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	New Bedford Whaling Museum \| Research
		Aboriginal subsistence hunting: Unlike the commercial Yankee whaling industry where animals were killed for the purpose of providing commodities to be bought and sold, subsistence whaling was (and remains) centered around food, clothing and shelter.
		Aboriginal subsistence whaling means whaling, for the purposes of local aboriginal consumption carried out by or on behalf of aboriginal, indigenous or native peoples who share strong community, familial, social and cultural ties related to a continuing traditional dependence on whaling and on the use of whales.
		Local aboriginal consumption means the traditional use of whale products by local aboriginal, indigenous or native communities in meeting their nutritional, subsistence and cultural requirements.
	www.whalingmuseum.org /kendall/amwhale/am_aborig.html (664 words)

	Whaling - MSN Encarta
		The whale-line kept the whale tethered to the whaleboat until the animal tired and the whalers could come alongside to kill the animal with the handheld lances.
		The first Antarctic whaling station was established in 1904 on South Georgia, an island in the South Atlantic Ocean.
		Limited whaling for local consumption is allowed for native peoples in Bequia, an island belonging to Saint Vincent and the Grenadines; Chukotka, an autonomous area in the Siberian region of the Russian Federation; for native peoples in Greenland; for the Makah tribe in the state of Washington, and for the Inuit people in Alaska.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761572529_2/Whaling.html (1671 words)

	Whaling: Whales in Danger - World Society for the Protection of Animals
		Aboriginal subsistence is the whaling carried out by native cultures, such as the Native Americans in the United States.
		Whales continue to be killed in the United States, Greenland and Russia under the aboriginal subsistence rule.
		Whale watching tours, when operated with a concern for safety and education, allow a rare and unique opportunity for the general public to catch a glimpse of whales in the wild and helps to instill a sense of stewardship and a desire for conservation.
	www.wspa-usa.org /pages/292_whaling_whales_in_danger.cfm (805 words)

	Reporter: 2002 No. 15: IWC 54 - Analysis
		"whaling for the purpose of local aboriginal consumption carried out by or on behalf of aboriginal, indigenous or native peoples who share a strong community, familial, social and cultural ties related to a continuing traditional dependence on whaling and on the use of whales".
		The catch limits for aboriginal subsistence hunts, like the commercial quotas before them, are set on whale stocks as opposed to specific allocations or quotas to individual countries or communities, although in practice is it is recognized to whom the quotas are directed.
		Humpback whales (taken by St Vincent and The Grenadines) - For the seasons 2003-2007 the number of humpback whales to be taken by the Bequians of St. Vincent and the Grenadines shall not exceed 20.
	www.oceanlaw.net /people/hedley/pubs/ifb/2002-reporter-15.htm (1676 words)

	America's Whale Alliance - "Help us stop the resumption of Commercial Whaling!"
		For well over a thousand years whales have been hunted for their meat, oil (for heating, lighting and as a lubricant), teeth (mainly from sperm whales, used for carving), ambergris (a stomach secretion used as a perfume fixative) and baleen (filter plates in the mouths of baleen whales used most famously to stiffen corsets).
		The hunting of whales by indigenous communities, historically dependent upon eating whale meat, is recognized by the IWC and known as Aboriginal Subsistence Whaling (ASW).
		The emaciated condition of the many gray whales that have washed ashore on the west coast of North America, beginning in 1999 suggests that starvation was the primary cause of death.
	www.americaswhalealliance.org /background.htm (4786 words)

	Makah Whaling Plans Delayed Again
		With the delisting of the gray whale, the Makah began pursuing the revival of whaling off the coasts of Washington State and the Strait of Juan de Fuca.
		Whaling is closely regulated in the United States by the Whaling Convention Act and the MMPA, and internationally by the IWC.
		A portion of these whales are returning whales, whales which have been in the area in previous summers, although not necessarily returning every year.
	www.olemiss.edu /orgs/SGLC/SandBar/2.1whale.htm (1520 words)

	A Universal Metaphor: Australia's opposition to commercial whaling - Chapter 4. Current Whaling Activities and the ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Aboriginal subsistence whaling has been recognised by international treaty for over sixty years as in some way being different and having a distinctive character, and exempt from the restrictions and requirements governing commercial whaling activity.
		Aboriginal subsistence whaling quotas have been of particular concern because some of the species and stocks from which whales have been taken are at very low levels.
		Whaling activities known to be occurring outside the controls of the IWC are largely those targeting species of small cetaceans, particularly those not listed in the Schedule to the Convention, and some aboriginal subsistence whaling.
	www.deh.gov.au /coasts/publications/whaling/chapter4.html (3038 words)

	Aboriginal whaling - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Aboriginal whaling is the hunting of whales carried out by aboriginal groups who have a tradition of whaling.
		In order for a country to carry out a hunt under the aboriginal group clause, the nation must provide the IWC with evidence of "the cultural and subsistence needs of their people." In particular the hunt is not intended for commercial purposes and the caught meat cannot be exported.
		The whaling programme is managed by the Alaska Eskimo Whaling Commission which reports to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Aboriginal_whaling (1166 words)

	TurtleIsland.org :: View topic - Makah plans to resume whaling - many hurdles to overcome
		Whaling strengthened and preserved our spirituality and is clearly illustrated through the discipline that the Nuu chah nulth hereditary whaling chiefs exemplified in their months of bathing, praying and fasting in preparation for the hunt.
		The whale strengthened the relationships between families because everyone was involved in the processing of the whale, the celebrations, the feasting, and the carving of the artifacts that can still be seen today in many museums around the world.
		Whaling is governed by international law and falls under the authority of the IWC, and therefore, the USA no longer has the legal right to grant permission to any peoples to slaughter whales within or outside the territory of the United States.
	www.turtleisland.org /discussion/viewtopic.php?t=3942 (2994 words)

	Aboriginal Subsistence Whaling
		When "aboriginal subsistence whaling" was accepted by the International Whaling Commission, for example, the concept became a powerful weapon in the hands of environmental organizations.
		Terms like "aboriginal", "native" and "indigenous" have been used rhetorically by minority groups themselves in order to muster support for their struggle to gain recognition as distinct peoples with their own cultures and with just rights to self- determination.
		Whaling as well as sealing is allowed only as long as it is conducted by small non-White, oppressed minorities perceived as lacking unifying political institutions, use "simple" technologies, and whose economic exchanges are believed to exist within the confinement of a non-commercial economy.
	www.highnorth.no /Library/Culture/a-con-in.htm (1647 words)

	Aboriginal Subsistence Whaling
		Bowhead and gray whales are hunted by native peoples both in the United States and Russia.
		The AEWC harvests bowhead whales; the Makah Tribe hunts gray whales.
		Under those quotas, 280 strikes of bowhead whales from the Bering-Chukchi-Beaufort Seas stock were allocated to the AEWC, and 20 gray whales from the Eastern North Pacific stock to the Makah Tribe, for the years 1998 through 2002.
	www.state.gov /p/eur/rls/fs/10224.htm (302 words)

	Sea Shepherd Conservation Society - Whales Around the World
		There are several nations that kill whales today in flagrant violation of the International Whaling Commission (IWC) ban against commercial whaling.
		In 1998 and 1999, Sea Shepherd mounted a major campaign to oppose the killing of whales by the Makah Tribe of Washington state because this tribe did not have approval from the IWC, and therefore, it was not a legitimate whale hunt.
		Whaling must be permanently outlawed as a matter of international law.
	www.seashepherd.org /whales/whales_world.html (518 words)

	Commercial whaling backed by world group (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Whaling countries, led by Japan, are pushing to resume commercial whaling under a 1994 plan that establishes strict catch limits and provides observers on ships.
		Canada imposed a moratorium on the commercial whale hunt in 1972 and pulled out of the Whaling Commission in 1982, arguing there was no further reason to remain a member since the commission's mandate is to ensure the orderly development of the commercial whaling industry.
		The reason, she said, is that the government plans to continue its ban on commercial whaling and considers the bowhead hunt to be a subsistence whale hunt only.
	seattlepi.nwsource.com /national/van25.shtml (687 words)

	Whaling in Japan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In 1982, the International Whaling Commission imposed a moratorium on commercial whaling, while Japan initially intended to object to the moratorium, it withdrew in submission in the face of the threat of economic sanctions made by the United States.
		Japan's desire to restart its commercial whaling is evidenced by its annual petition to the International Whaling Commission requesting that a quota for a commercial Minke Whale hunt be given.
		It is argued that anti whaling side is raising the bar of scientific measurement solely to filbuster the implementation Revised Management Procedure and this in turn provide justification for scientific whaling many of which are done to answer the elements of uncertaintity which is cited by anti whaling side in objection to RMP.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Whaling_in_Japan (1400 words)

	Safe Passing - Government Documents
		Information on landings of dead whales (``stinkers'') found floating at sea or washed up on shore is also requested to have a record of all whales brought to shore and to ensure that whales killed under the IWC quotas are not claimed to have been found dead.
		Aboriginal subsistence whaling means whaling authorized by paragraph 13 of the Schedule annexed to and constituting a part of the Convention.
		Whaling captain or captain means any person who is authorized by a Native American whaling organization to be in charge of a vessel and whaling crew.
	www.safepassing.org /govt/fr_19960409.html (2608 words)

	AR.net >> Discussion Forum >> Makah Environmental Assessment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Studies on the behavior and movements of gray whales along the Vancouver Island coast during the summer (Darling 1984) found that most of the gray whales were within one kilometer of the coast, and that their most common behavior was feeding.
		The number of whales photographed represents a minimum size for the aggregation because it does not incorporate whales in the area that were missed, nor does it include whales that are part of the aggregation that may have fed in Pacific coast areas outside the area that was surveyed.
		Whaling was so important to the Tribe that it insisted that its rights to continue whaling be written into the treaty signed in 1855; it is the only Indian tribe with a treaty that explicitly reserves the right of an Indian tribe to whale.
	www.animalrights.net /81057 (20961 words)

	EPA: Federal Register: Whaling Provisions: Aboriginal Subsistence Whaling Quotas
		For 2004, the quota is 75 bowhead whales struck.
		This aboriginal subsistence harvest is conducted in accordance with a cooperative agreement between NOAA and the AEWC.
		For each of the years 2003 through 2007, the number of bowhead whales struck may not exceed 67, except that any unused portion of a strike quota from any year, including 15 unused strikes from the 1998 through 2002 quota, may be carried forward.
	www.epa.gov /fedrgstr/EPA-IMPACT/2004/February/Day-20/i3755.htm (704 words)

	Comparative Kinematics and Hydrodynamics of Odontocete Cetaceans: Morphological and Ecological Correlates with Swimming ...
		Subsistence requirements for whale meat means that the lifestyle and livelihood of the aborigines be inextricably dependent upon the whale.
		Their conclusion was that "the complex of whaling and associated activities is perhaps the most important single element in the culture and society of north Alaskan whale hunting communities.
		The majority of a whale accidentally caught in Makah fishing nets was discarded due to a lack of knowledge of how to cook and eat the whale meat (www.emagazine.com).
	kingfish.coastal.edu /marine/375/f2000tw.htm (1706 words)

	Project 1 Whaling and the Makah Indians of Washington
		In the case of the Makah, population biologists who have studied the gray whale movement and population dynamics believe that there may be separate whale populations that rarely overlap and interact.
		The Makah were guaranteed whaling rights by the Treaty of Neah Bay in 1855 because of their long-standing whaling tradition that some say dates back 2000 years.
		They have also expressed a desire to conduct commercial whaling in the future as a means of strengthening their economy and combating unemployment, which can reach 50% at certain times of the year.
	www.sinc.sunysb.edu /stu/nglasgow/WEBWHALE.htm (3046 words)

	Sidney Museum - Aboriginal Whaling
		Once harpooned, seal skin floats attached to the harpoon line were fed out to buoy the whale, tiring it and preventing it from diving deeply.
		If the hunt was successful, the whale was towed back to land and distributed among the villagers.
		This relationship continued for thousands of years without having an effect on the overall population of the pacific gray whale.
	www.sidneymuseum.ca /Gw_abwhl.htm (169 words)

	AWI at the International Whaling Commission Meetings (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Aboriginal Subsistence Whaling continues in several countries (including the US, Greenland, and the Russian Federation) with little control or recourse by the IWC for violations.
		A total of 1,775 whales were taken by member nations in the 2003 and 2003/4 seasons.
		The Aboriginal Subsistence Whaling nations continue to take their toll, and Japan and Iceland continue to whale, under the “special scientific permit” loophole.
	www.awionline.org /whales/iwc/56iwc/56iwc_Report.htm (1411 words)

	ACS - American Cetacean Society
		Another issue that could have a direct bearing on US whale conservation is the Makah aboriginal hunt of the eastern Pacific gray whale.
		The infamous paragraph 13(b) stating that aboriginal whaling would only be allowed for groups "...whose traditional aboriginal subsistence and cultural needs have been recognized" was added in 1997 to prevent the Makah from securing a quota of gray whales unless it could demonstrate such need.
		Despite both the Bryde's and minke whaling Schedule Amendments being defeated, Japan was encouraged that "a resolution to try to save the coastal whaling was adopted" and, as a result, upped its "scientific research" quota of minke whales.
	www.acsonline.org /issues/whaling/iwc2004/iwc-2004-pg3.html (767 words)

	CSI Whales Alive! Vol. VII No. 4 Makah Whaling
		Established IWC criteria for "aboriginal subsistence whaling," based upon demonstrated nutritional and cultural needs, have been unilaterally abrogated by the United States through its contention, after a failed attempt to justify Makah subsistence needs for whale meat, that only a cultural need is required.
		Or the cost; direct payments to the Makah to support whaling have totaled at least $330,000, and over a million dollars was spent on security for the recent Makah Days celebration.
		As much as we oppose the killing of any whales, CSI is one of several organizations that rejects the tactics of force and confrontation and has pursued a respectful and peaceful effort to find a workable solution to this dilemma.
	csiwhalesalive.org /csi98401.html (703 words)

	Sea Shepherd - Concerns About Aboriginal Whaling
		The posting referred to an incident last month where two 11-year old children died needlessly when the whaling boat they were in capsized.
		Other Yupiks have suggested that they have the right to imperil their children because it is traditional. We have long passed the time when tradition can be used as an excuse to endanger or kill children.
		We have found no evidence to suggest that the deaths could not have been avoided. We believe that the United States Coast Guard should investigate this incident on the grounds of safety concerns and that regulations be enforced requiring the carrying of immersion suits or at least floatation suits.
	www.seashepherd.org /news/media_050510_1.html (481 words)

	U.S. aboriginal whaling quotas renewed \| U.S. \| Reuters
		By a consensus vote, Alaska Natives and the indigenous people of Chukotka, Russia, were allocated a shared catch limit of 280 bowhead whales over a period ending in 2012.
		The whaling commission is holding its annual meeting near the icy coasts where Alaska Natives use whale meat as a staple in their diet and for cultural practices.
		Japan supported the renewal of aboriginal whaling quotas, but Joji Morishita, Japan's deputy whaling commissioner, asked for "consistency" from the organization when it raises a proposal to allow hunting of minke whales by four of its small coastal communities.
	www.reuters.com /article/domesticNews/idUSN2935575520070530 (376 words)

	Aboriginal subsistence whaling
		Since its inception, the IWC has recognised that aboriginal subsistence whaling is of a different nature to commercial whaling.
		Under current IWC regulations, aboriginal subsistence whaling is permitted for Denmark (Greenland, fin and minke whales), the Russian Federation (Siberia, gray and bowhead whales), St Vincent and The Grenadines (Bequia, humpback whales) and the USA (Alaska, bowhead and gray whales).
		With the completion of the RMP for commercial whaling, the Commission asked the Scientific Committee to begin the process of developing a new procedure for the management of aboriginal subsistence whaling (the AWMP).
	www.iwcoffice.org /conservation/aboriginal.htm (317 words)

	EPA: Federal Register: Whaling Provisions: Aboriginal Subsistence Whaling Quotas
		SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Aboriginal subsistence whaling in the United States is governed by the Whaling Convention Act (16 U.S.C. 916 et seq.) and by regulations at 50 CFR part 230.
		At the 1997 Annual Meeting of the IWC, the Commission set quotas for aboriginal subsistence use of gray whales from the Eastern stock in the North Pacific.
		This action by the IWC, thus, authorized aboriginal subsistence whaling by the Tribe for gray whales and is discussed in greater detail in the Federal Register notification of aboriginal subsistence whaling quotas for 1999 (64 FR 28413, May 26, 1999).
	www.epa.gov /fedrgstr/EPA-IMPACT/2001/December/Day-13/i30827.htm (497 words)

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