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Topic: Abenaki confederacy

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	Abenaki Indians: History and Culture (Abanaki, Abenakis, Alnobak, Abinaki)
		Eastern Abenaki or Penobscot was another dialect of the same language once spoken in Maine, where Penobscot people today are working to revive its use.
		Abenaki history is interesting and important, but the Abenakis are still here today, too, and we try to feature current writers as well as traditional folklore, contemporary artwork as well as archaeology exhibits, and issues and struggles of today as well as the tragedies of yesterday.
		Wampum and its importance to the Abenaki Indians.
	www.native-languages.org /abenaki.htm (760 words)

	Abenaki (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The English generally distrusted the Abenaki because of their past association with the French, not realizing the French were not really interested in the Abenaki because they were getting all the fur they needed from the Great Lakes through the Huron.
		After the Abenaki had returned to their homeland, the Jesuits had followed them, and by 1699 there were at least six Jesuits permanently living in the Abenaki villages.
		Abenaki and Sokoki warriors also participated in Montcalm's campaign in northern New York, where it is rumored that the Penobscot initiated the massacre that followed the capture of Fort William Henry in 1757.
	www.lakotawolfpack.com /Abenaki.html (7529 words)

	"Wild Horse". Native American Art & History. Native people tribe. Abenaki
		Abenaki Location extending across most of northern New England into the southern part of the Canadian Maritimes was the Abnaki or Abenaki Confederacy.
		Since the Abenaki usually retreated to Canada during war, New England came to think of them as Canadian Indians - which, of course, they were not - but it served as an excuse to take most of their land in Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont without compensation.
		The flag of the Abenaki is dark green recalling the Green Mountains and the overall green image that Vermont possesses.
	www.american-native-art.com /publication/abenaki/abenaki.html (1036 words)

	Pennacook
		For this reason, some classifications consider the Pennacook to be the southernmost group of the Abenaki, but in 1620 the Pennacook were a large, independent confederacy which tended to view their Abenaki relatives to the north as enemies.
		From the standpoint of the Pennacook, Sokoki, and Abenaki, it was bad enough that the English had become allies with the Iroquois, but even worse was when the Boston traders had abandoned them to move west to Albany and trade with their enemies.
		The Abenaki had promised in their treaty with the English to remain neutral in future wars between Britain and France, but no member of the Abenaki Confederation was more opposed to this provision than the Pennacook.
	www.dickshovel.com /penna.html (3473 words)

	Facts for Kids: Abenaki Indians (Abanaki, Abnaki, Abenakis, Alnombak)
		We encourage students and teachers to visit our main Abenaki language and culture pages for in-depth information about the tribe, but here are our answers to the questions we are most often asked by children, with Abenaki pictures and links we believe are suitable for all ages.
		Abenaki artists are best known for their quillwork, beadwork and fl ash baskets.
		The Abenaki want to be recognized as a true Indian tribe, but because their ancestors often hid from the Americans or fled into Canada, they cannot prove that they lived in New England continuously since the 1600's.
	www.geocities.com /bigorrin/abenaki_kids.htm (1675 words)

	Wolfs Retreat (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The maritime Abenaki occupied the St. Croix and the St. John's River Valleys near the border between Maine and New Brunswick.
		Since the Abenaki usually retreated to Canada during war, New England came to think of them as Canadian Indians - which, of course, they were not - but it served as an excuse to take most of their land in Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont without compensation.
		John's tribes and their eastern Abenaki allies did not really happen until after treaties were signed in 1770 and 1776, and peace with the Micmac took another three years.
	www.realduesouth.net /WolfsRetreat/Abenaki-Info.htm (9626 words)

	Abenaki
		The main reason for continued hostilities between the Abenaki and New England was not a French or Catholic plot, but Massachusetts' inability (or unwillingness) to prevent encroachment and abuse by its citizens on the frontier.
		The militant attitude of the Abenaki after they returned from Canada only seemed to confirm their suspicion of a plot which could even involve elements in the English government, and Andros' offer of a New York sanctuary for Algonquin refugees from New England in 1676 had only added fuel to the fire.
		Two permanent Abenaki communities had meanwhile emerged in Quebec: Becancour (near Trois-Rivieres composed mostly of eastern Abenaki displaced from southern Maine); and St. Francois (30 miles to the southwest with a mixed population of Sokoki, Pennacook, and New England Algonquin).
	www.tolatsga.org /aben.html (9202 words)

	abenaki
		Before contact the Abenaki (excluding the Pennacook and Micmac) may have numbered as many as 40,000 divided roughly between 20,000 eastern; 10,000 western; and 10,000 maritime.
		Organized as the Sokoki-St. Francis Band of the Abenaki Nation, a tribal council was established in 1976 at Swanton, Vermont.
		The English generally distrusted the Abenaki because of their past association with the French, not realizing the French were not really interested in the Abenaki because they were getting all the fur they needed from the Great Lakes through the
	www.roebuckclasses.com /201/conquest/abenaki.htm (9208 words)

	Abenaki History - Part I
		The southern boundaries of the Abenaki homeland were near the present northern border of Massachusetts excluding the Pennacook country along the Merrimack River of southern New Hampshire.
		The maritime Abenaki occupied the St. Croix and the St. John's River Valleys near the border between Maine and New Brunswick.
		Organized as the Sokoki-St. Francis Band of the Abenaki Nation, a tribal council was established in 1976 at Swanton, Vermont.
	www.manataka.org /page380.html (1855 words)

	Penobscot-Abenaki Language (Abenaqui, Abenaquis, Abnaki, Aln8bak, Alnobak, Abnakis)
		Language: Abenaki-Penobscot is an Algonkian language once spoken by two related tribes, the Abenaki and the Penobscot.
		The last fully fluent speaker of Eastern Abnaki/Penobscot has passed on, but several Penobscot elders still speak some of the language and are working to revive its use in the Penobscot Nation today.
		People: The Abnakis and Penobscots, together with the Maliseets, the Passamaquoddys, and the Mi'kmaqs, were members of the old Wabanaki Confederacy, traditional adversaries of the Iroquois.
	www.native-languages.org /abna.htm (355 words)

	Penobscot - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		They were and are a significant participant in the historical and present Abenaki confederacy (or Wabanaki confederacy), along with the Passamaquoddy, Maliseet and Mi'kmaq nations.
		The word "Penobscot" originates from a mispronunciation of their name "Penawapskewi." Even so, the tribe has adopted the name Penobscot Indian Nation.
		Penobscot is also the name of the dialect of Eastern Abenaki (an Algonquian language) that the Penobscot people speak.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Penobscot (454 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The most important Abenaki tribes were the Maliseet, Norridgewock, Passamaquoddy, and Penobscot.
		An early ally of the French, the confederacy was drawn into their struggle against the British.
		The confederacy was destroyed during 1724 and 1725, when the British severely defeated it.
	www.studentresources.mrpete.net /Abenaki.doc (135 words)

	Historical Biographies, Nova Scotia, Castin.
		387, that the name Abenaki is generic and includes the tribes from the Kennebec eastward to the St John.
		All the tribes in the Abenaki Confederacy spoke dialects of Algonquin, except for the Micmac (known as the Souriquois to the French) who spoke a language, while of Algonquin origin "differs as much from the Abenaki dialects as Italian differs from French..."
		It was Captain Moses who took Castin's vessel; "in taking her we lost one Indian Saylor and two men wounded, his men ran her on shore and fled into the woods." Castin, himself, however, it would appear, was captured.
	blupete.com /Hist/BiosNS/1700-63/Castin.htm (1006 words)

	Acadian History:Mi'kmaq History:Acadian Ancestral Home
		The Mi'kmaq share many similarities with the Maliseets of New Brunswick and the Abenaki of New England, with the exception being that they were not farmers.
		The French had continued trading with the Abenaki of Penobscot, who had prospered so fast they created a strong alliance that threatened the Mi'kmaq.
		Wars between Amerindians caused quite a stir in the region however wasn't the only cause of mortality in the Mi'kmaq nation: European diseases, unknown to Mi'kmaq were a big factor.
	www.acadian-home.org /Mikmaq-history.html (778 words)

	The Center for Algonquin Culture, Woodstock, NY
		There were seven great confederacies in the New England area south of the Wabanaki, which together formed one great hoop of related nations.
		The other five nations of the political confederacy are associated with the R dialect of the Renneiu/Quiripi type: Quinebaug ("Long Pond"), Quinnipiac ("Where We Change Our Route"), Tunxis ("Fast flowing stream"), Podunk ("A Swampy Place" aka "Where You Sink in the Mire"), and Wangunk.
		The three major nations of the Lenape Confederacy (aka "Delaware Confederacy") were of these twelve, each with their own sub-tribes: (The sub-tribes are in small type).
	www.wilkesweb.us /algonquin/nations.htm (4445 words)

	-Native American Indian Tribes - Over 2,000 articles on native american indians, their culture & traditions. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Barring last-minute hitches, the Abenaki could receive long-sought state recognition in a formal signing ceremony as early as April 18.
		Abenaki (Abanaki, Abenakis, Alnombak) Indians - Language, culture, history and genealogy of the Abenaki Indians.
		The Abenaki tribe, together with the Maliseet, Passamaquoddy, Mi'kmaq, and Penobscot Indians, were members of the old Wabanaki Confederacy, adversaries of the Iroquois.
	www.aaanativearts.com /cat13.html (424 words)

	Wampum Chronicles: The Seven Nations Of Canada: The Other Iroquois Confederacy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Strong as the confederacy was, it never supplanted the sovereignty and autonomy of each member nation, or, for that matter, the clans themselves.
		While the creation of this new confederacy certainly occurred, the same cannot be said for the claim by some writers that the northern Mohawks were formally kicked out of their former alliance.
		Throughout the northeast woodlands were numerous confederacies that "overlapped" each other; this appears to be a natural part of native diplomacy.
	www.wampumchronicles.com /sevennations.html (5273 words)

	Civilization.ca - Storytelling: the Art of Knowledge - Abenaki (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		There are two well-known Abenaki communities in Quebec, Odanak and Wolinak.
		The Abenaki people are members of the Great Wôbanaki Confederacy.
		According to ancient stories of the Wôlinak Abenaki, the beads used to make the belts were given to them by Kchi Niwaskw (The Master of Life).
	www.civilization.ca /aborig/storytel/aben1eng.html (216 words)

	The Woodland Confederacy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Woodland Confederacy is a historical re-enactment organization dedicated to portraying Native Americans of the eastern woodlands.
		With a membership of over fifty friends and families, we depict the native peoples of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, from early colonial contact, to the Seven Years War in America (also known as the French and Indian War) through the American Revolution.
		Woodland Confederacy members are regularly called upon to participate in media ventures, whether in film, television, or the fine arts.
	www.concentric.net /~rowenna/woodland (418 words)

	Wampum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Perhaps the majority of people in these Mohawk communities identify more strongly with the Iroquois Confederacy because it is more well-known and predates European contact.
		Discussions with Akwesasne elders, however, reveals that the Seven Nations of Canada and its system of "life chiefs" continued up until the 20th century and was even informally "revived" for a time within recent memory.
		Unencumbered, as the Iroquois were, by what I call the "six or seven dilemna," the Abenaki (or Wobanakik) maintained their own perspective on the history of the "Great Council Fire" and the Seven Nations of Canada.
	www.wabanaki.com /wampum.htm (792 words)

	Abenaki - MSN Encarta
		Abenaki, confederacy of Algonquian-speaking Native North American tribes.
		The most important Abenaki tribes were the Maliseet, Norridgewock,...
		Become a subscriber today and gain access to:
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761562238/Abenaki.html (35 words)

	Abenaki. The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000.
		Inflected forms: pl. Abenaki or Ab·e·na·kis or Abnaki or Ab·na·kis
		A confederacy of Abenaki and other peoples formed in the mid-18th century in opposition to the Iroquois confederacy and the English colonists.
		Either or both of the two Eastern Algonquian languages of the Abenaki peoples.
	www.bartleby.com /61/30/A0013000.html (131 words)

	Abnaki Tribal Divisions
		This is a "must have" cookbook if you'd like to prepare authentic Native American food.
		The tribes included in the confederacy as noted by Maurault have already been given.
		In a letter sent by the Abnaki in 1721 to the governor of New England their divisions are given as follows:
	www.accessgenealogy.com /native/tribes/abenaki/abenakitribal.htm (196 words)

	Elnu Abenaki Tribe
		serve as a symbol of the revival of Abenaki
		Abenaki craftspeople and make a nice bit of summer money too!
		Please help us pass the word on to all Vermont Abenaki crafters.
	www.elnuabenakitribe.org /Announcements.html (285 words)

	The Flag of the Abenaki
		Once spreading across upper New England and into Quebec was the Abnaki or Abenaki Confederacy.
		My thanks to Peter Flood, a member of the St. Francis - Sokoki Band of the Abenaki Nation for supplying me with information concerning both the tribe and its flag.
		Go on to the flag of the Affiliated Tribes of Northwest Indians
	hometown.aol.com /donh523/navapage/abenaki.htm (433 words)

	Siegel indianischer Stämme
		Der Verwender darf lediglich nicht den Eindruck erwecken, daß es sich um sein eigenes Firmenzeichen handelt, er darf keine Verwechslungsgefahr hervorrufen und er muß darauf achten, dass das verwandte Zeichen vollständig wiedergegeben wird.
		There are five major tribes involved with the Wabanaki Confederacy: Abenaki, Maliseet, Mi'kmaq, Passamaquoddy and Penobscot.
		The People of the Three Fires, the Ojibwe/Chippewa, Ottawa and Potawatomi Nations are known collectively as the Anishinabek, meaning "original men".
	wontolla.homepage.t-online.de /wontolla/15seals0.htm (389 words)

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