definition is the act of using reason, to derive a conclusion from certain premises, using a given methodology; and the two most commonly used explicit methods to reach a conclusion are deductive reasoning and inductive reasoning.
		Analogical reasoning is very frequent in common sense, science, philosophy and the humanities, but sometimes it is accepted only as an auxiliary method.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Reasoning (403 words)

	Abductive reasoning - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Abduction, or abductive reasoning, is the process of reasoning to the best explanations.
		In other words, it is the reasoning process that starts from a set of facts and derives their most likely explanations.
		In rare occasions, the expression "explanatory conclusions" is used instead of "explanations" to name the result of the abductive process.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Abductive_reasoning (1036 words)

	[No title]
		In addition, Peirce insists that reasoning is a form of deliberate conduct, and is therefore subject to praise and blame–making logic a form of ethical behavior and thus subject to the rules of right conduct[7].
		Another good reason for separating these two concepts (abduction from retroduction) is that retroduction cannot be considered without also considering the relational patterns of (and among) all three types as inferences–as well as the relational aspects of the context for which it is being applied.
		Therefore, the proposal that we should use the term "abduction" for the reasoning method by which conditional purposes (hypotheses) are constructed and "retroduction" as the overarching method by which theories are engendered (by the interplay of abduction, deduction, and induction) should not be taken lightly.
	www.digitalpeirce.fee.unicamp.br /p-abachi.htm (5340 words)

	Abductive Reasoning: Philosophical and Educational Perspectives in Medicine
		Abduction, which expresses likelihood in reasoning, is a typical form of fallacious inference: <169>[it] is a matter of utilizing the principle of maximum likelihood in order to formalize a pattern of reasoning known as `inference to the best explanation'<170> (Figure 1) (Fetzer, 1990, p.
		Medical reasoning is unified by the related notion of selective abduction because this kind of reasoning explains and executes the three generic tasks of diagnosis, therapy planning, and monitoring, correctly establishing the level of evaluation procedures and ontological medical complexity.
		Moreover it seems that the idea of abductive reasoning might be a flexible epistemological interface between other related notions (induction and deduction, best explanation, perception, forward and backward reasoning, defeasibility, discovery, and so on) all of which are involved in medical reasoning but, at the same time, are of great theoretical interest in general.
	www.unipv.it /webphilos_lab/courses/papers/abductive_reasoning.htm (8791 words)

	A Hybrid Learning Model of Abductive Reasoning
		Multicausal abductive tasks appear to have deliberate and implicit components: people generate and modify explanations using a series of recognizable steps, but these steps appear to be guided by an implicit hypothesis evaluation process.
		Symbolic models of abductive reasoning tend to be far too search-intensive (e.g., Peng and Reggia, 1990), whereas connectionist models (e.g., Thagard, 1989) have difficulty explaining higher level abductive reasoning, such as the generation and revision of explanatory hypotheses.
		Abductive reasoning is the process of generating a best explanation for a set of observations (e.g., Pople, 1973; Peng and Reggia, 1990; Josephson and Josephson, 1994).
	www.sahs.uth.tmc.edu /trjohnso/papers/ijcai95/ijcai95.html (3417 words)

	TU Chemnitz, Institut für Psychologie: Philosophische Fakultä...
		Diagnostic or abductive reasoning is an essential part of many real-world tasks, like medical diagnosis, debugging of computer programs, and scientific discovery.
		Generally, abductive reasoning is the process of finding a best explanation for a set of observations (Josephson and Josephson, 1994).
		In a first series of experiments we examined the updating processes of WM contents during abductive reasoning and how these processes ensure that the limited WM ressources are efficiently used.
	www.tu-chemnitz.de /phil/psych/professuren/allpsy1/abduktion.php (376 words)

	CSC - A New Design Argument
		The method of abductive inference is particularly important in the historical sciences, reasoning backward from phenomena to the cause.
		The abductive method of reasoning backward from the effects considers and evaluates various candidate natural and intelligent cause hypotheses, and eliminates those that do not agree with experience.
		As we have seen, the abductive method of inferring backward from the effects has shown that natural processes suffice to produce order, and an ordering intelligence is not needed, (except perhaps in the remote sense of an intelligence standing behind the natural process, which is the view of many theists).
	www.discovery.org /scripts/viewDB/index.php?command=view&id=137 (5947 words)

	My perception of Abductive reasoning « The Humble Servant
		Abductive reasoning starts from a set of accepted facts and infers to their most likely, or best, explanations.
		So in my perception, Abductive reasoning is a process or set of steps in which you would compare and contrast an educated guess that would prove your data or evidence to be true by becoming the best way to describe it.
		This entry was posted on April 29, 2007 at 12:22 pm and is filed under reasoning.
	theseatofthesoul.wordpress.com /2007/04/29/my-perception-of-abductive-reasoning (235 words)

	Abductive.reasoning
		Appropriately, attempts have been made to achieve a more exact understanding of abductive reasoning by developing formal models that can be used to analyze the computational properties of abductive reasoning and its relation to other kinds of inference.
		These definitions usefully capture much of what is central in abductive reasoning, particularly the goal of assembling a set of hypotheses (causes) that provide good explanations of the data (effects).
		In scientific reasoning, in contrast, the task is to explain as much of the data as you can and to come up with a set of explanatory hypotheses that is better than the current set.
	cogsci.uwaterloo.ca /Articles/Pages/%7FAbductive.html (5209 words)

	Thought processes
		Reasoning is the process by which we use the knowledge we have to draw conclusions or infer something we know about the domain of interest.
		Deductive reasoning involves deciding what must be true given the rules of logic and some starting set of facts(premises).
		This kind of reasoning, although useful, can lead to unreliability as an action preceding an event can be wrongly attributed as the cause of the event.
	www.cc.gatech.edu /classes/cs6751_97_winter/Topics/human-cap/process.html (1135 words)

	[No title]
		Abduction allows us to reason from the experience at hand, to so as to understand that experience not as a unique phenomenon, but as a meaningful case of some hypothetical rule or principle.
		The value of an abductively based semiotic model of inquiry is that issues of meaning and understanding come to the forefront.
		These activities are clearly abductive, since they end with meaning claims, and their purposes are to foster a shared understanding of circumstances and phenomena.
	www.ibiblio.org /pub/academic/communications/papers/ejvc/SHANK.V1N1 (4942 words)

	Abduction and Induction in AI
		For instance, he argued that Bayesian conditioning (the kind of evidential reasoning done in Bayesian networks to find causes for observed effects) can be seen as abduction in probabilistic logic programs, where we try to explain the evidence conditioning on all the knowledge obtained since the knowledge base was built.
		Presumably having an abductive coverage relation also influences the generality structure of the hypothesis space, and may have a profound impact on the learning algorithm.
		The main conclusion to be drawn from these two workshops is that whether one perceives abduction and induction as two of a kind or as fundamentally different reasoning forms depends strongly on the domain of application and the particular AI approach employed.
	www.cs.ucy.ac.cy /compulog/newpage32.htm (2445 words)

	Thought processes
		Reasoning is the process by which we use the knowledge we have to draw conclusions or infer something we know about the domain of interest.
		Deductive reasoning involves deciding what must be true given the rules of logic and some starting set of facts(premises).
		This kind of reasoning, although useful, can lead to unreliability as an action preceding an event can be wrongly attributed as the cause of the event.
	www-static.cc.gatech.edu /classes/cs6751_97_winter/Topics/human-cap/process.html (1135 words)

	Citations: Approaches to abductive reasoning---an overview - Paul (ResearchIndex)
		That is, abduction is a process that includes both hypothesis generation (forming a set of plausible hypotheses) and hypothesis evaluation (choosing a best one) Note that this distinction does not imply that abduction is a clean....
		Abduction is reasoning to an explanation according to a given known theory.
		In order to be able to force a decision among the various hypotheses if, for example, the user directly asks for help to complete his plan, there must be a criterion to judge the quality of a plan hypothesis which enables the best guess of the actually pursued plan to be....
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /context/254243/119152 (2334 words)

	Welcome to The University of Alabama Press search page
		This book examines three areas in which abductive reasoning is especially important: medicine, science, and law.
		Cases of causal explanations in law are analyzed using abductive reasoning, and all the components are finally brought together to build a new account of abductive reasoning.
		By clarifying the notion of abduction as a common and significant type of reasoning in everyday argumentation, Abductive Reasoning will be useful to scholars and students in many fields, including argumentation, computing and artificial intelligence, psychology and cognitive science, law, philosophy, linguistics, and speech communication and rhetoric.
	www.uapress.ua.edu /NewSearch2.cfm?id=133060 (253 words)

	Abductive reasoning with knowledge bases for context modelling
		Abductive reasoning with knowledge bases for context modelling.
		In this paper, we explore the use of abductive reasoning to control knowledge base interactions.
		In addition, it can be used to perform various kinds of reasoning such as default reasoning, and planning of the next knowledge state, via the use of additional predicates such as "abnormal" and "anomalous".
	www.cs.bris.ac.uk /Publications/pub_info.jsp?id=1000510 (203 words)

	CIOS - (Site not responding. Last check: )
		I also gain the recognition that "abductive reasoning" is the special essence of Q as the study of subjectivity.
		Now, to Q and abductive reasoning, let me state my position: As far as I was able to experience, the single _main_ advantage of Q, that THING no other methodology has been able to provide for me _is_ abductive reasoning.
		I also gain the recognition = that "abductive reasoning" is the special essence of Q as the study = of subjectivity.
	www.cios.org /mailboxes/Q-method/02044064.942 (1975 words)

	Peirce's Arisbe - Phyllis Chiasson: REVISITING A NEGLECTED ARGUMENT FOR THE REALITY OF GOD
		It will then show, based upon Peirce's Neglected Argument, that it is the attitude from which the abductive reasoning process is undergone--and not a particular hypothesis resulting from the abduction--which produces the sorts of hypotheses worthy of testing out by means of making one's various life choices accordingly.
		The optimistic application of abductive reasoning allows an individual to engage in an aesthetic exploration of options and to then filter these options through the lens of ethics (or right conduct) before establishing one or another hypothesis as worthy of development and testing out in the inquiry that is one's life.
		Perhaps it is by examining the activities at this earliest stage of abductive reasoning (Musement)--where new possibilities first present themselves for consideration--we can begin to build a clearer idea of what Peirce actually intended for abduction--and his theory of pragmaticism to mean.
	www.cspeirce.com /menu/library/aboutcsp/chiasson/revisit.htm (3111 words)

	A Peircean View of Teacher Beliefs and Genuine Doubt
		One reason may be that traditional experiences do generate meaningful cognitive dissonance or discomfort and therefore are ineffectual means of promoting genuine doubt and, therefore, abductive reasoning.
		To understand the pivotal role of abductive reasoning, it is important to situate it in an elaboration of Peirce's reasoning types.
		After using abductive reasoning to resolve her various instances of doubt, she came to recognize the complexity of her concerns.
	www.und.nodak.edu /dept/ehd/journal/Fall2002/schreiber.html (9350 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Abduction is generally understood as reasoning from effects to causes or explanations, and induction as inferring general rules from specific data.
		Hence typically an abductive hypothesis consists of specific facts further describing the situation at hand, while an inductive hypothesis consists of general rules pertaining to a whole class of situations.
		However, this intuitive distinction between abductive and inductive hypotheses does not seem to be fully captured by contemporary models of abductive and inductive reasoning in Artificial Intelligence.
	www.mlnet.org /community/events/cfps/ecai96-ws-air.ascii (876 words)

	Rutgers: ORSP - ARO Workshop
		Although they are fallible, abductive inferences provide (non-deductively) valid justifications for their conclusions.
		Abduction or abductive inference is about “inference to the best explanation”; [JJ94] and “reasoning from given data to a hypothesis that explains the data” [W04].
		In this talk, I'll briefly describe what Cyc is, and has been, touch on an early approach to abductive reasoning and classification in a traditional logical framework, and some difficulties with that approach, and then describe recent, very initial work on integrating Markov Logic within the millions of axioms of the Cyc KB.
	orsp.rutgers.edu /aro/default.htm (3131 words)

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