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Topic: Abkhazian language

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Abkhazian language

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	Abkhazian language and its place in the Caucasian family of languages
		Abkhazians are the autochtonal population of the Caucasus, whose ancestors lived on the territory of Abkhazia from the ancient times.
		The peculiarity of the Abkhazo-Adygian languages is the presence of the whistling and hissing spirants and affricates.
		The Abkhazian language differs from the other Caucasian languages by the absence of declination, that is compensated by the verb structure.
	www.circassianworld.com /Abkhazian_lang.html (2702 words)

	Abkhazians
		In language, culture, and ethnic classification, Abkhazians are related to the Abazins (or Abaza), Adyghey, Kabardians, and Circassians.
		Abkhazian belongs to the northwest Caucasian family of languages spoken by the Abazins, Adyghey, Kabardians, and Circassians.
		Abkhazians maintain a space of at least a foot and a half between them when they are facing each other and speaking.
	www.everyculture.com /wc/Costa-Rica-to-Georgia/Abkhazians.html (1781 words)

	ABKHAZIA.ORG - The Abkhaz Language
		Renewed pressure on Soviet Abkhazians from their Kartvelian neighbours (see 8) has had the natural, if unintentional, consequence of awakening amongst them a determination not lose their language to the advantage of Russian, which is the main lingua franca of Abkhazia and which Abkhazians know much better than the Kartvelians, thanks to their educational system.
		When the Young Written Languages of the USSR were forced to move to Cyrillic-based scripts in 1936-38, Abkhaz (along with South Ossetic) was compelled to accept a Georgian-based orthography, which lasted until the death of (Georgian) Stalin.
		Following the expulsion of so many Abkhazians to the Ottoman Empire after Russia's conquest of the North Caucasus in 1864 and the forced immigration into Abkhazia of Slavs, Armenians and especially Mingrelians during the 1930s the Abkhazians are a 17% minority on their own territory.
	www.abkhazia.org /lang.html (1249 words)

	DIE NAMEN DER BERGE \| Kaukasus \| Teimuraz Gvantseladze: The Main Socio-Linguistic Tendencies in the Post-Soviet Caucasus
		The third stage in the language hierarchy was occupied by the languages spoken in the North Caucasian autonomous republics, languages with newly created written languages: Abaza, Checheno-Ingush, Avarian, Kumuk, Lak, Dargwa, Lezghian, Tabassaranian and Nogayan, whose legal status was not determined by the constitution.
		For instance, the historic motherland of the Abkhazians was in Northern Caucasus and the Abkhazians settled down in the North-Western part of Georgia in the 16th to 18th centuries.
		Falsifying history, Abkhazian linguists and historians, who were inclined to separatism, assured the Abkhazian people that today's Abkhazia was their historic motherland and that the Georgians were the linguistic conquerors of this land; the Georgian linguists and historians were not allowed to write the truth.
	www.inst.at /berge/kaukasus/gvantseladze_t.htm (2409 words)

	The Abkhazian language and its place in the Caucasian family of languages
		The Abkhazian language - is the native language of Abkhazians, which live in Republic of Abkhazia and it is also spoken in many countries of the world /Turkey, Syria, Jordan, Germany, USA and others/ by the descendants of makhadgers, which were exiled by force from Abkhazia in 19 century.
		The scientist and the teacher Machavariani wrote about the Abkhazian language: “The Abkhazian language is very flexible and sonorous; it gives not only the solemn tones, but it caresses an ear with the tenderest expressions.
		At the same time, it is enriching and widening,and it reflexes the present day of the Abkhazians, being a state language of the Republic Abkhazia and a native language of the Abkhazians abroad.
	www.kapba.de /Language2.html (2723 words)

	Abkhaz language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Abkhaz is a Northwest Caucasian language, indicating it originated in the northwest Caucasus.
		Northwest Caucasian languages have been suggested as being related to the Northeast Caucasian languages and both are often merged under the blanket term "North Caucasian languages"; several linguists, notably Sergei Starostin, posit a phylogenetic link between these two families.
		The earliest extant written records of the Abkhazian language are in the Arabic alphabet, recorded by the Turkish traveller Evliya Celebi in the 17th century.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Abkhaz_language (1027 words)

	ABKHAZIA.ORG: Home Page
		The Abkhazian language belongs to the northwest Caucasian family spoken by only a few other peoples in the world: the Abazins (or Abaza), Adyghey, Kabardians and Circassians, all of whom live in the North Caucasus.
		The closest neighbors of the Abkhazians (unrelated linguistically or ethnically) were the Mingrelians, Svans and Georgians.
		The Abkhazians are a West Caucasian people numbering about 100,000 in 1989 (Soviet census data), living chiefly on territory known under the Soviet government as the Abkhazian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic within the Union Republic of Georgia.
	www.abkhazia.org /home.html (628 words)

	[No title]
		But 1 want to tackle the question of language in the way I think it should be addressed in the republic from the point of view of general philosophical principles, and not specifically within the.
		Abkhaz Although Abkhaz and its divergent Abaza dialect have had official status as literary languages on their home-territories since the early days of the Soviet Union, the demographic facts and the dominance of Russian (or Turkish amongst the diaspora) mean that Abkhaz(-Abaza) must be classified as endangered (at least over the medium term).
		Abkhazia's other languages If what has been said thus far represents some musings in relation to the present state of, and future possibilities for, Abkhaz, we have to remember that Abkhazia, like most regions in the Caucasus, is a cosmopolitan area with a heterogeneous population.
	www.socsci.uci.edu /~cpb/progs/conf/GeorgeHewittscan.doc (2125 words)

	Culture - Abkhazia
		According to the ancient Abkhazian religion, Afy rules the thunder and the weather; Shasta is the protector spirit who rules flsmiths and the arts; Azhvepshaa is the spirit of the forest, wild animals and hunting; Aitar is the protector of domestic animals.
		However, most Abkhazian city dwellers have close relatives living in the countryside where they visit regularly and thus are not completely separated from their rural heritage and traditions.
		An Abkhazian baby does not belong to its parents but to the family as a whole; to the aunts, grandmothers, grandfathers, brothers, and sisters.
	www.socsci.uci.edu /istudies/abkhazia/culture.html (2948 words)

	English Library \| Reference > Language Lab (language profiles & study courses)
		Ethnologue.com: Khmer, Northern — A Language of Thailand
		Ethnologue.com: Czech — A Language of the Czech Republic
		Ethnologue.com: Dari, Zoroastrian — A Language of Iran
	www.davidappleyard.com /library/languages.htm (479 words)

	Georgians and Abkhazians. The Search for a Peace Settlement Chp 6 Part 2
		The majority of Abkhazians, in particular the Christian population in the southern part of the region, are culturally very close to the neighbouring Megrelians, to the extent that until recently there were no clear borderlines of ethnic self-identification.
		From the Abkhazian perspective, the Russian presence, notwithstanding all its vacillations, constitutes the only guarantee against a catastrophic renewal of the military operation, and against the risk of losing the gains from their previous victory.
		This enables the Russians to manipulate Abkhazian concerns to their own advantage, but the Abkhaz cannot fully rely on Russian support, which may be withdrawn as soon as the stakes change.
	poli.vub.ac.be /publi/Georgians/chp0602.html (5223 words)

	Caucasus Foundation
		According to Abkhazians, Abkhaz population are not less than 100.000, but they are a minority group in their own republic.
		The visiting Abkhazian delegation in Istanbul sent out a message of unity and solidarity with the North Caucasian Diaspora emphasizing their commitment to defend the Abkhazian independence through diplomacy and non-violent peaceful measures.
		The Caucasus-Abkhazian Solidarity Committee, a fruit of the combined efforts of the Diaspora and the motherland Abkhazians, gathered the veterans of the struggle for the freedom of Abkhazia to celebrate its 10 years of existence.
	www.kafkas.org.tr /english/bgkafkas/bukaf_abhazya.html (351 words)

	Cover Pages: Code for the Representation of the Names of Languages. From ISO 639, revised 1989.
		The two-character language codes of ISO 639 are relevant to SGML encoding in two respects.
		Second, the WSD (Writing System Declaration) implemented in the Text Encoding Initiative uses the [two-character] language code of ISO 639 (as amended) as a language.code attribute of the nat.language declaration, specifying the language in which the WSD is written.
		The two-character language codes of ISO 639 are recognized as being inadequate for use as SGML language attributes when tagging text, viz, for use as global lang attributes attached to any element to identify the language of the text element or a language shift.
	www.oasis-open.org /cover/iso639a.html (687 words)

	Abkhazia in the Soviet Union
		At that time the inscription on the flag, as established in the Constitution, was made in the Abkhazian language, written in Cyrillic script ("ССРА"), but in 1926 a new alphabet based on Latin script was introduced (and replaced in 1928 with another, also based on Latin script).
		It uses as basis the Georgian flag of 1937 (in 1928!!), the inscriptions include the letter for "autonomous" (SSR until 1931), and finally the alphabet used for the Abkhazian inscriptions is the Cyrillic 1954 one, not the 1928 Latin, as expected.
		On 1951 the Georgian flag was changed and the Abkhazian flag was changed accordingly, but any local reference was omitted and the flags of Abkhazia and Georgia were the same for almost 30 years.
	flagspot.net /flags/su-ab.html (961 words)

	UTS #35: Locale Data Markup Language
		However, customarily the language code is lowercase, the territory and variant codes are uppercase, the script code is titlecase (that is, first character uppercase and other characters lowercase), and variants are uppercase.
		A locale that only has a language code (and possibly a script code) is called a language locale; one with both language and territory code as well is called a territory locale (or country locale).
		The mapping element describes character conversion mapping tables that are commonly used to encode data in the language of this locale for a particular purpose.
	www.unicode.org /reports/tr35 (10829 words)

	Resolution of the People's Assembly Parliament of the Republic of Abkhazia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Measures on assimilation of the Abkhazians, manifested in mass resettlement of ethnic Georgians into Abkhazia, distortion of the history of the nation, etc. were undertaken already under Tsarism.
		The revival in March 1921 of the Abkhazian statehood in the form of the SSR of Abkhazia created conditions for physical preservation and social, economic and cultural development of the Abkhazian people and of all the multi-ethnic population of the Republic.
		Considering the current complex demographic situation in Abkhazia, which is the heritage of the historical past, to recommend to the President and the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Abkhazia to determine a long term demographic policy of the state, to adopt a state programme for the demographic development of Abkhazia.
	unpo.org /article.php?id=707 (1321 words)

	Abkhazians - Who are They?
		And here the language plays its decisive role, in whose structure and vocabulary ancient pages of the history of the Abkhazian nation are preserved, the most important information about its sources, the environment of the primary life of its people, ties and contacts with other nations, and other interesting information.
		In discussing the question of the lineage of the Abkhazians, investigators have named two directions that the ancestors of this nation took to their present place of abode: from the North Caucasia, where the Abazins, Adygeis and Kabardins, akin to the Abkhazians, live today, and from the south, from Asia Minor, by way of Colchis.
		centuries, the Abkhazian provincial government, on autonomous grounds, entered the composition of the “Kingdom of the Abkhazians and Kartvels”, and later partially (“Upper Abkhazia”) was annexed to Megrelia, its neighbour of the east.
	www.circassianworld.com /Abkhazians.html (8257 words)

	Project on Endangered Languages in South Caucasus: UNESCO-CI
		Due to the assimilation of small ethnic groups, their languages are endangered and soon this and their cultural legacy could disappear.
		Unfortunately these alone cannot preserve and relate the natural and audio specificity of the language (accents, intonation, pronunciation) or adequately convey to the public their importance as examples of humanities patrimony.
		The overall objective of this project is to promote the access to the cultural heritage of both groups and the improvement of the inter-cultural dialogue and relationships between these two language communities.
	portal.unesco.org /ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID=7857&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html (562 words)

	Joe Bob's America - Abkhazia? Would you mind spelling that, Mr. President?
		The goal of both the Abkhazians and the Mingrelians is ultimately to reestablish the kingdoms of Colchis and Kartli, which exist on maps at the British Museum pored over by antiquities scholars who would presumably have to be trundled down to Asia Minor to do the surveying on the reconstituted empires of three millennia ago.
		The ancient traditional vestment of the Abkhazian, called the cherkesska, is a belted fl coat with long sleeves and a row of cartridge pouches on the chest.
		They also have a lost kingdom, but it's currently occupied by the Abkhazians and Mingrelians, which are in turn occupied by the Georgians, with the Russians on the way.
	www.joebobbriggs.com /jbamerica/2002/jba20020412.html (1566 words)

	Abkhazian futures Andrew Mueller - openDemocracy
		Russian is also the most commonly heard language, though in recent years there has been a revival of interest in the northwest Caucasian language of Abkhazian, another marker of distinction from south Caucasian Georgian (kartvelebi) and Mingrelian (megruli) of Georgia.
		Abkhazians are fond of pointing out that the country’s modern difficulties derive from a decree by a son of Georgia, Josef Stalin.
		The potential wealth generated by tourism, against the backdrop of one of the most fertile regions in the world, would certainly be enough to sustain a workable Abkhazian economy.
	www.opendemocracy.net /democracy-caucasus/abkhazia_2772.jsp (1413 words)

	Abkhazian Language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		This site will allow you to write in the Abkhazian language.
		Since it is a non-standard alphabet, you may first need to download the fonts here.
		Georgia won't revenge on Abkhazia and will never forget tragic events of Georgia's-Abkhaz military standoff, Georgian President Mikhail Saakashvili vowed...
	apsni.com (351 words)

	Locale Data Interchange Format
		However, customarily the language code is lowercase, the territory and variant codes are uppercase, and the script code is titlecase (that is, first character uppercase and other characters lowercase).
		A locale that only has a language code (and possibly a script code) is called a language locale; one with both language and territory codes is called a territory locale (or country locale).
		It indicates that those characters are sufficiently common in the target language for the tailoring that their performance should be enhanced.
	www.openi18n.org /specs/ldml/1.0/ldml-spec.htm (10623 words)

	Abkhazia: The Constitution of Abkhazia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The official language of the Republic of Abkhazia shall be the Abkhazian language.
		The Russian language, equally with the Abkhazian language, shall be recognized as a language of State and other institutions.
		A citizen of the Republic of Abkhazia may not be deprived of Abkhazian citizenship, deported from the country, or extradited.
	unpo.org /article.php?id=697 (4343 words)

	Online Dictionary Directory - Dictionaries
		As our database is constantly growing and improving we hope to develop a good and helpful internet resource for online information and knowledge, accessable for everybody at any place and any time.
		Use the comprehensive index of 138 languages and 22 categories to find your personal source and target language and topics of your personal interest.
		With our translator it is possible to look up words and short phrases in different languages.
	www.dictionary-directory.info /c.141.html (198 words)

	languagehat.com: RADIO CAUCASUS.
		I'm listening to the Circassian now; the only thing I recognize is "Adyghe Respublika" (adyghe being the self-designation for the languages called by foreigners Adyge and Kabardian/Circassian), but it's fascinating to hear—it doesn't sound anything like I had imagined.
		One striking feature of NWC [North-West Caucasian] is that the languages are very rich in consonants and very poor in vowels.
		This is not actually true, but the peculiar phonology of the NWC languages makes it to some degree justifiable.
	www.languagehat.com /archives/000910.php (193 words)

	Linguist List - Book Information
		Included myths describe the creation of the world, an Abkhazian version of Noah and the flood, man's relations with the Prince of the Dead, and God's expulsion of the Devil from heaven.
		The Abkhazian version of the Greek Prometheus is Abrskj’yl, and five stories relate the cycle of his birth, exploits and death; an appendix presents for comparison a poem by the Georgian Vazha-Pshavela on the fate of the Georgian equivalent to this hero, Amiran.
		It is hoped that this book will complement the eleven Abkhazian tales gathered from Abkhazians in Turkey and published with French translation by Georges Dumézil in his Etudes Abkhaz (1967) and that it will at the same time contribute to a better understanding in the English-speaking world of Abkhazian society through its legends.
	linguistlist.org /pubs/books/get-book.cfm?BookID=13592 (220 words)

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