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Topic: Abraham Trembley

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	Virtual exhibit: Trembley
		In 1740, Abraham Trembley made the remarkable discovery that when a freshwater polyp (now called a hydra) was cut in two, the parts not only survived, but regenerated their missing halves.
		It was important to Trembley that readers of his book feel as though they had witnessed the results themselves (i.e., "virtual witnessing," as Shapin and Schaffer (1) have used the term).
		Trembley understood the necessity of illustrations in accomplishing this goal, and included thirteen plates of illustrations.
	www.library.wisc.edu /libraries/SpecialCollections/hsi350/tremb.html (422 words)

	History of Regeneration Research
		The Swiss scientist, Abraham Trembley, was influenced by Reaumur and began studying the freshwater polyp (now known as hydra) in the 1740s.
		Trembley studied this creature in detail and performed numerous experiments, initially with the intent of determining whether the creature was a plant or animal.
		By studying hydra, Trembley was one of the first scientists to demonstrate that animals could reproduce asexually.
	odelberglab.genetics.utah.edu /regen_history.htm (781 words)

	Abraham Trembley - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Abraham Trembley (September 3, 1710 – May 12, 1784) was a Swiss naturalist.
		Trembley's laboratory, as depicted in his 1744 book.
		Trembley's findings were published in a 1744 book, Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire d'un genre de polypes d'eau douce, translated into German in 1791 as Abhandlungen zur Geschichte einer Polypenart des süssen Wassers.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Abraham_Trembley (365 words)

	Abraham Trembley and the Hydra (via CobWeb/3.1 planet03.csc.ncsu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Trembley soon saw a behavior which definitely established that hydras are animals - he observed one use its tentacles to capture a prey and then proceed to eat it by stuffing it down a mouth located at the base of its tentacles.
		Abraham Trembley was the father of five children which were all born within a seven year time-span.
		Trembley professed to be a Christian and "...accepted as genuine the prophecies of the Old Testament and the miracles of both Old and New"(p.224).
	www.artmanning.dragonflydays.net.cob-web.org:8888 /paper4.html (2018 words)

	No. 364: Trembley's Polyps
		Trembley spent all his free time studying the plant and animal life on the estate.
		At first the hydra seemed to be immobile, and Trembley took it to be a plant.
		As a part of this work, Trembley was first to isolate protoplasm and to realize it was a common building block of life.
	www.uh.edu /admin/engines/epi364.htm (436 words)

	Aquarium
		The term is also used of a public establishment that maintains a large number of aquatic species in captivity, much as a zoo does for land animals.
		In the 18th century, the biologist Abraham Trembley kept hydra found in the garden canals of the Bentinck residence Sorgvliet, Netherlands, in large cyndrical glass vessels for study.
		But the keeping of fish in an aquarium first became a popular hobby in Britain after ornate aquaria in cast-iron frames were featured at the Great Exhibition of 1851 The framed-glass aquarium was a development of the glazed Wardian case developed for British horticulturists in the 1830s, to protect exotic plants on long sea voyages.
	www.guajara.com /wiki/en/wikipedia/a/aq/aquarium.html (689 words)

	CRSQ Abstracts, Volume 37, Number 4
		Abraham Trembley studied and experimented with the hydra, a small, fresh water animal, in the eighteenth century.
		An overview of Trembley’s discoveries and experiments is presented.
		Also included is a discussion of his outstanding methodology, as a result of which he is today regarded as the “father of experimental zoology.” Trembley’s role as an educator is also considered, as well as the influence of his religion on his work.
	www.creationresearch.org /crsq/abstracts/Abstracts37-4.htm (511 words)

	Natural History Exhibit Chronological Tour - Abraham Trembley
		Abraham Trembley (1710-1784) tutor of Count Bentinck's two sons at Sorgvliet near the Hague, noticed a hydra attached to an aquatic plant, and found that it was an animal capable of independent motion.
		Abraham Trembley and his pupils in their schoolroom with specimens of hydra in jars of water.
		Trembley and his pupils looking for hydra in the pond at Sorgvliet.
	naturalhistory.mse.jhu.edu /ChronologicalTour/ChT_Trembley.html (185 words)

	Abraham Trembley (1710–1784) (via CobWeb/3.1 planet03.csc.ncsu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In den Hydren glaubte Trembley ein tierisches Bindeglied zwischen Tieren und Pflanzen gefunden zu haben.
		Ab 1757 lebte Trembley als Privatgelehrter in Genf, wurde 1760 Direktor der Stadtbibliothek (zusammen mit Charles Bonnet) und später sogar Mitglied des grossen Rats.
		Trembley starb 1784 in petit Sacconex bei Genf.
	home.datacomm.ch.cob-web.org:8888 /biografien/biografien/trembley.htm (374 words)

	Andrew Skolnick - Science and Medical Journalist - Smithsonian Hydra Article
		In 1740, Abraham Trembley, a Swiss naturalist, first discovered the green species of this creature and described it scientifically.
		It was known at the time that lizards could regenerate a tail and crayfish a claw, yet Trembley believed only a plant could regrow as much as half of itself.
		Mistaking a hydra for a plant, as Trembley did, is easy; at first glance they are as immobile as any tine pond plant.
	www.aaskolnick.com /hydra.htm (1585 words)

	Untitled Document
		The Price/Webster Award Committee unanimously and enthusiastically awards the 2005 prize to Marc J. Ratcliff for his article "Abraham Trembley's Strategy of Generosity and the Scope of Celebrity in the Mid-Eighteenth Century" (Isis, December 2004, Volume 95, pages 555-575).
		By freely sharing his curious polyps and techniques for growing them, Trembley permitted other naturalists to confirm his ingenious experiments on regeneration -- and established the biological laboratory, filled with jars of experimental specimens, as a distinctive scientific site, with its own disciplines, career paths,and opportunities for fame.
		Moreover, by refusing to speculate on the souls of polyps, Trembley and his colleagues reinforced the cultural boundaries between science and metaphysics.
	www.hssonline.org /society/awards/Pricecit.htm (135 words)

	Eighteenth-Century Thought - an international interdisciplinary journal - Volume One Contents
		The young Genevan, Abraham Trembley (1710-1784), while a tutor to the sons of Count Bentinck in Holland engaged in studies of the freshwater hydra or "polyp," studies that produced dramatic results.
		The intense and excited correspondence between Folkes and Trembley portrays Folkes far differently than do either the early negative histories or the recent revisionist studies on the Society, which ignore Folkes's relationship with Trembley and focus heavily on Folkes's contemporary detractors.
		We explain Trembley's good fortune in selecting the hydra as his major research animal and touch upon reactions to his findings.
	www.eighteenthcenturythought.org /VolOneContents.html (1609 words)

	What's New: UCI Libraries Dedicate Howard and Sylvia G. Lenhoff Gift (UC Irvine Libraries)
		The Lenhoffs, who are husband and wife, have given the library a rare first-edition copy of Swiss scientist Abraham Trembley’s groundbreaking research monograph on the freshwater polyp hydra, published in French in 1744.
		In addition, the Lenhoffs have donated an antique 1760 aquatic single lens microscope, which was used to see aquatic organisms, such as these polyps, and a copy of their 1986 translation of Trembley’s seminal work, Memoirs Concerning the Natural History of a Type of Freshwater Polyp With Arms Shaped Like Horns.
		Trembley is credited with many key discoveries on hydra, which remains a vital research organism for man biologists.
	www.lib.uci.edu /libraries/new/archives/trembley.html (296 words)

	Abraham Trembley (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Abraham Trembley (pictured above) was the original hydra biologist.
		The Lenhoffs recently donated a first edition of Trembley's Memoires for display at the UCI Science Library.
		Dedication of the Trembley Memoires exhibit at the UCI Science Library on May 8, 2002.
	www.ucihs.uci.edu /biochem/steele/Trembley.htm (154 words)

	Natural History Exhibit
		The striking illustrations in his Micrographia of magnified leaves, stones, and insects came from his study of the microscope.
		Abraham Trembley (1710-1784) became aware of hydra almost by accident, then concentrated on studying them as thoroughly as possible, planning every step in his groundbreaking work.
		Trembley, Hooke and the horticulturist William Curtis (1746-1799) made their careers close to home, studying things which others did not notice, or considered ordinary, while Maria Sibylla Merian (1647-1717), Mark Catesby (1679?-1749), and especially Alexander von Humboldt (1769-1859) traveled to study plants, animals and geology unknown in Europe.
	www.library.jhu.edu /about/news/releases/pressrel00/may8-00.html (463 words)

	The Sánchez Lab Home Page
		Because of their morphology, and their ability to regenerate, the polyps reminded Trembley of the mythical Hydra, and adopted this Greek name to refer to them.
		An English translation of Trembley's work can be found in Sylvia and Howard Lenhoff's "Hydra and the Birth of Experimental Biology-1744." This book can be ordered through Amazon.com.An index of this translation has been recently released by Sylvia and Howard Lenhoff.
		Below is a 19th century illustration of various hydra taken from The Wandtafeln of Rudolph Leuckart (1822-1898)
	planaria.neuro.utah.edu /research/Trembley.html (216 words)

	*TREMBLEY RELATIVES*SECTION
		"Joseph Trembley was born 1771, died 1856 and was buried in the old Presbyterian Churchyard in Clinton Twp.
		Trembley is survived by two sisters and two brothers: Mrs.
		Trembley was repairing a roof last Wed, when he succumbed to a heart attack and his body was noticed by a neighbour, life being extinct when assistance arrived.
	freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com /~jima/Res/Trembley.html (5051 words)

	Trembley, Abraham (1710-1784) -- from Eric Weisstein's World of Scientific Biography
		Trembley, Abraham (1710-1784) -- from Eric Weisstein's World of Scientific Biography
		In 1741, he showed that it wasn't a plant (as van Leeuwenhoek had believed) since the tentacles could grab objects and bring them to a primitive stomach.
		The hydra, Trembley believed, was the missing link between animal and vegetable.
	www.astro.virginia.edu /~eww6n/bios/Trembley.html (112 words)

	The Sánchez Lab Regeneration Page
		Regeneration is a fundamental attribute of all living things, whether it be simple tissue restoration or the complete replacement of lost body parts such as limbs, tails or even heads.
		As a biological problem, it began to be formally studied over 250 years ago in crustaceans by René-Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur (1683-1757), and soon after in hydra by Abraham Trembley (1710-1784).
		In the years to come, regeneration attracted the attention of prominent biologists such as Charles Darwin (1809-1882) and Thomas Hunt Morgan (1866-1945).
	planaria.neuro.utah.edu /regeneration.php (134 words)

	Stem Cells & Cloning Club (SCCC) - stem cell & cloning message board, web directoy, and more... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In 1740, Abraham Trembley cut a tiny little creature into many sections, and each section grew back into a whole animal.
		Trembley's experiments with hydra are thought by some to represent the beginning of experimental zoology.
		And so his hydra work started the whole ball rolling, it could be claimed - not only stem cell research, but the entire huge landscape of biology.
	stemcellsclub.com /stemcellsclub/interviewparsona.html (976 words)

	Headlines@Hopkins: Johns Hopkins University News Releases
		The striking illustrations in his Micrographia of magnified leaves, stones, and insects came from his study of life under the microscope.
		Abraham Trembley (1710-1784) became aware of hydra almost by accident, then concentrated on studying them as thoroughly and detailed as possible in his groundbreaking work.
		Trembley, Hooke and the horticulturist William Curtis (1746-1799) made their careers close to home, studying things which others did not notice or considered ordinary, while Maria Sibylla Merian (1647-1717), Mark Catesby (1679?-1749), and Alexander von Humboldt (1769-1859) traveled afar to study plants, animals and geology unknown in Europe.
	www.jhu.edu /news_info/news/event00/may00/manuscrp.html (439 words)

	The Boxwood Press: Hydra and the Birth of Experimental Biology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		ABRAHAM TREMBLEY, Genevan biologist in the Age of Enlightenment, first demonstrated regeneration using small freshwater animals to which he gave the name Hydra.
		He was the first to graft animal tissues, demonstrate asexual reproduction through budding, and achieve 50 other scientific "firsts" that remain valid today.
		The Lenhoffs are the first to translate this appealing and readable essay on experimental biology into English.
	www.redshift.com /~ralphb/hydra.htm (120 words)

	Books about Polyp - WrongDiagnosis.com
		Basic and clinical perspectives of colorectal polyps and cancer: Proceedings of a meeting held in Boston, Massachusetts, November 20-21, 1986 (Progress in clinical and biological research)
		Hydra and the Birth of Experimental Biology, 1744: Abraham Trembley's Memoires Concerning the Polyps
		Trembley's polyp, La Mettrie, and eighteenth-century French materialism (Bobbs-Merrill reprint series in history of science)
	www.wrongdiagnosis.com /p/polyp/books.htm (1192 words)

	regeneration in marine invertebrates
		Without regeneration, there would be no life, for the very maintenance of an organism depends upon the continuation of the turnover by which all tissues and organs constantly renew themselves.
		Regeneration began to be formally studied over 250 years ago in crustaceans by Rene-Antoine Ferchault de Reaumer (1683-1757), soon after in hydras by Abraham Trembley (1710-1784) and in planarians by Peter Simon Pallas (1741-1811).
		The work and research has continued ever since, and yet a satisfactory molecular mechanistic explanation is still fully unavailable.
	www.geocities.com /ellayerushalmi/marine_invertebrates_intro.html (517 words)

	You Can Experiment With Hydra
		You, too, can try your hand at repeating Abraham Trembley's experiments or see if you can devise some of your own.
		Also, be sure to repeat them, as Abraham Trembley did.
		To feed your hydras, any of a number of minute animals may be used.
	www.artmanning.dragonflydays.net /paper3.html (199 words)

	Alibris: Browse Books by ISBN (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		0019924225: Abraham Lincoln and the union; a chroniclae of the embattled North
		0019948736: Abraham Lincoln; the tribute of a century, 1809-1909, commemorative of the Lincoln centenary and containing the principal speeches made in connection therewith
		0019968303: Abraham Trembley of Geneva : scientist and philosopher, 1710-1784
	www.alibris.com /books/isbns/299 (851 words)

	New Page 1
		Mankind has been fascinated with regeneration of body parts for thousands of years.
		It was dated back to the early 18th century that Abraham Trembley carried out the first scientific study of hydra regeneration.
		In 1901, Thomas H. Morgan stated in his book that "The regenerative process is one of the fundamental attributes of living things...".
	www.scripps.edu /chem/ding/sciences.htm (2742 words)

	Whitehead Institute - New tools for an old can of worms
		For many centuries, inquiring minds have puzzled over the capabilities of certain worms, amphibians, fish and other animals to regrow limbs and other body parts.
		Serious scientific inquiry goes all the way back to 1740, when Abraham Trembley experimented with hydra.
		But while researchers carefully documented, for example, exactly what happens if you cut planarians into quarters, the underlying mechanisms remained entirely mysterious.
	www.wi.mit.edu /news/archives/2005/cpa_1102.html (1211 words)

	Hamilton College - News, Sports, Events - Comparative Literature Class Explores Biology Through Interdisciplinary Course
		The class is an interdisciplinary course that attracts students interested in the sciences and the humanities.
		The class had just finished reading the work of eighteenth century naturalists such as Abraham Trembley and Charles Bonnet, in which they discussed the "exceptional" abilities of polyps and worms to regenerate after cutting.
		Until this time (about 1740), such habits of regeneration were only thought to be present in plants, and so the polyps and worms called into question the taxonomy/identification of nature's creatures.
	www.hamilton.edu /news/more_news/display.cfm?ID=10305 (452 words)

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