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Topic: Absolute Monarchy in Sweden

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	Absolute Monarchy in Sweden - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		France undertook, moreover, to pay the outstanding subsidies to Sweden, amounting to one and a half millions of livres annually, beginning from January 1772; and Vergennes, one of the great names of French diplomacy, was to be sent to circumvent the designs of Russia at Stockholm as he had previously circumvented them at Constantinople.
		The new constitution of August 20, 1772 which Gustav III of Sweden imposed upon the terrified Riksdag of the Estates at the bayonet's point, converted a weak and disunited republic into a strong but limited monarchy, in which the balance of power inclined, on the whole, to the side of the monarch.
		Hitherto Sweden had kept aloof from continental complications; but the arrest and execution of the Duc d'Enghien in 1804 inspired Gustav IV with such a hatred of Napoleon that when a general coalition was formed against the French emperor he was one of the first to join it.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Absolute_Monarchy_in_Sweden (1987 words)

	Sweden. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Sweden falls into two main geographical regions: the north (Norrland), comprising about two thirds of the country, which is mountainous (except for a narrow strip of lowland along the Gulf of Bothnia); and the south (Svealand and Götaland), which is mostly low-lying and where most of the population lives.
		The history of 19th-century Sweden, under Charles XIV (reigned 1818–44), Oscar I (1844–59), Charles XV (1859–72), and Oscar II (1872–1907), was one of progressive liberalization in government and of industrial development.
		Sweden entered the United Nations in 1946, and Dag Hammarskjöld, a Swedish diplomat, was secretary-general of the organization from 1953 until his death in 1961.
	www.bartleby.com /65/sw/Sweden.html (2264 words)

	Monarchy - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Monarchies are one of the oldest forms of government, with echoes in the leadership of tribal chiefs.
		Some monarchs rule absolute monarchies, where a constitution may be granted or withdrawn, in a society with technologies that allow the concentration and organization of power but not enough for education and rapid communication to flourish.
		The economic structure of such monarchies is that of concentrated wealth, with the majority of the population as agricultural serfs.
	encyclopedia.worldsearch.com /monarchy.htm (1465 words)

	SWEDEN FACTS AND INFORMATION
		Sweden was one of the poorest countries in Europe in the 19th_century, shaped by heavy alcohol consumption and dogmatic Protestantism, until improved transportations and communications allowed it to utilize natural assets from different parts of the country, most notably timber and iron_ore, which allowed the creation of a welfare_state in the early 20th_century.
		Sweden was first mentioned in the 1st_century, by Roman historian Tacitus, who wrote that the Suiones tribe lived out in the sea and were powerful in both arms and ships.
		In the south of Sweden leaf-bearing trees are prolific, in the north pines and hardy birches dominate the landscape.
	www.bellabuds.com /Sweden (3680 words)

	History of Sweden (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		In the 16th century, Gustav Vasa fought for an independent Sweden, crushing an attempt to restore the Kalmar Union and laying the foundation for modern Sweden.
		A bloodless coup d'état perpetrated by King Gustav III brought back absolute monarchy, a state of affairs that would last until involvement in the Napoleonic wars would force Sweden to cede Finland to Russia in 1809.
		Sweden's predominantly agricultural economy shifted gradually from village to private farm-based agriculture during the Industrial Revolution, but this change failed to bring economic and social improvements commensurate with the rate of population growth.
	www.1-free-software.com /en/wikipedia/h/hi/history_of_sweden.html (855 words)

	Sweden Encyclopedia Article, Definition, History, Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Sweden was one of the poorest countries in Europe in the 19th century, and shaped by a dogmatic Protestantism, until its natural assets – timber, iron ore, grains – allowed it to fund a Swedish welfare state in the early 20th century.
		Sweden was inhabited by hunters and gatherers during the Stone Age (6000 BC – 4000 BC), following the recession of the last ice age – the Weichsel glaciation.
		Sweden was first mentioned in the 1st century, by Roman historian Tacitus, who wrote that the Suiones lived out in the sea and were powerful in both arms and ships.
	www.variedtastes.com /encyclopedia/Sweden (4273 words)

	wikien.info: Main_Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Before he departed, the French government undertook to pay the outstanding subsidies to Sweden unconditionally, at the rate of one and a half million livres annually; and the comte de Vergennes, one of the great names of French diplomacy, was transferred from Constantinople to Stockholm.
		The poor law was also amended, absolute religious liberty was proclaimed, and he even succeeded in inventing and popularizing a national costume, which was in general use from 1778 till his death.
		The Treaty of Värälä saved Sweden from any such humiliating concession, and in October 1791 Gustav took the bold but by no means imprudent step of concluding an eight years' defensive alliance with the empress, who thereby bound herself to pay her new ally annual subsidies amounting to 300,000 roubles.
	www.alanaditescili.net /index.php?title=Gustav_III_of_Sweden (2121 words)

	Learn more about Monarchy in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		A monarchy, (from the Greek "monos arkhein" -- "one ruler") is a form of government that has a monarch as Head of State.
		Many monarchies began as absolute monarchies, in a society with technologies that allow the concentration and organization of power but not enough for education and rapid communication to flourish.
		Swaziland is the only country that retains an absolute monarchy, although the Middle Eastern monarchies certainly lean further in that direction than those in Europe; however we should also note recent (2003) developments in Liechtenstein, wherein the regnant prince was given the Constitutional power to dismiss the government at will.
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /m/mo/monarchy.html (981 words)

	Sweden - The Monarchy now and then
		The King´s power became increasingly absolute and from 1680 the King was by the grace of God the all-powerful ruler and royal absolutism was established.
		His great contribution to Sweden´s history was that during his reign he succeeded in transforming the monarchy step by step along the lines of the Swedish society of today.
		In 1973 the 27-year-old Carl Gustaf, the youngest of the Bernadotte monarchs, ascended the throne.
	www.society.at /318/htm/sweden2.html (1206 words)

	Absolute Monarchy in Sweden : Absolute monarchy in Sweden
		The elections held on the demise of the Crown resulted in a III of Sweden">Gustav’s partial victory for the Caps, especially among the lower orders; but in the estate of the peasants their majority was merely nominal, while the mass of the nobility was dead against them.
		The new constitution of August 20, 1772 which III of Sweden">Gustav III of Sweden imposed upon the terrified estates at the bayonet’s point, converted a weak and disunited republic into a strong but limited monarchy, in which the balance of power inclined, on the whole, to the side of the monarch.
		Its immediate consequence in Sweden proper was the deposition of IV of Sweden"> Gustav IV on March 13, 1809, who was clearly incapable of governing.
	www.termsdefined.net /ab/absolute-monarchy-in-sweden.html (2262 words)

	SWEDEN.SE - Monarchy in Sweden (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		The oldest, historically reliable information about the monarchy in Sweden is the narrative about the Svear kingdom which stems from the 9th century and is to be found in the Ansgar Legend depicting the travels of the Christian missionary, Ansgar, to the Svear trading centre, Birka.
		Sweden's standing in military and foreign affairs was also radically changed after it intervened in the Thirty Years' War during the reign of Gustav II Adolf (Gustavus Adolphus), 1611-1632.
		Sweden mobilized and the defence issue was solved in the spirit of unity.
	www.sweden.se /templates/cs/BasicFactsheet____3119.aspx (4092 words)

	AllRefer.com - Finland - Finland and the Swedish Empire \| Finnish Information Resource
		Sweden was also heavily involved in the Thirty Years' War (1618- 48), in which the Swedes under King Gustavus II Adolphus thwarted the advance of the Habsburg Empire to the shores of the Baltic and thereby secured the Swedish possessions there.
		Charles XII's policies led to the repudiation of absolute monarchy in Sweden and to the ushering in of a half-century of parliamentary supremacy, referred to as the Age of Freedom.
		Sweden formally ceded Finland to Russia by the Treaty of Hamina (Swedish, Fredrikshamn) on September 17, 1809.
	reference.allrefer.com /country-guide-study/finland/finland18.html (1376 words)

	Absolute Monarchy in Sweden Definition / Absolute Monarchy in Sweden Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Adolf Frederick of SwedenAdolf Frederick of Sweden, or Adolf Fredrik (May 14, 1710 - February 12, 1771), was the son of Christian August von Schleswig-Holstein-Eutin (1673-1726) and Albertina Frederica von Baden-Durlach (1682-1755).
		Sweden has a relatively low population density and is known for its peaceful, large forests and mountainous wilderness....
		However, in time, his inability to reform the French monarchy as well his policy of appeasement on the European stage led French people to gradually turn away from him, and he died one of the most unpopular kings of France....
	www.elresearch.com /Absolute_Monarchy_in_Sweden (568 words)

	Sweden -> History on Encyclopedia.com 2002 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		His son, Gustavus III (reigned 1771-92), restored absolutism in 1772 but was later assassinated by a conspiracy of nobles.
		The history of 19th-century Sweden, under Charles XIV (reigned 1818-44), Oscar I (1844-59), Charles XV (1859-72), and Oscar II (1872-1907), was one of progressive liberalization in government and of industrial development.
		Cross-National Marriage in Sweden: Immigration and Assimilation 1971-1993.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/section/sweden_history.asp (1705 words)

	monarchy on Encyclopedia.com
		Monarchy has existed since the earliest history of humankind and was often established during periods of external threat or internal crisis because it provided a more efficient focus of power than aristocracy or democracy, which tended to diffuse power.
		mark the height of absolute monarchy, which found its theoretical justification in the doctrine of divine right.
		PERSPECTIVE: Janet's case for and against the Queen ; Janet Street-Porter feels the monarchy is in need of a make-over as she reveals in a TV documentary.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/m1/monarchy.asp (981 words)

	monarchy
		monarchy, form of government in which sovereignty is vested in a single person whose right to rule is generally hereditary and who is empowered to remain in office for life.
		Monarchy has existed since the earliest history of humankind and was often established during periods of external threat or internal crisis because it provided a more efficient focus of power than
		A WRITER AT LARGE: Making sense of monarchy; The deferential, even reverential biographies of our kings and queens have been replaced by more rigorous accounts of what our modern British monarchy is and how it got that way.
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/history/A0833678.html (558 words)

	The Monarchy in Sweden
		However, none of the succeeding reigning monarchs, such as Queen Kristina, 1644–1654, Karl X Gustav, 1654–1660, or Karl XI, 1672–1697, considered themselves bound by this Constitution and at the 1680 session of the Riksdag it was formally annulled and royal absolutism was established.
		For example, in such vital questions as relations with Norway during 1858–1860, assistance to Denmark in the war with Germany in 1864 and as regards the reform of the representative system in 1866, it was the Council and the Riksdag—not the King—who shaped Sweden’s politics and in critical situations made the final decisions.
		The provisions of the 1809 Constitution regulating the duties of the King opened with the words: “The King alone shall govern the realm”—and this right was limited only by the obligation to seek the advice of a Council which he had himself appointed.
	www.bolag.org /english/sweden/general/e-s-monarchy.htm (4036 words)

	Absolute Monarchy in Sweden (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		But his senseless quarrel with Frederick William III of Prussia detained aim in Pomerania; and when at last in December 1805 he led his 6,000 men towards the Elbe district the third coalition had already been dissipated by the victories of Ulm and Austerlitz.
		The result was the total loss of Pomerania, and the Swedish army itself was only saved from destruction by the ingenuity of Johan Christopher Toll.
		Gustav IV naturally rejected all the proposals of Alexander to close the Baltic against the English; but took no measures to defend Finla nd against Russia, though, during the autumn of 1807, it was notorious that the tsar was preparing to attack the grand duchy.
	portaljuice.com /absolute_monarchy_in_sweden.html (1950 words)

	Monarchy
		1966 Coup in Burundi overthrows monarchy; a republic is declared
		1957 Monarchy in Tunisia abolished in favor of a republic
		1792 Proposal by Collot D'Herbois, to abolish the monarchy in France
	www.brainyhistory.com /topics/m/monarchy.html (236 words)

	BBC - History - What If the Gunpowder Plot Had Succeeded? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		In short, had Guy Fawkes succeeded, the British state would have turned into a Protestant absolute monarchy as Sweden, Denmark, Saxony and Prussia all did in the course of the 17th century; but much stronger than any of those.
		Let us suppose that the English Protestant majority were sufficiently shocked and demoralized by the destruction of their ruling élite, and sufficiently reassured by promises of religious toleration offered by the new Catholic-controlled government, to give in to the conspirators.
		The road to absolute monarchy would have been taken; but this time on the model of France, Spain or Austria.
	www.bbc.co.uk /history/state/monarchs_leaders/gunpowder_hutton_04.shtml (412 words)

	> Sweden abcworld.net (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		In the 17th and 18th centuries Sweden extended its territory though warfare and became a Great Power, twice its current size - which extended territory it subsequently lost within a century.
		Most Swedes, especially those under 50, have no difficulty in understanding and speaking English, due to trade links, the popularity of overseas travel, and the fact that foreign television programmes and films are shown in the original language with subtitles.
		Before the 11th century, people of Sweden adhered to a Norse religion, worshiping Ãsir gods, with its centre at the Temple in Uppsala.
	www.abcworld.net /Sweden.html (4386 words)

	Sweden Encyclopedia Article, Definition, History, Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		However, acts of the parliament must be made inapplicable at every level if they are obviously against constitutional laws.
		The two main spectator sports are soccer and ice hockey.
		Sveriges radio is the leading radio company in Sweden.
	popularityguide.com /encyclopedia/Sweden (4273 words)

	Absolute Monarchy in Sweden . August 19 . 1800 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Everything was vacillating and uncertain; and the general instability was reflected even in foreign affairs, now that the master-hand of Gustav III was withdrawn Sweden and renewed efforts of Catherine II to interfere in Sweden s domestic affairs were, indeed, vigorously repulsed, but without tact or discretion, so that the good understanding
		deposition of Gustav IV of Sweden Gustav IV on March 13, 1809, who was clearly incapable of governing.
		The nobility took advantage of this opportunity to pay off old scores against Gustav III of Sweden Gustav III by excluding not only his unhappy son but also that son s whole family from the succession - an act of injustice which has never been adequately defended.
	www.uk.kunsimuna.net /Absolute_Monarchy_in_Sweden (397 words)

	Encyclopedia: Absolute Monarchy in Sweden
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		It was now, for the first time, that Gustav, reduced to the condition of a roi fain ant, began seriously to consider the possibility of a revolution; of its necessity there could be no doubt.
		At his very first Riksdag, held at Norrk ping in March 1800, the nobility were compelled, at last, to ratify Gustav III's detested Act of Union and Security, which hitherto they had steadily refused to do.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Absolute-Monarchy-in-Sweden (2022 words)

	Industrialization of Sweden - Enpsychlopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		The Northern railway runs along the Baltic coast up to Boden in northern Sweden, and was finished in 1894.
		The Inland Railway runs through the central parts of northern Sweden, and was built between 1908-1937.
		The construction of the early main lines provided a fast and safe connection from the mines in the north to the rest of Sweden.
	www.grohol.com /psypsych/Industrialization_of_Sweden (290 words)

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