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Topic: Abell 2218

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	Imaging & Imagining Space: Abell 2218 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Abell 2218 is a large cluster of galaxies.
		The gravitational force in Abell 2218 is so strong it produces an effect known as multiple imaging, where distortion actually produces more than one image of the same galaxy.
		Abell 2218 is about 3 billion light years away in the constellation Draco.
	spaceimages.northwestern.edu /SpaceImages1/Abell_2218.html (183 words)

	List of Abell clusters - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Abell catalogue is an almost complete catalogue of approximately 4000 galaxy clusters with at least 30 members to a redshift of z = 0.2.
		It was originally compiled by George Abell in 1958 using the plates of POSS, and extended to the southern hemisphere by Abell, Corwin and Olowin in 1987.
		Abell 1835 - behind which lies a candidate for the furthest known galaxy, "Galaxy Abell 1835 IR1916", seen by gravitational lensing
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/List_of_Abell_clusters (163 words)

	Abell 2218 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Abell 2218 is a cluster of galaxies about 3 billion light-years away in the constellation Draco.
		Those multiple images usually appear as a pair of images with a third — generally fainter — counter image, as is the case for the very distant object.
		Abell 2218 was used as a gravitational lens to discover the most distant known object in the universe as of 2004.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Abell_2218 (219 words)

	Gravitational Lensing in Galaxy Cluster Abell 2218 (SEDS HST Archive 2 of 135) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Gravitational Lensing in Galaxy Cluster Abell 2218 (SEDS HST Archive 2 of 135)
		This NASA Hubble Space Telescope image of the rich galaxy cluster, Abell 2218, is a spectacular example of gravitational lensing.
		Studies of remote galaxies viewed through well-studied lenses like Abell 2218 promise to reveal the nature of normal galaxies at much earlier epochs than was previously possible.
	www.seds.org /hst/A2218.html (392 words)

	Galaxy Cluster Abell 2218 as a Cosmic 'Zoom Lens' (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The pattern of arcs over this HST image of the galaxy cluster Abell 2218 is a spectacular example of the gravitational lensing phenomenon.
		Abell 2218 is such a massive, compact cluster that light rays passing though it are markedly deflected by its enormous gravitational field.
		In this way, Abell 2218 acts as a powerful 'zoom lens' making it possible to view galaxies so far away that they would not otherwise be visible, even with the most powerful telescopes available.
	library.advanced.org /21008/data/gallery/galaxy_cluster_abell_2218.html (217 words)

	Deep ISOCAM Observations of Abell 2218 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Abell 2218 is a very rich galaxy cluster (richness class 4, according to Abell et al.
		Abell 2218 was observed on March 3, 1996 and again on February 28, 1997 as part of an ISO program of observations of lensing galaxy clusters with arcs and arclets: Abell 370, Abell 2218, Cl2244-02 and MS2137-23.
		It is classified as one of the 235 arclet candidates in the first HST observation of Abell 2218 (Kneib et al.
	www.iso.vilspa.esa.es /science/pub/young/altierib.html (1286 words)

	A2218: Multiple-Images in the Cluster Lens Abell 2218
		Abstract: Abell 2218 is a rich galaxy cluster composed of thousands of galaxies and a mass equivalent to ten thousand galaxies interspersed throughout the cluster.
		Abell 2218 ist einer der dichtesten bekannten Galaxienhaufen, wo dieser Verlust besonders schnell abläuft.
		Multiple-Images in the Cluster Lens Abell 2218: Constraining the Geometry of the Universe ?
	hera.ph1.uni-koeln.de /~heintzma/EndSt/Artikel/A2218.htm (1411 words)

	Draco art links US
		Galaxy Cluster Abell 2218 is a massive cluster of galaxies some 2 billion light years distant toward the constellation Draco.
		Galaxy cluster Abell 2218 is so massive that its gravitational field can deflect rays of light that pass through it.
		This gravitational lensing effect serves to magnify, distort, and brighten the light of distant galaxies that by chance happen to lie behind the cluster, which in the image are visible as thin arc segments.
	artus.dunmarsh.com /art/draco.html (689 words)

	SPACE.com -- Faint But Distant Galaxies Spotted Using Space Lens Trick
		The galaxy cluster Abell 2218 was used as a galactic magnifying glass to view an ancient galaxy 11.4 ligh-years behind it.
		Abell's mass is that of 10,000 galaxies and lies 2 billion light years away.
		The farthest and oldest, and therefore according to Ellis, "the most interesting" proto-galaxy was found to be 11.4 billion light-years behind the galaxy cluster Abell 2218, itself two billion light-years away.
	www.space.com /scienceastronomy/astronomy/hubble_lensing_011005.html (720 words)

	Caltech Press Release, 2/15/2004, Dr. Richard Ellis
		The object, a galaxy behind the Abell 2218 cluster, may be so far from Earth that its light would have left when the universe was just 750 million years old.
		The key to the new discovery is the effect the Abell 2218 cluster's gigantic mass has on light passing by it.
		The new source in Abell 2218 is magnified by a factor of 25.
	pr.caltech.edu /media/Press_Releases/PR12492.html (867 words)

	Galaxy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Galaxy Abell 1835 IR1916 is seen as a tiny dot in this photo of distant galaxies.
		It is visible from this vast distance thanks to gravitational lensing due to the Abell 2218 cluster.
		The existence of such old protogalaxies suggests that they must have grown in the so-called "Dark Ages" (before the first generation of stars) from anisotropic irregularities present during the era of recombination, some three hundred thousand years after the Big Bang.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Galaxy (2686 words)

	Abell 2218 - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Abell 2218 - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		This encyclopedia, history, geography and biography article about Abell 2218 contains research on
		Abell 2218, Galaxy clusters, Abell objects and Draco constellation.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Abell_2218 (204 words)

	Abell 2218 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Galaxy cluster Abell 2218 is acting as a powerful lens, magnifying all galaxies lying behind the cluster core.
		The lensed galaxies are all stretched along the cluster's center and some of them are multiply imaged.
		Wapipedia > Index > A > Ab > Abell 2218
	www.wapipedia.org /wikipedia/mobiletopic.aspx?cur_title=Abell_2218 (181 words)

	Galaxy Cluster Abell 2218
		NASA's Hubble Space Telescope imaged a phenomenon called gravitational tensing in Abell 2218, a massive galaxy cluster some 2 billion light-years from Earth in the constellation Draco.
		The Abell 2218 cluster is so massive and compact that light rays passing through it are deflected by its enormous gravitational field, much as an optical lens bends light to form an image.
		Studies of remote galaxies viewed through gravitational lenses like Abell 2218 may reveal the nature of galaxies that existed when the universe was merely a quarter of its present age.
	teacherlink.ed.usu.edu /tlnasa/pictures/litho/Abell2218/Abell2218.htm (484 words)

	Hubble and Keck find farthest known galaxy in the Universe
		This close-up of the large galaxy cluster Abell 2218 shows how this cluster acts as one of nature’s most powerful ‘gravitational telescopes’ and amplifies and stretches all galaxies lying behind the cluster core (seen as red, orange and blue arcs).
		The new galaxy was detected in a long exposure of the nearby cluster of galaxies Abell 2218, taken with the Advanced Camera for Surveys on board the Hubble Space Telescope.
		"As we were searching for distant galaxies magnified by Abell 2218, we detected a pair of strikingly similar images whose arrangement and colour indicate a very distant object," said astronomer Jean-Paul Kneib (Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées and California Institute of Technology), who is lead author reporting the discovery in a forthcoming article in the Astrophysical Journal.
	www.physlink.com /News/021604Abell2218.cfm (1085 words)

	Kennislink - Kosmisch ‘vergrootglas’ brengt oersterren aan het licht
		Deze boogjes zijn de vervormde afbeeldingen van melkwegstelsels die zich achter Abell 2218 bevinden; hun bestaan is al meer dan tien jaar bekend.
		Bij nader onderzoek blijken er op de opname nog meer afbeeldingen van achtergrondobjecten te staan, maar het is natuurlijk een hele toer om van elk verdacht lichtplekje na te gaan of het een heel zwak voorgrondsterretje is of een ver melkwegstelsel waarvan het licht door de gravitatielens Abell 2218 is gegaan.
		De cluster Abell 2218 bestaat uit ongeveer duizend afzonderlijke melkwegstelsels en bevindt zich op een afstand van twee miljard lichtjaar — naar astronomische begrippen tamelijk dichtbij.
	www.kennislink.nl /web/show?id=79666 (1186 words)

	Galaxy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The galaxy will continue to absorb infalling material from high velocity clouds and dwarf galaxies throughout its life; the cycle of stellar birth and death will increase the abundance of heavy elements, eventually allowing the formation of planets.
		The oldest galaxy yet found by humans was discovered in 2004 by scientists at Caltech using the Hubble Space Telescope and the Keck telescopes.
		(See [1].) This galaxy was displaced by galaxy Abell 1835 IR1916 as the most distant galaxy ever seen by humans.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Galaxies (2686 words)

	CNN.com - Telescopes detect tiny, very distant galaxy - October 5, 2001
		The image to the left is a full overview of Abell 2218 taken by Hubble in 1999.
		The cluster acted as a gravitational lens, nature's equivalent of a magnifying glass in space, and allowed scientists to detect a faint galaxy that may be one of the long-sought "building blocks" of present-day galaxies.
		The galaxy's light was magnified more than 30 times by Abell 2218 and split into two "images" by the uneven distribution of matter in the cluster.
	edition.cnn.com /2001/TECH/space/10/05/hubble.distant.galaxy (337 words)

	Abell 2218: A Galaxy Cluster Lens
		Almost all of the bright objects in this released Hubble Space Telescope image are galaxies in the cluster known as Abell 2218.
		The cluster is so massive and so compact that its gravity bends and focuses the light from galaxies that lie behind it.
		The cluster of galaxies Abell 2218 is itself about three billion light-years away in the northern constellation Draco.
	www.astronet.ru /db/xware/msg/1171068 (187 words)

	Origins: Library
		The discovery was made possible by examining small areas of sky viewed through a massive intervening cluster of galaxies, Abell 2218, 2 billion light-years away.
		Gravitational lensing, a dramatic feature of Einstein's theory of general relativity, means that a massive object in the foreground bends the light rays radiating from one in the background because mass curves space.
		In the case of the system detected by Ellis and coworkers, the effect makes the image at least 30 times brighter than would be the case if the Abell 2218 cluster were not in the foreground.
	origins.jpl.nasa.gov /library/story/100501-a.html (794 words)

	Windows to the Universe (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		This is the galaxy cluster Abell 2218 photographed by the Hubble Space Telescope.
		The light bends creating a lens that allows for observation of even more distant objects than would otherwise be capable with today’s telescopes.
		The galaxy is so large and compact that light passing through bends.
	www.windows.ucar.edu /the_universe/images/hst_abell2218_jpg_image.html (132 words)

	Galaxy
		The oldest galaxy yet found was discovered in 2004 by scientists at Caltech using the Hubble Space Telescope and the Keck telescopes.
		The great mass of this galaxy cluster bends and focuses the light passing through it, acting as a natural lens in space.
		The existence of such old protogalaxies suggests that they must have grown in the so-called "Dark Ages" (before the first generation of stars) from anisotropic irregularities present during the era of recombination, some 300,000 years after the Big Bang.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/g/ga/galaxy.html (2431 words)

	CNN.com - Most distant galaxy discovered - Mar. 1, 2004 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Abell 1835 IR1916 (shown in the white circle) is less than 3,000 light years across.
		• Abell 2218: Hubble catches glimpse of distant galaxy
		The galaxy, dubbed Abell 1835 IR1916, is 13.23 billion light-years from Earth, France's National Center for Scientific Research said Monday.
	www.cnn.com /2004/TECH/space/03/01/farthest.galaxy.ap/index.html (310 words)

	APOD: January 11, 1998 - Abell 2218: A Galaxy Cluster Lens
		APOD: January 11, 1998 - Abell 2218: A Galaxy Cluster Lens
		Each day a different image or photograph of our fascinating universe is featured, along with a brief explanation written by a professional astronomer.
		this Hubble Space Telescope image are galaxies in the cluster known as Abell 2218.
	antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov /apod/ap980111.html (113 words)

	Alpha Centauri's Universe: Exploration Of Galaxy Cluster Abell 2218 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Hubble and the 10-meter Keck Telescopes in Hawaii joined forces, using a galaxy cluster which acts as gravitational lens to detect what scientists believe is one of the smallest very distant objects ever found.
		The galaxy cluster Abell 2218 was used by a team of European and American astronomers led by Richard Ellis (Caltech) in their systematic search for intrinsically faint distant star-forming systems.
		The image pair represents the magnified result of a single background object gravitationally lensed by Abell 2218 and viewed at a distance of 13.4 billion light-years.
	www.earthandspace.info /contents/file0423b.htm (245 words)

	Gravitational lens - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Because the two rays travel through different parts of the potential well created by the deflector, the clocks carrying the source's signal will differ by a small amount.
		Researchers at Caltech have used the gravitational lensing afforded by the Abell 2218 cluster of galaxies to detect the most distant galaxy known (February 15, 2004) through imaging with the Hubble Space Telescope.
		Gravitational microlensing can provide information on comparatively small astronomical objects, such as MACHOs within our own galaxy, or extrasolar planets (planets beyond the solar system).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Gravitational_lens (1575 words)

	Hubble's Photos - Abell 2218 Galaxy Cluster
		Abell 2218 Galaxy Cluster - Hubble Opens its Eye on the Universe and Captures a Cosmic Magnifying Glass
		The picture shows a massive cluster of galaxies called Abell 2218, which acts like a giant zoom lens in space.
		The gravitational field of the cluster magnifies the light of more distant galaxies far behind it, providing a deep probe of the very distant universe.
	www.sentandoapua.com.br /astronomia/h05en.htm (120 words)

	George Ogden Abell Biography
		George Ogden Abell (1927 - 1983) was an astronomer at UCLA who catalogued many clusters, including
		Abell 1835 IR1916 furthest known galaxy, seen by gravitational lensing
		Abell 2218 galaxy cluster, used for gravitational lensing
	www.biographybase.com /biography/Abell_George_Ogden.html (54 words)

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