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	Abkhaz language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Abkhaz is a Northwest Caucasian language, indicating it originated in the northwest Caucasus.
		Abkhaz is often united with Abaza into one language, Abkhaz-Abaza, of which the literary dialects of Abkhaz and Abaza are simply the most divergent forms.
		Abkhaz is spoken primarily in Abkhazia and Turkey.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Abkhaz_language (468 words)

	Abkhaz alphabet, pronunciation and language
		Abkhaz is a North West Caucasian language with about 105,000 speakers in Georgia, Turkey and Ukraine.
		There are two main dialects of Abkhaz: the northern Bzâp dialect and the southern Abz'âwa dialect, upon which literary Abkhaz is based.
		Abkhaz first appeared in writing in 1862/3 in the Cyrillic alphabet using a spelling system based on the Bzâp dialect and devised by the Russian soldier-linguist Baron Peter von Uslar.
	www.omniglot.com /writing/abkhaz.htm (232 words)

	Caucasus Foundation
		Abkhaz resistance to collectivisation was considerable, and an Abkhaz ASSR was established to please native and Russian Communist cadres in the area.
		In 1978, Abkhaz intellectuals wrote an open letter to Brezhnev, expressing their concern for their ethnic population, and were met by certain economic concessions.
		Abkhaz invitations to talks were ignored by the political leadership in Tiflis until Georgia had the army occupy Sukhum and the southern part of Abkhazia in August 1992.
	www.kafkas.org.tr /english/bgkafkas/abkhazia.htm (923 words)

	ABKHAZIA.ORG - The Abkhaz Language
		Abkhaz belongs to the small North West Caucasian language-family whose other members are Circassian, the virtually extinct Ubykh and Abaza.
		The first script devised for (Bzâp) Abkhaz was that proposed in 1862/3 by the man who laid the foundation for the study of North Caucasian languages, the Russian soldier-linguist Baron Peter von Uslar.
		A series of adaptations were made for the occasional publications that preceded the Soviet period, and it was the 55 character script of A. C`'oc''ua, first utilised in 1909, that was adopted for the literary language as part of the Soviet drive to eradicate illiteracy throughout the Union.
	www.abkhazia.org /lang.html (1249 words)

	UNOMIG: United Nations Observer Mission in Georgia - Background
		The Abkhaz leadership abandoned the Abkhaz capital of Sukhumi and retreated to the town of Gudauta.
		The parties, particularly the Abkhaz side, were called upon to move beyond the impasse and engage in negotiations on the core political questions of the conflict and all other outstanding issues in the UN-led peace process.
		It further called on the Abkhaz side to improve law enforcement involving the local population and to address the lack of instruction in their mother tongue for the ethnic Georgian population.
	www.un.org /Depts/dpko/missions/unomig/background.html (6946 words)

	Encyclopedia: Sukhumi (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Sukhumi (სოხუმი in Georgian, Аҟəа in Abkhaz language) is the capital of Abkhazia, a de facto independent state that is internationally recognised, however, as being part of Georgia.
		Abkhaz is a Norwest Caucasian language spoken in Georgia and Turkey.
		Abkhazia (Abkhaz: /Apsny, Georgian: აფხაზეთი/Apkhazeti, Russian: Абха́зия) is a region of 8,600 km² in the Caucasus.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Sukhumi (675 words)

	Abkhazia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Abkhaz script (originally based on the Cyrillic and then on Latin) was altered, against the will of the Abkhaz people, to one based on Georgian characters.
		Abkhaz were forced to alter their surnames into Georgian, and in the Gal district Abkhaz were given new passports where their nationality was indicated as Georgian.
		The Abkhaz argue that, as Abkhazia was forcibly incorporated into Georgia by Stalin’s regime in 1931, the collapse of the USSR and the subsequent unilateral annulment by Georgia of legal measures joining the two countries in one republic merely confirmed Abkhazia’s legal and moral right to independence.
	www.unpo.org /member.php?arg=03 (2926 words)

	Minorities At Risk (MAR)
		The Abkhaz exhibit many factors that increase the likelihood of conflict in the future, if the dispute over the status of Abhazia remains unresolved: the group has experienced both repression and rebellion in the recent past, it is highly organized both militarily and politically, and it is concentrated in a distinct region.
		Abkhaz authorities have announced specific quotas for the return of refugees (in May 1995 set at no more than 200 per week), but their security has been inadequately protected -- or deliberately neglected -- by both the government of Abkhazia and the 3,000 Russian peacekeepers deployed in the region since June 1994.
		In large part, Abkhaz grievances have been economic in nature: Abkhazia's Black Sea coastline features some of the choicest vacation spots in the former Soviet Union, and during Soviet times the Abkhaz believed that tourist revenues which were their proper due were instead diverted into Tbilisi's coffers by greedy Georgian officials.
	www.cidcm.umd.edu /inscr/mar/data/gabkhaz.htm (1477 words)

	FORMER ABKHAZ PRESIDENTIAL RIVALS UNITE UNDER PRESSURE FROM MOSCOW - Eurasia Daily Monitor
		Abkhaz law enforcement officials are searching for the individuals or group that disseminated anti-Russian materials on the eve of the election.
		The Abkhaz establishment and the leading presidential candidate were doing their best to bring out the vote in the run-up to the new election.
		Although the Abkhaz authorities argue that the bill is the result of an agreement on national accord, few people doubt that the law is largely tailored to the interests of Moscow and the government-backed Khajimba.
	www.jamestown.org /edm/email-to-friend.php?article_id=2369076 (972 words)

	The god must make all the world nations happy and freedom but he must not forget Abkhazia
		Abkhaz nation determined not to accept Czar Administration by the revolting.
		The number of Abkhazs who live today in their country are 100,000 when take in to consideration that time Circassian in came from the abkhzia origin, the dimension of this tragic exile is very dear.
		The most clear and attractive matter in the diagram is that in 1986 while 515 Georgian were living in Abkhazia, in 1992 the population was 240,000, Since 1870 a group of Abkhaz exiled to ottoman lands and the empty lands are pillaged.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Oracle/8598/abkhazia.htm (2163 words)

	Chronology of Abkhazia through August 1999
		Two-stage elections to the Abkhaz parliament are held on a quota basis in accordance with an electoral law adopted in August.
		Ardzinba is inaugurated president by the Abkhaz parliament and the Abkhaz propose a union state with Georgia on the basis of equal partnership.
		Abkhaz militia clash with Georgian armed groups, notably the White Legion, Forest Brothers and Liberation Army, some of which are alleged to have links with the Abkhaz ‘government-in-exile’ in Tbilisi and the Georgian Ministry of State Security and Ministry of Internal Affairs.
	www.state.gov /p/eur/rls/or/13517.htm (4145 words)

	Foreign Policy In Focus - Self-Determination - Regional Conflict Profile - Abkhazia
		Abkhaz secessionists refer to a short-lived, independent Abkhazian state that existed in 1918 before becoming part of the Georgian Democratic Republic.
		In mid-September, after UN monitors began to arrive, the ceasefire was massively violated to the advantage of the Abkhaz, with strong evidence of complicity by Russian military staff.
		In November 1997, under the UN's aegis, the Coordinating Council of the Georgian and Abkhaz Parties was created, with participation by the OSCE and the Russian Federation.
	selfdetermine.irc-online.org /conflicts/abkhaz_body.html (1505 words)

	Georgians and Abkhazians. The Search for a Peace Settlement Chp 2 Part 1
		In the period of Georgian independence 1918-21, the ethnic Abkhaz elite was divided, with opponents of unity with Georgia in the majority, but the Georgian government was able to combine an alliance with the pro-Georgian section of the Abkhaz elite with military pressure to keep the province within the newly independent Georgia.
		Certain bureaucratic posts were set aside for ethnic Abkhaz, and this, given that the latter comprised only a minority of the population of Abkhazia, was a serious impediment to the careers of the Georgians living in the autonomous republic.
		Second, the Abkhaz had a much weaker starting-point than the Georgians: they were much fewer in absolute numbers, they were the minority in Abkhazia, and their status within the USSR was lower than that of Georgia.
	poli.vub.ac.be /publi/Georgians/chp0201.html (5204 words)

	Georgia/Abkhazia
		The Government of Georgia and the Abkhaz authorities have largely complied with the agreement of 14 May 1994 on a cease-fire and separation of forces.
		The Abkhaz side continues to object to the large-scale and speedy return of refugees and displaced persons.
		A mid-term review of the appeal will be launched in late August 1995, to review both the implementation of the projects presented in the appeal and the funding situation, and to present plans for the continuation of activities until the end of the appeal period.
	www.un.org /Docs/SG/SG-Rpt/ch4d-10.htm (1718 words)

	Russia, Abkhaz Conflict
		His offer came as Abkhaz military helicopters attacked a group of Georgian partisans and Chechen rebels holed up in the Kodori gorge, while Georgian fighters renewed claims that Russia was behind the air strikes.
		Georgian partisans fighting Abkhaz forces only 15 kilometres (nine miles) from the breakaway "capital" Sukhumi told AFP on Monday that the unmarked planes that carried out the strikes could only have come from Russia.
		Abkhaz leaders have accused Chechen rebels of joining forces with Georgian partisans in a fresh round of fighting that has seen the death toll rise to 75 since the beginning of this month.
	www.cdi.org /russia/johnson/5493-14.cfm (551 words)

	cda
		In 1810, the Abkhaz Kingdom came under the protection of the Russian Empire with the status of a separate state until the year of 1864.
		From 1864 to 1917, Abkhazia was subordinated to the Tsar.
		The Abkhaz SSR constitution of 1925, and the Georgian constitution of 1927 specified their separate but equal SSR status in the Soviet Union.
	www.abkhazia.org /home_opposition.html (1325 words)

	Pravda.RU:Abkhaz Legation Denies Airraids
		The Abkhaz representation in Russia denies reports by certain media outlets of Sukhumi-stationed aircraft - six helicopters and three SU-25 war planes - bombing the vicinity of the Marukh mountain pass, Abkhazia's Gulripsha district.
		The Abkhaz top is stunned with the information and says Abkhazia does not have so many aircraft, Tatyana Gulia, press spokeswoman to the legation of the self-proclaimed republic in Georgia, remarked to RIA Novosti today with reference to Abkhaz Defence Ministry PR.
		Abkhaz soldiers are tracking down dispersed gangs and lone-wolf terrorists in civilian disguise, who are passing for local people.
	english.pravda.ru /cis/2001/10/28/19411_.html (146 words)

	The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire
		Being extremely rich in consonants (68 according to G. Klimov) the Abkhaz language is considered to be one of the most difficult to acquire of all the languages spoken on the ex-Soviet territory.
		In February 1921 the Abkhaz SSR was established, in December of that year it was incorporated into the Georgian SSR according to the Union treaty.
		The Abkhaz were 5 % urban in 1926, 15 % in 1939, 28 % in 1959 and 34.5 % in 1970.
	www.eki.ee /books/redbook/abkhaz.shtml (2065 words)

	ISN Security Watch - Abkhaz presidential race in final lap
		Although the Abkhaz CEC lists 165’248 eligible voters, down from 216’000 in the 2002 parliamentary elections, Georgian sources further lower this figure to 70’000, due to widespread population shifts before and after the war.
		Oleg Damenia, an Abkhaz analyst, argues that the Abkhaz electorate is not mentally prepared for a fair election, as its psychological makeup still bears Soviet-era habits.
		On 29 September, the Abkhaz Ministry of State Security claimed that Georgian task forces and weaponry are concentrating along the Abkhaz border, and it called on residents of Abkhazia to exercise vigilance.
	www.isn.ethz.ch /news/sw/details_print.cfm?id=9808 (1100 words)

	ISN Security Watch - Abkhaz presidential standoff continues
		Most of the staff of the Abkhaz Interior Ministry sides with Bagapsh, largely due to the influence of Alexander Ankvab, Abkhazia's interior minister in 1992-94 and the leading candidate to become prime minister in a Bagapsh government (Tomorrow, November 13).
		Several influential Abkhaz groups have spoken out against leaders "whose conscience is weighed by bloodshed and anti-state activity." Russian parliamentarian and Director of the CIS Institute Konstantin Zatulin, who monitored the elections, said the seizure of government buildings has "rather moved Bagapsh away from the presidency" (NTV, "Vesti", Rustavi-2, Rosbalt, November 13).
		According to Levan Kiknadze, head of the Abkhaz division of the Georgian Ministry of Security, several units of Russian peacekeepers deployed in the Georgian-Abkhaz conflict zone were promptly moved to Sukhumi (NTV.ru, RTR-Vesti, Inter-Press, Resonance, TV-Rustavi, November 12-13).
	www.isn.ethz.ch /news/sw/details_print.cfm?id=10162 (1018 words)

	BBC News \| EUROPE \| Abkhaz planes 'bomb Georgian forces' (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Abkhaz authorities say Georgian and Chechen guerrillas have carried out raids on Abkhaz villages after penetrating the gorge in recent days.
		The Abkhaz have countered that the Georgian troops are being sent to support the Georgian and Chechen guerrillas in the area.
		The 250,000 Georgian refugees from the last Abkhaz conflict are demanding a full-scale mobilisation and the withdrawal of Russian peace-keeping troops from Abkhazia.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/world/europe/1593716.stm (369 words)

	Abaza language -- Encyclopædia Britannica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		It is related to the Abkhaz, Abaza, Adyghian, and Ubykh languages, which constitute the Abkhazo-Adyghian, or Northwest Caucasian, language group.
		Abkhaz, with about 90,000 speakers, is spoken in Abkhazia (the southern slopes of the western Greater Caucasus, Georgia).
		There are no grammatical cases in Abkhaz and Abaza, and in the other languages only two principal cases occur: a direct case (nominative) and an oblique case, combining the functions of several cases—ergative,...
	www.britannica.com /eb/article?tocId=9000477 (762 words)

	Accord: A question of sovereignty. The Georgia-Abkhazia Peace Process (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Abkhaz schools reopen, the Abkhaz language is reinstated and some restrictions on Abkhaz cultural life are lifted.
		Georgian and Abkhaz civil society representatives begin to meet in a variety of non-governmental forums, but official negotiations are deadlocked.
		Abkhaz presidential envoy Anri Djergenia visits Tbilisi on a number of occasions and there are meetings between high level state security officials.
	www.c-r.org /accord/geor-ab/accord7/Chronol.shtml (4088 words)

	Humanitarianism & War Project
		There are well-placed fears among the Abkhaz that post-return security arrangements would not be adequate to prevent uncontrolled Georgian fighters from seeking revenge for events during and after the war.
		Georgian and Abkhaz authorities each disclaim responsibility for the existence or conduct of paramilitary and guerrilla groups that, for several years, have mounted lethal attacks on civilians, UNOMIG and the CISPKF in and around Abkhazia.
		Homes presently or formerly occupied by Abkhaz and others, some of which have been occupied without legal authorization, are already habitable and thus are unlikely to be targeted for assistance.
	hwproject.tufts.edu /publications/electronic/e_dar.html (2610 words)

	BBC NEWS \| World \| Europe \| Analysis: Georgia's tinderbox region
		Abkhazia and Georgia have been in a state of frozen conflict since 1993, when Abkhaz troops succeeded in driving the Georgian army out of their semi-autonomous province - but the temperature is rising quickly.
		Abkhaz Foreign Minister Sergei Shamba says Russian Cossacks have already offered their support this time too.
		Abkhaz forces now accuse Chechen guerrillas of taking part in a raid on an Abkhaz village, in which 14 people were killed.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/world/europe/1591638.stm (647 words)

	Documentaire: Abkhazia
		When the Abkhaz finally arrived, God asked them why they were late, and the Abkhaz replied: "Because we had guests and could not leave them to join you." God was touched by Abkhaz hospitality and decided to give them the land he had planned to keep for himself.
		The will of the Abkhaz people to build a state was made clear seven years ago in the way it defeated the Georgian army and persevered in broken cities and burnt land.
		And so the Abkhaz live without valid passports and the possibility to travel, without legal external economic relations and the cash they would bring in, and without foreign visitors to witness their will for self-determination.
	www.documentaire.com /caucasus/Abkhazia.html (9687 words)

	Chronology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		In Abkhazia, something of a cultural renaissance occurs as the Abkhaz language is again written with the Cyrillic script, greater use of Abkhaz in primary and higher-level schooling is permitted, and Abkhaz-language publications multiply.
		July 23: The Abkhaz Supreme Soviet votes to restore the 1921 constitution which declares the region to be a union republic separate from Georgia.
		During the conflict, the Georgian government accused the Abkhaz leadership of carrying out a planned campaign of ethnic cleansing and also accused the Russian peacekeeping force of failing to do their job, as the attacks were carried out in the buffer zone supposedly controlled by the Russian troops.
	www.cidcm.umd.edu /inscr/mar/data/gabkhazchro.htm (8616 words)

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