Above sea-level - Factbites

Above sea-level - Factbites
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Topic: Above sea-level

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	Sea level - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The subsidence of land due to the withdrawal of groundwater is an isostatic cause of relative sea level rise.
		To an operator of a tide gauge, MSL means the "still water level"—the level of the sea with motions such as wind waves averaged out—averaged over a period of time such that changes in sea level, e.g., due to the tides, also get averaged out.
		In a state of rest or absence of external forces, the mean sea level would coincide with this geoid surface, being an equipotential surface of the Earth's gravity field.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sea_level (942 words)

	Sea Level, Ice, and Greenhouses -- FAQ
		Sea level during the last 17,000 years: Fairbanks, R. A 17,000 year glacio-eustatic sea level record: influence of glacial melting rates on the Younger Dryas event and deep-ocean circulation.
		This is well under the rates of sea level rise experienced during the end of the last ice age (around 20 mm/year), so is not ecologically unprecedented.
		In considering sea level changes, an important consideration is the rate at which they occur.
	www.radix.net /~bobg/faqs/sea.level.faq.html (2898 words)

	Sea level rise due to global warming - Climate Change
		The rate of observed sea level rise suggests that there has been a net positive contribution from the huge ice sheets of Greenland and Antarctica, but observations of the ice sheets do not yet allow meaningful quantitative estimates of their separate contributions.
		It is likely that much of the rise in sea level has been related to the concurrent rise in global temperature over the last 100 years.
		In the conventional tide-gauge system, the sea level is measured relative to a land-based tide-gauge benchmark.
	www.grida.no /climate/vital/19.htm (296 words)

	Sea Level
		Another complication is that the sea level would not rise by the same amount all over the globe due to the effects of the Earth’s rotation, local coastline variations, changes in major ocean currents, regional land subsidence and emergence, and differences in tidal patterns and sea water density.
		It is likely that most of this rise in sea level has been due to the increase in global temperature over the last 100 years.
		The global sea level has already risen by around between 10 to 25 centimetres during the last 100 years, at the rate of 1 to 2 millimetres per year.
	www.ace.mmu.ac.uk /eae/Global_Warming/Older/Sea_Level.html (470 words)

	PSMSL - Frequently Asked Questions
		Sea level is about 20 cm higher on the Pacific side than the Atlantic due to the water being less dense on average on the Pacific side and due to the prevailing weather and ocean conditions.
		The sea level itself can change (sea level is believed to have increased by between 10 and 20 cm during the last 100 years) and land levels can change due to geological reasons.
		Global-average sea level is believed to have risen by between 10-20 cm during the past century and best estimates are that it will rise by approximately 50 cm in the next 100 years (i.e.
	www.pol.ac.uk /psmsl/puscience (2958 words)

	sea level on Encyclopedia.com
		SEA LEVEL [sea level] the level of the sea, which serves as the datum used for measurement of land elevations and ocean depths.
		Theoretically, one would expect sea level to be a fixed and permanent horizontal surface on the face of the earth, and as a starting approximation, this is true.
		Sea level therefore fluctuates in periods ranging from seconds to a year as a result of these factors.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/s1/sealevel.asp (1534 words)

	November 15, 2001: Rising Sea Level Forcing Evacuation of Island Country
		In his words, his country of 311,000 was "an endangered nation." With most of its 1,196 tiny islands barely 2 meters above sea level, the Maldives' survival would be in jeopardy with even a 1-meter rise in sea level in the event of a storm surge.
		Sea level is rising because of the melting of glaciers and the thermal expansion of the ocean as a result of climate change.
		The most easily measured effect of rising sea level is the inundation of coastal areas.
	www.earth-policy.org /Updates/Update2.htm (1287 words)

	Ocean ESIP Sea Level Data and Altimetry
		Sea level also provides evidence of local heating by solar radiation, the perennial tides, and the addition of water to the ocean by melting ice caps or glaciers.
		Sea level and its horizontal slope and time changes are the surface expression of ocean processes occurring over large spatial and temporal scales.
		It now may be feasible to monitor the rise of the global sea level and its potential acceleration, to an accuracy of 1 mm/yr or better.
	oceanesip.jpl.nasa.gov /sealevel (487 words)

	Sea Levels Online
		Monthly mean sea level data were used to obtain the linear trend, the average seasonal cycle, and the interannual variations.
		The rate of mean sea level rise or fall has been determined for 117 long term water level stations.
		The linear trend at a coastal location is primarily a combination of the global sea level rise and any local vertical land movement.
	co-ops.nos.noaa.gov /sltrends/sltrends.shtml (178 words)

	SOTC: Global Sea Level
		Global sea level is currently rising as a result of ocean thermal expansion and glacier melt, both caused by recent increases in global mean temperature.
		Over the past 100 years, sea level has risen by 1.0 to 2.5 millimeters per year; thus the contribution from melting small glaciers would be approximately 20 to 30 percent of the total.
		Climate models based on the current rate of increase in greenhouse gases, however, indicate that sea level will rise at a rate of about two to five times the current rate over the next 100 years from the combined effect of ocean thermal expansion and increased glacier melt (IPCC 2001).
	nsidc.org /sotc/sea_level.html (347 words)

	4. Sea level rise during recent millennia
		They concluded that the rate of sea level rise during the time of tide gauge measurements is about 1 mm per year higher in the area than during the late Holocene, further evidence that in the recent past (order 100+ years) sea level is rising faster than in earlier millennia.
		Given the uncertainties in both the PGR and their sea level estimates, this result should be regarded as evidence for an insignificant average eustatic change during the 1500 year interval.
		They document that rates of sea level rise were relatively slow during the 17th and 18th centuries, and that the current rapid rate of sea level rise (about 3.5 mm per year) dates only from the early 19th century.
	www.agu.org /revgeophys/dougla01/node4.html (722 words)

	Fact Sheet 102-98 - The Chesapeake Bay: Geologic Product of Rising Sea Level
		Sea level is measured relative to datums on land, but the altitude of the land changes as well, due to imperceptible natural subsidence and uplift of the Earth's crust.
		At the full extent of the last glaciation, sea level was approximately 100 meters lower than at present, and as a result continental shelves were exposed throughout the world.
		Another aspect is to demonstrate the effects of sea level on past and present settlement, as well as environmental change.
	pubs.usgs.gov /fs/fs102-98 (1981 words)

	Read about Above mean sea level at WorldVillage Encyclopedia. Research Above mean sea level and learn about Above mean sea level here!
		It should be noted that the concept of a "mean sea level" is in itself rather artificial, because it is not possible to determine a figure for mean sea level for the entire planet, and it varies quite a lot even on a much smaller scale.
		Cornwall for their maps of Great Britain, and this datum is actually some 80cm different from the mean sea level reading obtained on the other side of the country.
		This is because the sea is in constant motion, effected by the high and low pressure zones above it, the tides, local gravitational differences, and so forth.
	encyclopedia.worldvillage.com /s/b/Above_mean_sea_level (430 words)

	Sea level
		Mean sea level at a given point is the average of that level when one has taken into account such things as tides and wave action.
		Over an extended period mean sea level will be affected by global warming in at least two ways: the run-off from melting glaciers on land, and the increased volume reflecting the coefficient of expansion of water.
		Mean sea level at the Pacific end of the Panama Canal is 20 cm higher than at the Atlantic end.
	www.freetemplate.ws /se/sea-level.html (614 words)

	Sea Level Change - Discover Our Earth
		This means that relatively small changes in sea level can have a major effect on the geography of a continent.
		The amount of water required to make this much ice was sufficient to lower sea level by 125 meters (410 feet).
		The ultimate source of all this ice was water evaporated from the ocean, transferred by snowfall, and stored on the continents as large ice caps.
	atlas.geo.cornell.edu /education/student/sea_level (188 words)

	Ice Core Research Sea Level Rise
		Estimates of sea level rise are made by dividing the water volume of an ice sheet by the total surface area of the oceans in which they will melt.
		There are two major ice caps in the world that would have a global effect on sea level if they were to melt: the Antarctic ice cap and the Greenland ice sheet.
		Ice that calves into the ocean becoming a floating ice berg has the same effect on sea level as ice that melts and flows as liquid water into the ocean.
	www.secretsoftheice.org /icecore/sealevel.html (353 words)

	Howstuffworks "How do they measure sea level?"
		By having an accurate sea level measurement, it is possible to measure the height of everything on land accurately.
		If you were to stand on the ocean shore and try to measure sea level with a ruler, you would find it to be impossible -- the level changes by the second (waves), by the hour (tides) and by the week (planetary and solar orbit changes).
		The problem with measuring the sea level is that there are so many things that perturb it.
	science.howstuffworks.com /question356.htm (554 words)

	University of Colorado Global mean sea level
		The measurement of long-term changes in global mean sea level can provide an important corroboration of predictions by climate models of global warming.
		Long term sea level variations are primarily determined with two different methods.
		Jason, launched in late 2001 as the successor to T/P, continues this record by providing an estimate of global mean sea level every 10 days with an uncertainty of 3-4 mm.
	sealevel.colorado.edu (190 words)

	NASA - NASA Satellites Measure and Monitor Sea Level
		Although scientists have directly measured sea level since the early part of the 20th century, it was not known how many of the observed changes in sea level were real and how many were related to upward or downward movement of the land.
		For the first time, NASA has the tools and expertise to understand the rate at which sea level is changing, some of the mechanisms that drive those changes and the effects that sea level change may have worldwide.
		With new satellite measurements, scientists are able to better predict the rate at which sea level is rising and the cause of that rise.
	www.nasa.gov /home/hqnews/2005/jul/HQ_05175_sea_level_monitored.html (585 words)

	Sea level - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The subsidence of land due to the withdrawal of groundwater is an isostatic cause of relative sea level rise.
		The melting of glaciers at the end of ice ages is an example of eustatic sea level rise.
		To an operator of a tide gauge, MSL means the "still water level"—the level of the sea with motions such as wind waves averaged out—averaged over a period of time such that changes in sea level, e.g., due to the tides, also get averaged out.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sea_level (585 words)

	Variations in Sea Level
		Tide staff at Solomons Island, MD Tide gauges around the Chesapeake Bay indicate that the relative sea level in the Bay is rising at twice the average global rate of 1.8 mm per year [Douglas, 1991].
		During episodes of gradual sea level increase, salt marshes can keep pace with the rising water levels by backfilling, that is by trapping sediments and their own organic detritus in the water column [Leatherman, 1991].
		The overall global rise of sea level adds to the effect of land subsidence in the Chesapeake area to produce an unusually high rate of long-term local sea level rise relative to the global average.
	www.ngs.noaa.gov /GRD/GPS/Projects/CB/SEALEVEL/sealevel.html (1465 words)

	sea level rise
		The idea of putting these notes onto the internet is to allow you to easily access the wealth of data relating to sea level changes already published and to keep you up to date with the latest developments in the subject.
		Although the effects of global warming are probably the most topical reason sited for sea level rise it will be seen that there are many other mechanisms that can drive changes in sea level.
		To postulate how sea level may change in the future.
	freespace.virgin.net /mark.davidson3/sea_level_rise/sea_level_rise.htm (226 words)

	Finnish Institute of Marine Research - The Baltic Sea Now
		Sea levels are measured by thirteen mareographs on the Finnish coast.
		Sea level data have only done the preliminary check, and that sould be take account of using the sea level information.
		Sea level measurements are automatic, and FIMR receives updates every hour.
	www.fimr.fi /en/itamerinyt/vedenkorkeus.html (137 words)

	Sea Level Data
		Sea Level Data CD-ROM - This disc holds hourly, daily, and monthly TOGA sea level data from 289 stations through July 1994 (recent data can be obtained online from JASL, above).
		The data are hourly, daily, and monthly sea level values from stations in tropical and subtropical areas of the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans.
		Joint Archive for Sea Level (JASL) - The NODC and the University of Hawaii Sea Level Center (UHSLC) cooperate to provide access to sea level data.
	www.nodc.noaa.gov /General/sealevel.html (337 words)

	Changes in Sea Level
		All of these places had flat upland surfaces normally between 45-200m above the sea level.
		Following the global rise in sea level and still occurring in several parts of the world today there was an isostatic uplift of land as the weight of the ice sheets decreased.
		During times of maximum glaciation large volumes of water were stored on the land as ice this meant that there was a eustatic fall in sea level.
	www.revision-notes.co.uk /revision/705.html (647 words)

	EPA : Global Warming : Resource Center : Publications : Sea Level Rise : Sea Level Rise Reports
		Therefore, the total cost of sea level rise is probably less than the sum of the cost estimates from each of the two studies.
		The primary mission of the EPA Sea Level Rise reports has been identifying instances where it is rational to prepare now for the coastal consequences of climate change, even though most of those consequences are decades away--or more.
		The FEMA study assumes that the only direct effect of sea level rise on flooding is that all flood levels are 1 or 3 feet higher.
	yosemite.epa.gov /oar/globalwarming.nsf/content/ResourceCenterPublicationsSeaLevelRiseIndex.html (2867 words)

	How Do You Measure Sea Level? - Plus, how did New Orleans get below sea level in the first place? By Daniel Engber
		The readings are averaged together to produce a "mean sea level" reading for a specific station or group of stations in a region.
		Oceanographers combine data from satellites and tide gauges to study global effects, like the rise in average sea level that results from climate change.
		It's possible for part of New Orleans to exist below sea level because the levees that surround the city protect it (most of the time) from floods.
	www.slate.com /id/2125229?nav=ais (666 words)

	Projected Changes in Global Sea Level - Climate Change
		During the fist half of the next century, the choice of emission scenario has relatively little effect on the projected sea level rise due to the large thermal inertia of the ocean-ice-atmosphere climate system, but has increasingly larger effects in the later part of the next century.
		In addition, because of the thermal inertia of the oceans, sea level would continue to rise for many centuries beyond 2100 even if concentrations of greenhouse gases were stabilized at that time.
		Using the IS92 emission scenarios, projected global mean sea level increases relative to 1990 were calculated up to 2100.
	www.grida.no /climate/vital/24.htm (192 words)

	Global mean sea level tide gauges
		Estimates of global sea level rise which were derived from tide gauge records are found in Table 1.
		Differences in global sea level estimates from tide gauge data usually reflect the investigator's approach in considering these vertical crustal movements.
		Tide gauges, usually placed on piers, measure the sea level relative to a nearby geodetic benchmark.
	sealevel.colorado.edu /tidegauges.html (276 words)

	Topex/Poseidon and Jason-1 Equatorial Pacific Sea Level Analysis
		Sea level remained low throughout the central and eastern Pacific for the remainder of 1998.
		The Jason sea level anomalies are computed from the peliminary IGDR data using the medium accuracy orbit ephemeris (MOE).
		Although this orbit is not as accurate as the later precise ephemeris, tests over the 6 month overlap indicate that with the filtering used, the recovered sea level anomaly maps agree with those generated from the T/P data with precise orbits at the 2-3 cm RMS level.
	www.csr.utexas.edu /eqpac (838 words)

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In the News (Sun 27 May 12)