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Topic: Able space probes

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	Chapter 17 -- The Space Probes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Probes to the outer planets such as the Voyager and the Pioneer carry large parabola antennas to amplify the signals sent back to Earth.
		Dispatch a probe to the Venusian surface and 2.
		The probe's mission is to penetrate as deeply into the Jovian atmosphere as possible and to determine the gases and winds in this large planet.
	www.space.edu /projects/book/chapter17.html (6264 words)

	Able
		Telemetry from the probe was received for a further 123 seconds until the 39-kg spacecraft ended its brief journey by falling into the Atlantic.
		Able and its companion Baker, a female squirrel monkey placed in a second biocapsule, became the first live animals to be recovered after traveling outside Earth’s atmosphere.
		Able died on Jun. 1, 1959, from the effects of anesthesia given to allow the removal of electrodes.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/A/Able.html (315 words)

	NASA - Space Exploration
		Space is the near-emptiness in which all objects in the universe move.
		For unpiloted space probes, deceleration forces can be as great as 60 to 90 g's, or 60 to 90 times the acceleration due to gravity, lasting about 10 to 20 seconds.
		Space shuttles use their wings to skim the atmosphere and stretch the slowdown period to more than 15 minutes, thereby reducing the deceleration force to about 11/2 g's.
	www.nasa.gov /worldbook/s_exploration_worldbook.html (4096 words)

	Encyclopedia: Able space probes
		Pioneer 1 atop its launcher Pioneer 1, the second and most successful of three project Able space probes and the first spacecraft launched by the newly formed NASA, was intended to study the ionizing radiation, cosmic rays, magnetic fields, and micrometeorites in the vicinity of the Earth and in lunar...
		Pioneer II was nearly identical to Pioneer 1 Pioneer 1, the second and most successful of three project Able space probes and the first spacecraft launched by the newly formed NASA, was intended to study the ionizing radiation, cosmic rays, magnetic fields, and micrometeorites in the vicinity of the Earth and in lunar orbit.
		Another type of space elevator that doesn't rely on materials with high tensile strength for support is the space fountain, a tower supported by interacting with a high-velocity stream of magnetic particles accelerated up and down through it by mass drivers.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Able-space-probes (729 words)

	Able space probes - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The first three Able series of space probes were also called Thor-Able because they were launched on Thor booster rockets.
		These Able series of space probes were also called Atlas-Able (Pioneer P series) because they were launched on Atlas launchers.
		Pioneer P-3 (Atlas-Able 4B or Atlas-Able 4) called the Able 4 or Able 4B probe.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Able_5 (207 words)

	Linux Technology Center : Welcome
		Probe event handlers run as extensions to the system breakpoint interrupt handler and are expected to have little or no dependence on system facilities.
		Registration of user space probes is defined for a pair of inode and offset within the executable where the probes need to be inserted.
		The user space probes can be inserted into the pages existing in the memory or pages read via readpage routine of the inode's address space operations or swapping in of the process private page.
	sources.redhat.com /systemtap/kprobes (783 words)

	Ch_1
		Though retaining the television camera, the firm's researchers directed the rest of the scientific instrumentation toward fields and particles in space: a magnetometer to measure the magnetic fields of the earth and moon, and a micrometeoroid impact counter to survey the flux and energy of micrometeoroids between these two bodies.
		The space program might at first have been directed to reassert American supremacy in technical affairs, and sky scientists might have controlled the important scientific posts, but within NASA at the end of 1958, planetary scientists were already on the march.
		799; and Proposal for a Lunar Probe (LMSD-49800.
	history.nasa.gov /SP-4210/pages/Ch_1.htm (10641 words)

	What PROBES Does
		PROBES automatically tracks and analyzes the significant activity, determines how the performance data should be analyzed depending upon the changing situation, and automatically selects appropriate presentations for displaying the analyzed data to the instructor.
		The situation space enumerates the different types of situations that the trainees may find themselves in, each of which is associated with different tactical and instructional objectives.
		PROBES automatically determines which situation is currently in force, by monitoring the activities in the simulation.
	www.isi.edu /isd/PROBES/probes-functions.htm (999 words)

	GME Online Planet Jam: Probes Space Exploration (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		In order for human beings to survive in space, the effects of the vacuum, microgravity, and radiation conditions of that environment had to be studied as well, and the appropriate life-support systems developed to meet those conditions.
		Space exploration today includes the investigation of celestial objects ranging in size from cosmic dust to the giant planets of the solar system and the Sun itself.
		Advanced "space tugs" would be adequate to provide transportation, but at least one near-Moon substation would have to be erected either in lunar orbit or at another suitable point for the support of efficient and flexible flight schedules between Moon and Earth.
	gme.grolier.com /gme-ol/gme-jam/planets/probes/docs/probhist.htm (4537 words)

	Pioneers 1-5
		The Early Pioneer probes where designed to measure radiation, temperature, and meteorites in the vicinity of the earths moon, however none of the early Pioneer missions where a complete success due to technical problems and lack of technology required to successfully complete their assigned missions.
		This probe reached a lower altitude of 101,367 km but and failed to escape the Earth's gravitational pull, reentering the atmosphere after only 38 hrs.
		Pioneer 5, the last of the early pioneer missions was the last of the early series pioneer series, carried experiments from the new NASA Goddard Space Flight Center into solar orbit, in the process successfully exploring between Earth and Venus.
	www.angelfire.com /sc3/spaceprobes/Pioneer1.html (301 words)

	Probes to other worlds (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Because the probes are so far away, there is a time-lag between the sending and receiving of signals between the tracking station and the probes.
		A false-colour image (left) of Halley's comet, produced from data returned by the European space probe Giotto in March 1986.
		Pioneer 10 and its twin, Pioneer 11, were the first probes to journey through the asteroid belt to the giant planet Jupiter, in 1973 and 1974, respectively.
	library.advanced.org /21008/data/intospace/probes_other_worlds.html (649 words)

	Shuguang 1
		Fang was able to fly the aircraft to base and landed on instruments.
		Delegates to the meeting sampled with enthusiasm the space food that was being developed for the astronauts - temperature-resistant chocolate, compressed biscuits, chicken soup, and egg fried rice dispensed from tubes.
		In December 1980, Wang Zhuanshan, the Secretary General of the New China Space Research Society and Chief Engineer of the Space Centre of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, announced that Chinese manned flight was being postponed because of its cost.
	www.astronautix.com /craft/shuuang1.htm (4762 words)

	Space Domination (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Space Command hopes to be able to deploy the KASAT within the next five years.
		Between NASA's demand for future nuclear-powered space probes and the Space Command's desire for nuclear-powered space weapons, we could see a return of massive contamination problems at the labs.
		A coalition of aerospace corporations are now engaged in a campaign called the "Declaration of Space Leadership" and have had their congressional allies introduce it as a House resolution.
	www.resistinc.org /newsletter/issues/2000/05/SpaceDomination.html (974 words)

	ESA Science & Technology: ESA to look for the missing link in gravity
		One example is the so-called 'Pioneer anomaly', named after the NASA space probes Pioneer 10 and 11, on which the effect was first noticed.
		Space is an ideal testing ground to examine the existing theories.
		Quantum gravity supposes that space is granular on the smallest of scales.
	sci.esa.int /science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=30467 (1132 words)

	Chapter 1 - Why Study Space? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Future applications will be possible when scientists are able to use the unique conditions of space such as microgravity, vacuum, and radiation to perform experiments and determine processes which either can't occur on Earth due to the laws of physics and chemistry or are too impractical or expensive to recreate on Earth.
		The space program is a major part of the aerospace industry upon which is based a $32 billion trade surplus and around a million jobs.
		The space program has also become a natural way to bring the people of the world together with international cooperation, to pursue a project as a species and not as disparate groups of human beings.
	www.space.edu /projects/book/chapter1.html (1497 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Science/Nature \| Mystery force tugs distant probes
		"It is almost as if the probes are not behaving according to the known law of gravity," said Dr John Anderson, of the American space agency's (Nasa) Jet Propulsion Laboratory, and lead scientist on the study.
		By studying the Doppler shift (the "stretching") of the radio signals from the probe, scientists have been able to calculate how fast the craft is travelling.
		The effect is as yet unexplained and with all four affected probes never to return to Earth for analysis, it may well remain that way.
	news.bbc.co.uk /hi/english/sci/tech/newsid_1332000/1332368.stm (617 words)

	CNN - Along for the ride: microprobes - November 1999
		On a broader scope, the probes will provide an initial test for a new NASA approach to determining the character of bodies in space: placing multiple probes in locations all around a planet, or moon, rather than depending solely on data from a single landing site.
		Deep Space 2 is the second mission under NASA's New Millennium program, which is designed to test new, high-risk technology for future space flight without putting a high-end major scientific mission on the line.
		Each miniscule chamber holds a laboratory's worth of paraphernalia: a tiny computer and signal processor, power conversion electronics, a tiny motor and drill to collect a 1/250th of an ounce of soil, a oven the size of a pencil eraser to heat and test the sample, a water vapor analysis chamber and a laser-sensor apparatus.
	www.cnn.com /TECH/specials/mars/stories/microprobes/index.html (968 words)

	Exploring Space by Jay Mutti
		Because space is so vast and far away, it is virtually impossible to use our senses to study it.
		Space probes: are space crafts that travel close to distant planets or other objects in space and gather information for us.
		Space shuttles: are reusable crafts designed to transport astronauts, materials, and satellites to and from space.
	www.bgsu.edu /departments/envp/amovies/modules/exspace.html (697 words)

	CNN.com - Puzzling hyper-gravity proves weighty mystery - May 21, 2001
		The probes have traveled far beyond Jupiter since their launch in the early 1970s.
		Launched in the early 1970s, the Pioneers were the first probes to explore the outer solar system, astounding the world when they sent home flyby images of giant planets like Jupiter, Saturn and their moons.
		The scientists were unable to calculate the effects of distant gravity on other deep space probes, like Voyager I or Voyager 2, because they employ a different kind of orientation and propulsion system, Anderson said.
	archives.cnn.com /2001/TECH/space/05/21/gravity.mystery (494 words)

	Alan Boyle: Cosmic Log - Cosmic Log - MSNBC.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Thus, the effect of the beam on the taxi would be much greater than the effect on the beam-generating space station itself, because acceleration equals force divided by mass.
		Some readers wondered whether a fast-moving space taxi would face an increased impact risk from meteoroids: Again, Winglee acknowledged the risk, but said "the fact that you have a smaller spacecraft means that the hazard is less" than it would be for a conventional rocket ship.
		Space TV renewal: Rumblings about space-based TV projects are on the upswing: Even before SpaceShipOne's successful X Prize bid, TV executives were taking a fresh look at concepts that had to be shelved in the wake of the Columbia tragedy.
	www.msnbc.msn.com /id/6228231 (4088 words)

	Facts about topic: (Able space probes) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The first three Able series of space probes were also called Thor-Able because they were launched on Thor booster rockets (additional info and facts about Thor booster rockets).
		Pioneer 0 (additional info and facts about Pioneer 0) (Thor-Able 1) called the Able 1 probe.
		These Able series of space probes were also called Atlas-Able (Pioneer P series) because they were launched on Atlas (A collection of maps in book form) launchers.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/a/ab/able_space_probes.htm (204 words)

	Affordable Space Flight - A Gift for Earth, Part 3
		We were in a space race with the Soviets, the winning of which would prove to the international community that the democratic form of government and the free enterprse system were superior to the communist form of government with its attending state capitalism.
		An example is the space mirrors for reflecting extra sunlight on the solar cells that some people want to cover the wastelands of America with.
		With affordable access to space we can begin to consider such projects as space cities, making Mars into a new home for man, and redirecting asteroids away from the Earth or mining them for their resources.
	www.affordablespaceflight.com /giftforearth3.html (1925 words)

	Space Today Online -- The Pioneer spacecraft still are outbound
		The Asteroid Belt is a Sun-orbiting span of rocky debris floating in space between Mars and Jupiter.
		After Pioneer 10 emerged from the Asteroid Belt, its companion probe, Pioneer 11, was launched from Earth on a similar trajectory.
		Of course, the Voyager 1 interplanetary probe passed Pioneer 10 in mileage out of the Solar System in 1998, but Voyager 1 is travelling in a direction opposite to the course taken by Pioneer 10.
	www.spacetoday.org /SolSys/ThePioneers.html (1693 words)

	Space Probes \| Space Exploration Reference Library
		The victor of the space race, with its ultimate goal a landing on the Moon, would be able to brag about technological and political superiority.
		This vehicle was a probe, an unmanned spacecraft that leaves Earth's orbit to explore the Moon, other celestial bodies, or outer space.
		Since its launch, more than one hundred other probes have been launched successfully on missions to obtain closer observations of the planets, their moons, the Sun, comets, asteroids, and the outer reaches of the solar system.
	www.bookrags.com /research/space-probes-serl-02 (462 words)

	FluidArts -
		For example, in space two people can walk simultaneously through a door into a room, one person with their feet on the ceiling and one with their feet on the floor.
		This made for quite interesting variations in 'painting technique': in their attempts to mix colors, the artists pushed two spheres of paint together, which created very unusual color effects on the surfaces of the spheres as the colors collected on the outside of the paint balls.
		The sculpture would be deployed by one of the space probes scheduled to travel to Mars during the next decade.
	www.fluidarts.org /projects/space.html (1277 words)

	Spaceflight Now \| Breaking News \| MIT envisions exploring Mars with mini probes
		The canyons, too, are inaccessible to rovers, but small probes might be able to make their way down the canyon faces.
		One of the major advantages of the mini probes is that losing a few out of hundreds or thousands of probes sent into a treacherous area would not derail the overall mission, Dubowsky said.
		The probes are made of durable and lightweight plastic that could withstand the rigors of Mars travel and the extreme cold.
	www.spaceflightnow.com /news/n0607/18marsminiprobes (1166 words)

	Don't Rule Out Interstellar Probes
		Based on the criterion of soonest arrival at a target star, one probably doesn't send a mission at all until one's technology is up to sending it at better than half the speed of light, and in that regime, stars are "only" on the order of twenty years apart or so.
		However, anyone sending interstellar probes would be well aware of all that and design their probes accordingly.
		Of course, any probe visiting Earth itself will have to run the gauntlet, but while it is a concern, it hasn't gotten to the point of cancelling space shuttle flights yet.
	www.setileague.org /articles/probes.htm (2254 words)

	Howstuffworks "How Satellites Work"
		The Hubble Space Telescope has a very elaborate control system so that the telescope can point at the same position in space for hours or days at a time (despite the fact that the telescope travels at 17,000 mph/27,359 kph!).
		The Space Shuttle is the familiar manned satellite, usually with a fixed duration and number of orbits.
		Space debris may also be a reason why space shuttles typically orbit with their windows to the rear.
	www.howstuffworks.com /satellite.htm/printable (4139 words)

	Howstuffworks "How Solar Sails Work"
		Hundreds of space missions have been launched since the last lunar mission, including several deep space probes that have been sent to the edges of our solar system.
		Although the force on a solar-sail spacecraft is less than a conventional chemical rocket, such as the space shuttle, the solar-sail spacecraft constantly accelerates over time and achieves a greater velocity.
		NASA believes that the exploration of space is similar to the tale of the "Tortoise and the Hare," with rocket-propelled spacecraft being the hare.
	science.howstuffworks.com /solar-sail.htm/printable (1550 words)

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