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Topic: Abdul Medjid of Turkey

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	turkey - Information from Reference.com
		Turkey borders eight countries: Bulgaria to the northwest, Greece to the west, Georgia to the northeast, Armenia, Azerbaijan (the Nakhichevan exclave), and Iran to the east, Iraq and Syria to the southeast.
		Turkey is particularly cautious about an independent Kurdish state arising from a destabilised Iraq; it has previously fought an insurgent war on its own soil, in which an estimated 37,000 people lost their lives, against the PKK (listed as a terrorist organization by a number of states and organisations, including the U.S. and the EU).
		Turkey is encircled by seas on three sides: the Aegean Sea to the west, the Black Sea to the north and the Mediterranean Sea to the south.
	www.reference.com /search?q=turkey (9994 words)

	TURKEY
		Turkey in Asia is bounded on the north by the Black Sea and Georgia; on the east by Armenia and Iran; on the south by Iraq, Syria, and the Mediterranean Sea; and on the west by the Aegean Sea.
		Turkey's population has grown very rapidly from 13,648,270 in 1927, when the first official census was taken, to 24,111,778 at the census of 1955 and to 50,664,458 at the census of 1985.
		The Armenian Apostolic Church in Turkey is headed by a patriarch in Istanbul; the Armenian Catholic Church by the patriarch-catholicos of Cilicia; the Chaldeans by the bishops of Mardin; the Roman Catholics by an apostolic delegate in Istanbul and the archbishop of Izmir; and the Jews by a grand rabbi in Istanbul.
	www.geocities.com /CollegePark/Field/4504/turkey.html (20877 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Turkish Empire
		The Balkan Peninsula (European Turkey), divided into eight provinces or vilayets, comprises the plateaux and terraces which extend to the south-east of the uplands of the Alps between the Adriatic, the Archipelago, and the Black Sea.
		To-day Turkey is on the road, to reform and political reorganization.
		In Turkey in Europe, on the contrary, there are 66 percent of Christians to 33 percent Mussulmans.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/15097a.htm (5082 words)

	Probert Encyclopaedia: People and Peoples (Abc-Ac) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Revolution in Turkey forced him to restore the constitution in 1908 and summon a parliament, in 1909 he attempted a counter-revolution and was deposed and exiled.
		Abdul Azziz Ibn Saud was King of Saudi Arabia.
		Abdul Rahman was the first Prime Minister of the Federation of Malaya.
	www.probertencyclopaedia.com /C11.HTM (1563 words)

	GreenJolly.net :.: Revolutions
		Turkey was compelled to capitulate in October, 1918.
		Finally, at the conference in Lausanne the independence of Turkey and its borders was recognized.
		In autumn of 1923 Turkey was proclaimed a republic.
	www.greenjolly.net /eng/revolution/130/0/9 (482 words)

	The Eastern Question
		The present condition of Turkey within the last hundred years stripped of some of her fairest possessions, and the seat of her Empire in the possession of the great powers, and dependent upon the great powers for her very existence is a conspicuous example of the mutability of human affairs.
		Europe was led into a bloody war because Turkey demanded, and Russia was too proud and too angry to con-cede certain immaterial variations in the phraseology of a settlement which was substantially agreeable to both.
		Turkey and Russia began the war by themselves, and although at first the Turks succeeded in repulsing the Russians at every point of attack along the Danube, the war, if left to run its course, could have had but one outcome.
	www.oldandsold.com /articles35/modern-europe-28.shtml (4476 words)

	Abd-ul-Mejid I (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		At the very time his father died, the news was on its way to Constantinople that the empire army had been signally defeated at Nezib by that of the rebel Egyptian viceroy, Mehemet Ali.
		When Kossuth and others sought refuge in Turkey after the failure of the Hungarian rising in 1849, the sultan was called on by Austria and Russia to surrender them, but "boldly and determinedly" refused.
		In his reign the reckless system of foreign loans began, carried to excess in the ensuing reign and culminating in default, which led to the alienation of European sympathy from Turkey and indirectly to the dethronement and death of Abd-ul-Aziz.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/abd_ul_mejid_i (608 words)

	HyeEtch - Armenian Genocide - Oppression & Atrocities p1
		In response to a special request from the British ambassador, a statement was drawn up by persons thoroughly well-posted in regard to the general condition, and from that statement are taken in considerable degree the facts that follow.
		One of the glories of the administration of Abdul Medjid was the Hatti Humayoun of I856, the charter of liberty and equality to the Christians of Turkey,.
		During the remainder of the reign of Abdul Medjid, and to a considerable extent during that of Abdul Aziz, this principle had been followed.
	www.hyeetch.nareg.com.au /genocide/oppres_p1.html (1956 words)

	Lalor, Cyclopaedia of Political Science, V.3, Entry 272, TURKEY.: Library of Economics and Liberty
		Serbia next bounds Turkey to the Danube, and the space between this river and the Balkans is occupied by the tributary state of Bulgaria, with the exception of the Dobrudja and the additional territory lying north of a line drawn from Silestria on the Danube to the Black sea, south of Mangolia.
		Turkey in Europe is divided in its eastern half by the Balkans into Bulgaria and Roumelia, the latter having an eastern and western division, and covering, in the extension given it by Turkey and the treaty of San Stefano, Thrace and Macedonia.
		The sandjaks of European Turkey, whose arrangement in vilayets has not been permanent since the treaty of Berlin, are Monastir Korytya, Prisrend, Urhkul and Debra in the vilayet of Monastir, Jannina, Prevesa, Argyro Kastro Berat and Trikala, the vilayet of Jannina; Salonica Seres and Drama, vilayet of Salonica, Adrianople, Rodosto and Gallipoli, vilayet of Adrianople.
	www.econlib.org /library/YPDBooks/Lalor/llCy1042.html (7167 words)

	[No title]
		This hesitation on the part of the Ottomans was caused by the universal excitement then prevailing throughout the Christian populations of Turkey, who expected an intervention in their behalf to be made by the confederate sovereigns of the Holy Alliance and were ready to rise throughout the empire at the first signal of encouragement.
		It was the general opinion in Europe at this time that Turkey was irretrievably ruined, and that the attempts of her reforming sovereign to resuscitate her power had been the mere galvanizing of a corpse.
		Before we consider the personal qualities of his successor, Sultan Abdul Medjid, it will be convenient first to trace rapidly to its conclusion the Egyptian war, which seemed to darken with such fatal disasters the opening of the young sovereign's reign.
	www.shsu.edu /~his_ncp/Mahmud.html (8533 words)

	Slouching Towards Mecca (Harpers.org) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		And today, should Abdul Medjid[4] utter the heresy that Mohammed is not a prophet of God, he would sleep with the camel-driver of Mecca in twenty-four hours, and his throne would pass to a more faithful representative of the founder of Islam.
		The temporal power in Turkey is always necessarily the defender of the faith, and an appeal to the Sultan or the governor for the time, in the name of Mohammed, is never in vain.
		Medjid—Abdul Medjid (1823-1861) was the sultan of the Ottoman sultan from 1839-1861.
	www.harpers.org /FallOfIslam.html (1492 words)

	Selected Speeches of Kossuth: Chapter 46 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Turkey, when she extended her sway over Transylvania and half of Hungary, never interfered with the way in which the inhabitants chose to govern themselves; the even allowed those within her dominions to collect the taxes voted by independent Hungary, with the aim to make war against the Porte.
		The Circassians, the Tatars under Emir Mirza, the Cossacks of the Dobroja, by whom the electric shock is transmitted to Poland and Hungary, form an unbroken chain, by which the spark is carried into the heart of Europe, where all the combustible elements wait for the moment of explosion.
		Twenty-four years ago Turkey was believed to be in a decaying state; it is now stronger than it has been for the last hundred years.
	www.hrfa.org /kossuth/kos46.html (4648 words)

	The Nation, 04/23/1924 - The End of the Turkish Caliphate by Raff, William Jourdan
		The deputies couldn't see why Republican Turkey should support the Caliph and about a hundred princes and princesses of the House of Othman, especially when the Caliphate was an institution in whose maintenance the whole of orthodox Islam was interested.
		...As Turkey, becomes more and more westernized it will naturally come about that scientific methods, which the Turks are so anxious to adopt now in government, industry, and agriculture, will be used in studying their religion...
		...Abdul Medjid, the thirty-sixth successor of Othman, was deprived of his prerogatives aa Caliph (he never possessed those of Sultan) and the Caliphate abolished by vote of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey...
	www.nationarchive.com /Summaries/v118i3068_06.htm (1690 words)

	Amazon.com: "Sultan Abdul-Medjid": Key Phrase page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The People of Turkey: Twenty years' residence among Bulgarians, Greeks, Albanians, Turks, and Armenians.
		Rare meetings between them could only be arranged when the prince went to...
		The People of Turkey: Twenty Years' Residence Among Bulgarians, Greeks, Albanians, Turks And Armenians by Fanny Janet Blunt
	amazon.com /phrase/Sultan-Abdul_Medjid (385 words)

	Abdul-Hamid, II Biography / Biography of Abdul-Hamid, II Main Biography
		The settlement of San Stefano in March 1878 was harsh for Turkey because it provided for Bosnian-Herzegovinian autonomy, the independence of Serbia, Montenegro, and Romania, establishment of "Greater Bulgaria," and an indemnity and cession of territory to the czar.
		The terms were ameliorated by a revision announced in Berlin on July 13, 1878.
		In Armenia, whose inhabitants wanted changes promised at Berlin, a series of revolts occurred between 1892 and 1894, culminating in persecutions and massacres of an estimated 100,000 Armenians.
	www.bookrags.com /biography/abdul-hamid-ii (838 words)

	Programme Notes
		Apart from composing popular marches dedicated to his royal patrons, Donizetti also taught the members of the Sultan's family and was instrumental in organising the visits of important musicians to Turkey, such as that of Liszt in 1847.
		Numerous references to European musical life in Turkey are found in foreign music periodicals of the nineteenth century.
		Since an Italian like Donizetti was responsible for creating a school of music in Turkey, it was naturally Italian music and opera of the time that became popular in the Ottoman court.
	www.trin.cam.ac.uk /empires/prognotes.htm (3056 words)

	WEISS COLLECTION
		Obv: Bust of Sultan Abdul Medjid Khan surrounded by numerous shields and plaques which are inscribed from the top clockwise: RIZA.
		Abdul Medjid (Mehjid) (1823-1861) was the sultan of Turkey during the period of the Crimean War.
		He was succeeded by his brother Abdul Aziz in 1861.
	www.historicalartmedals.com /MEDAL%20WEB%20ENTRIES/BELGIUM/HART-CRIMEAN%20WAR-BW155.htm (439 words)

	Abdul Hamid II (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The Turks were defeated, and the Empire might have been completely overthrown, had not the European powers, fearing that Russia would grow too powerful, interfered in the peace negotiations.
		Turkey did, however, lose all claim to Bosnia, Bulgaria, Herzegovina, Montenegro, Roumania and Servia.
		In 1908 he was compelled by the Young Turks to grant a constitution, and in April, 1909, he was deposed.
	www.factopia.com /practical-reference/abdul-hamid-ii.htm (132 words)

	The Drift to War - The Vienna Note
		Turkey hadn't been invited to the conference, and he was being presented not only with a fait accompli but also a humiliating surrender of sovereignty.
		Turkey would guarantee that the long held rights of the Ottoman Christians would remain unchanged in perpetuity.
		Whatever, Abdul had had enough, and on 4th October he declared war on Russia.
	www.suite101.com /article.cfm/6247/35735 (1130 words)

	Salaam Knowledge
		`So long as Turkey was at war with Great Britain, a considerable number of Indian mussulmans were fighting against her, and it is likely that thousands of Turks have lost their lives at the hands of these mussulmans.
		Even fully discounting the aftermath of Western warfare with Turkey, the role of the so-called millet groups as disruptive forces in the empire cannot be neglected.
		For example, Abdul Latif Tibawi has brought to light some of the underground literature produced under Christian influence during the last quarter of the nineteenth century.
	www.salaam.co.uk /knowledge/inquiry5.php (4439 words)

	The Piano Education Page - Meet the Composer - Franz Liszt
		Pasa really was pushing for Europeanization of Turkey and worked long and hard to arrange this portion of my World Tour to include Constantinople.
		Anyway, after my recitals in Turkey were finished, this piano was sold to a young man who wanted it as a present for his fiancée.
		George: It sounds like you were treated quite well by the Sultan, and others, and we have heard stories about the audiences in Europe serenading you at your hotel after you finished a concert, and generally treating you as a star.
	www.pianoeducation.org /pnoliszt.html (3298 words)

	The Times 21.1.1863 p 12
		His ideal of human grandeur, we are assured by Mr Kinglake, was the character of the Duke of Wellington, which would be a greater compliment to those who believe, with us, it was deserved, if the moral and intellectual qualities of the Czar had been of a higher order.
		He had truth in him, but it was not exactly such truth as Turkey liked, or as carried the assent of Europe to its declarations.
		He further informed Abdul Medjid that he had instructions to request the British admiral in the Mediterranean to hold his fleet in readiness in event of imminent danger — a very significant declaration to an Oriental prince.
	www.crimeantexts.org.uk /sources/times/t630121a.html (2158 words)

	HISTORY OF THESSALONIKI (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		By the end of the l8th century the Greeks of Thessaloniki, who like the other Greeks had benefited from the Treaty of Kiutsuk Kainardji (1744) between Turkey and Russia, were steadily improv ing their economic position.
		From 1830 Turkey and Greece established a channel for diplomatic relations when the Russian consul A. Moustoxydes undertook to represent the interests of Greece.
		The people of Macedonia were quickly disillusioned, however, when it became clear that the Young Turks' real motive was to gain time to abolish the privileges of the Patriarchate, to impose upon the other nationalities and in general to assimilate them.
	www.datatone.com /~angelos/thessaloniki.html (6487 words)

	Mardin. Young Ottoman Thought
		The journals which have reported that I was engaged in founding a banking establishment are not satisfied with the denials with which this absurd story has met with the good sense of the public before I took the trouble to contradict it through one of my secretaries.
		The party of Young Turkey, which had attained such public prominence as a result of all this correspondence, counter-correspondence, and tract distribution, was, as we have seen, the name by which for some years reformist elements had been known in Turkey.
		Now, ten years after the publication of Ubicini's book, a third Young Turkey, the Young Turkey of the Patriotic Alliance, was combating the very tendencies of the over-Westernized Jeune Turquie of Abdul Medjid of which Ubicini spoke.
	www.juedisches-archiv-chfrank.de /kehilot/turkei/INFOS/mardin.html (7906 words)

	[No title]
		ABDUL-HA`MID II., sultan of Turkey in 1876, brother to Abdul-Aziz, and his successor; under him Turkey has suffered serious dismemberment, and the Christian subjects in Armenia and Crete been cruelly massacred; _b_.
		ACHMED PASHA, a French adventurer, served in French army, condemned to death, fled, and served Austria; condemned to death a second time, pardoned, served under the sultan, was banished to the shores of the Black Sea (1675-1747).
		ACH`MET I., sultan of Turkey from 1603 to 1617; A. II., from 1691 to 1695; A. III., from 1703 to 1730, who gave asylum to Charles XII.
	www.gutenberg.net /1/2/3/4/12342/12342-8.txt (19010 words)

	I read part of the article on the Scapegoat that some people say is (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		At the very time specified, Turkey, through her ambassadors, accepted the protection of the allied powers of Europe, and thus placed herself under the control of Christian nations.
		When it became known, multitudes were convinced of the correctness of the principles of prophetic interpretation adopted by Miller and his associates, and a wonderful impetus was given to the advent movement.
		Meanwhile, in Egypt, after Napoleon’s departure, Mehemet (Muhammad or Mohammed) Ali from the city of Kaválla in Macedonia, serving in the Ottoman contingent, rose to power and in 1806 became the Ottoman governor of Egypt, thereby opening a new chapter in the history of that ancient land.
	www.progressiveadventist.com /letters.htm (9305 words)

	St. Clair, "Residence in Bulgaria" - 11
		GREATEST among the anomalies of Turkey is one which by its inordinate injustice astonishes even those who through long experience of the country have ceased to be astonished at anything else.
		The illogical revolution effected by Sultan Mahmoud in the Government destroyed the political, social, and economical organization of Turkey, only to replace it by a state of affairs which is best described by the Turkish word Kalabalik.
		Again the Mussulman paying for exemption 8000 piastres, whilst the Rayah pays 25 per annum, buys his liberty at 320 years' purchase, without entering into the calculation of' the respective value of the sum paid down and of that paid by instalments.
	www.kroraina.com /knigi/en/sc/sc_11.html (1281 words)

	Ottoman
		Abdulhamid II Sultan Abdulhamid II was born in Istanbul on the 21st of September, 1842.
		His father is Sultan Abdul Medjid and his mother is Tir-i Mujgan Kadin Efendi.
		Sultan Abdul Hamid II had established universities, an Academy of Fine Arts, Schools of Finance and Agriculture.
	www.theottomans.org /english/family/abdulhamid2.asp (303 words)

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