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Topic: Abkhaz alphabet

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Abkhaz

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Armenian alphabet

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Albanian alphabet

Amino acid

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Chuvash language

Northwest Caucasian languages

	Abkhaz language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Abkhaz is a Northwest Caucasian language, indicating it originated in the northwest Caucasus.
		Abkhaz is often united with Abaza into one language, Abkhaz-Abaza, of which the literary dialects of Abkhaz and Abaza are simply two ends of a dialect continuum.
		Abkhaz is spoken primarily in Abkhazia, where it is established as the official language of the de facto independent Republic of Abkhazia.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Abkhaz_language (1027 words)

	Cyrillic alphabet - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The plan of the alphabet is derived from the early Cyrillic alphabet, itself a derivative of the Glagolitic alphabet, a ninth century uncial cursive usually credited to two brothers from Thessaloniki, Saint Cyril and Saint Methodius.
		The theory is supported by the fact that the Cyrillic alphabet almost completely replaced the Glagolitic in northeastern Bulgaria as early as the end of the tenth century, whereas the Ohrid Literary School—where Saint Clement worked—continued to use the Glagolitic until the twelfth century.
		The alphabet was disseminated along with the Old Church Slavonic liturgical language, and the alphabet used for modern Church Slavonic language in Eastern Orthodox rites still resembles early Cyrillic.
	88.208.194.172 /wiki/index.php/Cyrillic_alphabet (2907 words)

	ABKHAZIA.ORG - The Abkhaz Language
		Abkhaz belongs to the small North West Caucasian language-family whose other members are Circassian, the virtually extinct Ubykh and Abaza.
		The first script devised for (Bzâp) Abkhaz was that proposed in 1862/3 by the man who laid the foundation for the study of North Caucasian languages, the Russian soldier-linguist Baron Peter von Uslar.
		A series of adaptations were made for the occasional publications that preceded the Soviet period, and it was the 55 character script of A. C`'oc''ua, first utilised in 1909, that was adopted for the literary language as part of the Soviet drive to eradicate illiteracy throughout the Union.
	www.abkhazia.org /lang.html (1249 words)

	Cyrillic alphabet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The Cyrillic alphabet (or azbuka, from the old name of the first letters) is an alphabet used to write six natural Slavic languages (Belarusian, Bulgarian, Macedonian, Russian, Serbian, and Ukrainian) and many other languages of the former Soviet Union, Asia and Eastern Europe.
		The plan of the alphabet is derived from the early Cyrillic alphabet, itself a derivative of the Glagolitic alphabet, a 9th century uncial cursive usually credited to two brothers, Saint Cyril and Saint Methodius.
		Though the alphabet is usually attributed to Saint Clement of Ohrid, a Bulgarian scholar and disciple of Saint Cyril and Saint Methodius, the alphabet is more likely to have developed at the Preslav Literary School in northeastern Bulgaria, where the oldest Cyrillic inscriptions (dating back to the 940s) have been found.
	cyrillic-alphabet.iqnaut.net (2451 words)

	Caucasus Foundation
		Abkhaz is spoken in Abkhazia, Georgia, and the others of this group in the northwestern Caucasus region of Russia.
		Abkhaz and Abaza are very close to each other and are considered by some scholars to be dialects of the same language.
		There are no grammatical cases in Abkhaz and Abaza, and in the other languages only two principal cases occur: a direct case (nominative) and an oblique case, combining the functions of several cases--ergative, genitive, dative, and instrumental.
	www.kafkas.org.tr /english/kultur/diledebiyat.html (2513 words)

	Cyrillic alphabet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The Cyrillic alphabet (pronounced /sɪˈrɪlɪk/, also called azbuka, from the old name of the first two letters) is an alphabet used for several East and South Slavic languages—Belarusian, Bosnian, Bulgarian, Macedonian, Russian, Rusyn, Serbian, and Ukrainian—and many other languages of the former Soviet Union, Asia and Eastern Europe.
		The layout of the alphabet is derived from the early Cyrillic alphabet, itself a derivative of the Glagolitic alphabet, a ninth century uncial cursive usually credited to two Byzantine monk brothers from Thessaloniki, Saint Cyril and Saint Methodius.
		The Cyrillic alphabet is still used most often for the Uzbek language, although the government has adopted a version of the Latin alphabet to replace it.
	www.tocatch.info /en/Azbuka.htm (3506 words)

	Cyrillic alphabet
		Whereas it is widely accepted that the Glagolitic alphabet, was invented by Saint Cyril and Saint Methodius, the origins of the Early Cyrillic alphabet are still a source of much controversy.
		The theory is further supported by the fact that the Cyrillic alphabet replaced almost completely the Glagolitic one in northeastern Bulgaria as early as the end of the 10th century, whereas the Ohrid Literary School—where Saint Clement worked—continued to use the Glagolitic alphabet until the 12th century.
		Unlike the Latin alphabet, which is usually adapted to different languages using additions to existing letters such as accents, umlauts, tildes and cedillas, the Cyrillic alphabet is usually adapted by the creation of entirely new letter shapes.
	www.datamass.net /cy/cyrillic-alphabet.html (2227 words)

	The god must make all the world nations happy and freedom but he must not forget Abkhazia
		Abkhaz nation determined not to accept Czar Administration by the revolting.
		The number of Abkhazs who live today in their country are 100,000 when take in to consideration that time Circassian in came from the abkhzia origin, the dimension of this tragic exile is very dear.
		The most clear and attractive matter in the diagram is that in 1986 while 515 Georgian were living in Abkhazia, in 1992 the population was 240,000, Since 1870 a group of Abkhaz exiled to ottoman lands and the empty lands are pillaged.
	www.geocities.com /athens/oracle/8598/abkhazia.htm (2163 words)

	Abkhaz alphabet, pronunciation and language
		Abkhaz is a North West Caucasian language with about 105,000 speakers in Georgia, Turkey and Ukraine.
		There are two main dialects of Abkhaz: the northern Bzâp dialect and the southern Abz'âwa dialect, upon which literary Abkhaz is based.
		Abkhaz first appeared in writing in 1862/3 in the Cyrillic alphabet using a spelling system based on the Bzâp dialect and devised by the Russian soldier-linguist Baron Peter von Uslar.
	www.omniglot.com /writing/abkhaz.htm (244 words)

	Diasporal Policy and the Formation of the Abkhaz State, Y. Argun
		Abkhaz who were expelled but remained in their homeland were groundlessly accused of “treachery” and “betrayal” by the tsarist regime.
		Inspired by the restoration of the Abkhaz state, a group of Abkhaz from Greek Macedonia addressed a letter to the Abkhaz authorities on 30 September 1925, asking to be returned to their homeland, i.e.
		The dreams of Macedonian Abkhaz to return to their ancestral land were dashed: the “father of nations” already had his own plans, according to which Abkhaz ancestral land was about to host another people, thus contributing to the Abkhaz linguistic and ethnic assimilation.
	www.circassianworld.com /Argun.html (2727 words)

	The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire
		In February 1921 the Abkhaz SSR was established, in December of that year it was incorporated into the Georgian SSR according to the Union treaty.
		The Abkhaz were 5 % urban in 1926, 15 % in 1939, 28 % in 1959 and 34.5 % in 1970.
		Yet the Soviet power found it necessary to change the alphabetic basis of the language on as many as four occasions: in 1926 the analytic alphabet of N. Marr was introduced to be replaced by Roman letters in 1928, Georgian ones in 1938 and Slavic ones in 1954.
	www.eki.ee /books/redbook/abkhaz.shtml (2065 words)

	Chronology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		In Abkhazia, something of a cultural renaissance occurs as the Abkhaz language is again written with the Cyrillic script, greater use of Abkhaz in primary and higher-level schooling is permitted, and Abkhaz-language publications multiply.
		July 23: The Abkhaz Supreme Soviet votes to restore the 1921 constitution which declares the region to be a union republic separate from Georgia.
		During the conflict, the Georgian government accused the Abkhaz leadership of carrying out a planned campaign of ethnic cleansing and also accused the Russian peacekeeping force of failing to do their job, as the attacks were carried out in the buffer zone supposedly controlled by the Russian troops.
	www.cidcm.umd.edu /inscr/mar/data/gabkhazchro.htm (8616 words)

	Chad Nagle Elections In Abkhazia Old Town Review Politics
		In 1918, during the Russian Civil War, the Abkhaz appealed to the Soviet leaders in Moscow to declare Abkhazia self-governing and allow it to participate in the formation of the USSR as a constituent unit.
		This brought a rapid increase in the Georgian population at the expense of the Abkhaz.
		However, a new Abkhaz push to secede from Georgia and unite with Russia (RSFSR) was resisted by Moscow and in the late 1980s the leaders of Georgia’s independence movement demanded annulment of all Soviet-created “autonomies” on Georgian territory: the autonomous republics of Abkhazia and Adzharia and the autonomous oblast (district) of South Ossetia.
	www.fluxfactory.org /otr/nagleabkhazia.htm (3262 words)

	Alphabet - ikiW (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		An alphabet is a complete standardized set of letters — basic written symbols — each of which roughly represents a phoneme of a spoken language, either as it exists now or as it may have been in the past.
		The etymology of the word "alphabet" itself comes to Middle English from the Late Latin Alphabetum which in turn originates from the Ancient Greek Alphabetos, from alpha and beta, the first two letters of the Greek alphabet.
		Notable exceptions are Braille, manual alphabets, Morse code, and the cuneiform alphabet of the ancient civilization Sumer.
	alphabet.ikiw.net /en/Alphabet (169 words)

	Alphabets
		The alphabetic type is the most common one, in which each consonant or vowel is represented by a letter.
		Probably it is the most logical way to write, but in practice, with the evolution of languages, the alphabetic scripts began to have double letters, accentuation, digraphs, mute letters, more than one letter for the same sound and vice-versa, which makes the script more complex.
		These alphabets are little known in the Western world, but there is a large number of abugidas, used mainly for the several Indian languages and those of South and Southeast Asia, like Hindi and Thai.
	www.ece.utexas.edu /~hpinto/alphabets.html (1282 words)

	Georgia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The alphabet is phonemic, which means that every phoneme had its corresponding letter in the alphabet.
		In its place the creator of Georgian alphabet put the letter expressing the sound that has not been phoneme in Georgian but did existed in Georgian as a positional variant (allophone) of -i in some positions (these positions will be described in the part on phonology).
		It is created in order to end Georgian alphabet like Greek one and, at the same time, to complete the alphabet as the system of numbers.
	rustaveli.tripod.com /cgi-bin/language2.htm (1805 words)

	SingaporeMoms - Parenting Encyclopedia - Vowel
		In the Latin alphabet, the vowel letters are usually A, E, I, O, U, and in some languages Y, as in English and W, as in Welsh.
		The International Phonetic Alphabet has a set of 28 symbols to represent the range of basic vowel qualities, and a further set of diacritics to denote variations from the basic vowel.
		In fact, the alphabets used to write the Semitic languages, such as the Hebrew alphabet and the Arabic alphabet, do not ordinarily mark all the vowels.
	www.singaporemoms.com /parenting/Vowel (1887 words)

	Historic Role of the Russian Language
		Sometime during the 10th century AD a new alphabet appeared which was known as Cyrillic.
		This alphabet was displaced by the Latin alphabet when those peoples converted to Roman Rite.
		The Cyrillic alphabet was used to write the Old Church Slavonic language (based on a Slavonic dialect of the Thessalonika area) and was later adapted to write many other Slavonic languages.
	www.shokhirev.com /nikolai/lang/historic/historic.html (817 words)

	Demokratik Çerkes Platformu Web-Site
		This immediately introduces a disparity between the use of 'i' in the Adyghe script and its use here in Abkhaz, for, not being faced with the necessity of having to indicate palatalisation in Adyghe, Höhlig was free to use this vowel-character in the way she chose.
		Most commentators seem to place the Abkhaz pair of back fricatives in the uvular region, but over the years I have tended to describe them merely as 'back fricatives' whose precise point of articulation is largely determined by their phonetic environment.
		If literary Abkhaz's back fricatives are to be regarded as basically uvulars, their representation in the orthography being proposed would have to be altered accordingly; for those who take this view, the extra fricatives of Bzyp would presumably be treated (and marked) as pharyngalised uvulars.
	www.cerkesplatformu.org /hewitt.htm (3990 words)

	Wikinfo \| Cyrillic alphabet
		The plan of the alphabet is derived from the Glagolitic alphabet, a 9th century uncial cursive usually credited to two brothers, Saint Cyril and Saint Methodius.
		But the shapes of the glyphs in the Cyrillic alphabet are mainly Greek letters, although some letters retain their Glagolitic forms.
		Cyril's contributions to the Glagolitic alphabet and hence to the Cyrillic alphabet are still recognised, as the latter is named after him.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Cyrillic (786 words)

	Georgia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		One of the earliest inscriptions in Georgian, 5th century CE Both the ancient and modern alphabets are extremely simple, precious and economic.
		The Georgian alphabet is among the 14 existing ones throughout the world.
		Georgian alphabet - Deda-Ena (This Georgian ABC page is based on the 1912 publication by Jacob Gogebashvili, famous Georgian writer and statesman.
	rustaveli.tripod.com /cgi-bin/language.htm (1188 words)

	What language has the largest alphabet?
		The word alphabet also refers to writing systems were each symbol represents one sound only, such as our own alphabet (with 26 letters) or the Cyrillic (Russian) alphabet (with 29).
		The largest true alphabet is probably the International Phonetic Alphabet, as it is intended that there is a letter in it for every possible sound.
		When written in Devanagari, Vedic Sanskrit has an alphabet of 53 letters, including the visarga mark for final aspiration and special letters for k and jñ, though one of the letters is theoretical and not actually used.
	www.funtrivia.com /askft/Question72289.html (339 words)

	Georgians and Abkhazians. The Search for a Peace Settlement Chp 4
		Hence the Abkhaz alphabet, based on Cyrillic, was introduced (the Georgian language has used its own alphabet since the 5th century A.D.) and in 1912 the first work of Abkhaz literature was published.
		This affected most Abkhaz and many of the local Georgians: among the children of the latter the proportion of those studying in Russian schools was almost 3.5 times higher than in the rest of Georgia, where most Georgian children were taught in their mother tongue.
		It should be noted that the standard stereotype of an Abkhaz among the Georgians is a positive one, because it is created on the basis of classic Georgian literature, in which the Abkhaz are represented as noble, hospitable and brave people.
	poli.vub.ac.be /publi/Georgians/chp0401.html (6568 words)

	Home Page
		Owing to this novelty the local Georgian population was deprived of the right to be called "Abkhaz" and thus were deprived of the "titular" status in Abkhazian region of Georgia.
		The name 'Abkhaz' (rendered in Russian as "Abkhazets" was given only to the immigrant Apsuas and to a number of those Georgians that would agree that their ethnicity 'Georgian' be abolished in their official documents.
		Due to these facts and to the acuteness of the ethnic repressions both under the Tsarist and the Soviet rule, we recognize that the indigenous Georgian population of Abkhazia is a victim population of both the Tsarist and the Soviettime repressions.
	abkhazia.freewebspace.com (2395 words)

	Browse BookRags
		It is used in the Abkhaz language, and is placed between "O" and "Π" in the alphabet.
		In the International Phonetic Alphabet, the lowercase is used to represent a voiceless low front unrounded vowel....
		Ḇ(minuscule: ḇ) is a letter of the Latin alphabet, derived from B with the addition of an underline diacritic....
	www.bookrags.com /browse/69 (1991 words)

	georgia > Abkhaz (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Abkhaz (Ð°Ò§ÑÑÐ° Ð±ÑÐ·ÑÓÐ°) Abkhaz is a North West Caucasian language with about 105,000 speakers in Georgia, Turkey and Ukraine.
		The Abkhazians or Abkhaz (Abkhaz : ÐÒ§ÑÑÐ°, Georgian : áá¤á®áá—á”á‘á) are a Caucasian ethnic group, mainly living in Abkhazia, de jure an autonomous republic of Georgia
		Abkhaz books, courses, and software and other products to help you learn Abkhaz.
	www.gomo.cc /georgia/Abkhaz.asp (229 words)

	Re: Abkhaz letters
		It might be an apostrophe after the T marking an ejective, as in the IPA version of one of the T's in http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Abkhaz-alphabet.
		From http://www.abkhazia.org/lang.html: Abkhaz has "the standard Caucasian opposition between voiced vs voiceless aspirate vs voiceless ejective obstruents".
		As for U+0417 and U+04E0, it is clear that the current Abkhaz alphabet uses both of these, see http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Abkhaz-alphabet.
	www.mail-archive.com /unicode@unicode.org/msg19052.html (434 words)

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