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Topic: Absolute pitch

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	UC Genetics of Absolute Pitch Study - Study
		Absolute pitch, commonly referred to as perfect pitch, is an intriguing cognitive trait involved in music perception and is defined as the ability to identify the pitch of a musical tone without an external reference pitch.
		To be considered an absolute pitch possessor, an individual must have the ability to identify pitches accurately and instantaneously.
		Based the absolute pitch survey and auditory test data we have collected to date, we learned that the majority of individuals with absolute pitch began formal musical training before age 7.
	perfectpitch.ucsf.edu /ppstudy.html (1708 words)

	Absolute pitch - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Among autists and savants, the incidence of absolute pitch rises to 1 in 20 or higher.
		Absolute pitch is an act of cognition, needing memory of the frequency, a label for the frequency (such as "B-flat"), and exposure to the common range considered a note.
		Absolute pitch is not a prerequisite for developing a high level of talent as a musician or composer, and musicians may disagree about the overall value and relevance of absolute pitch ability to musical experience.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Absolute_pitch (1660 words)

	Philip Tagg \| Pitch - EPMOW entry (2001)
		Pitch, therefore, most frequently refers to the position of a note’s perceived fundamental on the axis of low to high frequency.
		Absolute pitch: an individual’s ability, based on long-term memory, to identify and/or reproduce a particular pitch, independent of musical context.
		This ability, which can be trained, is useful in standard pitch situations because it allows the individual to quickly identify and/or produce the absolute pitch of particular notes, and thus facilitate processes of transcription and covering.
	www.tagg.org /articles/epmow/pitch.html (851 words)

	Absolute Pitch - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Absolute Pitch, in music, the ability to sing or to recognize by sound the pitch of a note, without any prior reference point with which to...
		Absolute, term used to denote whatever is in no way dependent on or limited by anything else.
		Pitch (music), highness or lowness of a musical tone as determined by the rapidity of the vibrations producing it.
	encarta.msn.com /Absolute_Pitch.html (178 words)

	The Irrelevance of Absolute Pitch to Music Science
		I use the expression "pitch translation invariance" to describe this property of music, to emphasise the fact that it is an abstract mathematical symmetry, one of five or maybe six that apply to different components of music perception.
		If the mechanisms of absolute pitch are substantially independent of the mechanisms of music perception, then we would predict that the musical tastes of people with absolute pitch would not be significantly different from the musical tastes of anyone else.
		Relative pitch perception seems to involve a similar "frame of reference", where the set of pitch values in a melody provide a background against which individual pitch values are located by the perceptual machinery.
	www.1729.com /blog/AbsolutePitch.html (1182 words)

	Absolute Pitch / Relative Color
		Since 'pitch' a function of frequency, and in certain cases amplitude and spectrum, how does the individual with "absloute pitch" determine whether the 'frequency' is the same, but the pitch perception has changed due to (say) an increase in amplitude.
		I met a violinist whose 'absolute pitch' stopped at G below middle C. I have met students who didn't think they had any form of 'absolute pitch', but upon certain kinds of testing, revealed 'other traits'.
		His 'body' had 'absolute pitch' that his 'ear' was not "aware" of.
	www.auditory.org /mhonarc/2001/msg00377.html (1020 words)

	Perfect Pitch Links
		is either the exact pitch of a note described by its number of vibrations per second, or the ability, commonly referred to as perfect pitch, to identify a note by name without the benefit of a reference note.
		Additionally, a two-component theory of absolute pitch is presented, which conceives of this rare ability as consisting of a more common ability, pitch memory, and a separate, less common ability, pitch labelling.
		The results show a convergence with previous studies on the stability of auditory imagery and latent absolute pitch ability; further, the results suggest that individuals might possess representations of pitch that are more stable and accurate than previously recognized.
	www.perfectpitchpeople.com /links (1150 words)

	Pitch perfect
		However, the study, coupled with research on infant pitch perception, suggests that absolute pitch--instead of being a rare, nearly magical ability--may be tied to early language development.
		Therefore, the study suggests that infants recall the absolute pitch of notes and notice when they are transposed, she says.
		However, pitch memory is only half of what goes into absolute pitch, says Gail Mauner, PhD, a professor of psychology and linguistics at the University at Buffalo of the State University of New York.
	www.apa.org /monitor/feb05/pitch.html (1165 words)

	Absolute pitch
		The term absolute pitch (AP) denotes a person's ability to form an internal auditory image of any musical tone labeled by an appropriate symbol (note, letter) such that the person can both aurally identify an acoustically presented tone ("passive AP") and produce any tone that is denoted by its label, e.g.
		A tone's pitch is identified with significantly better accuracy than the plus/minus 3 percent frequency tolerance preset by the semitone interval that forms the smallest unit in the Western music notation.
		For instance, the ability to recognize absolute pitch was found in a number of birds (e.g., Hulse and Cynx, 1985a), and in a frog (Elepfandt, 1986a).
	www.mmk.ei.tum.de /persons/ter/top/absolute.html (1129 words)

	Absolute Memory for Musical Pitch (Site not responding. Last check: )
		AP possessors have internalized their pitch references, and they are evidently able to maintain stable representations of pitch in long-term memory.
		Subjects' directional judgments were found to be dependent on pitch class, leading Deutsch to conclude that, although her subjects were not able to label the tones, they were nevertheless using AP indirectly.
		Subjects who exhibit pitch memory are not necessarily exhibiting perceptual memory (as in the perceptual residue the Gestalt psychologists spoke of), but it is clear that their memories are to some extent veridical, and that they retain access to some absolute features of the original stimulus.
	cogprints.org /643/00/pitch.HTM (6575 words)

	Acoustical Society of America- 138th Meeting Lay Language Papers - Tone Language Speakers Possess Absolute Pitch
		Absolute pitch, or perfect pitch, is defined as the ability to produce or identify the pitch of a tone without reference to an external standard.
		Since pitch is an essential feature in conveying the meaning of words in tone language, our findings lead us to conjecture that the potential for acquiring absolute pitch may be universal, and that it can be realised by the association of pitches with meaningful words very early in life.
		However, the design was extended to investigate whether the pitch differences found in enunciating the same words on different days should be taken to reflect imprecisions in the subjects' absolute pitch templates, or whether other factors were responsible.
	www.acoustics.org /press/138th/deutsch.htm (1130 words)

	Absolute pitch (Site not responding. Last check: )
		There could be a persistent pitch memory which lasts longer than several minutes, and AP is the comparison of a test pitch to that remembered pitch.
		Pitch is not just this ascending series, but it is like a spiral, with pitch-class being the angle around, and "height" being a separate variable.
		They had to be given a reference pitch, and then other pitches would be identified via the interval made with the original pitch.
	home.comcast.net /~kramerhawks/abspitch.htm (2279 words)

	Training Software for Perfect Pitch
		This new patent pending method is the result of years of research into absolute pitch, education theory, and perceptual development.
		Absolute pitch is not just a party trick of being able to "name notes." With solid ear training in absolute and relative pitch, you can easily pick apart any piece of music and know exactly what you've got.
		Absolute listeners identify a pitch by its "chroma"; therefore, the key to absolute listening is pitch chroma.
	www.aruffo.com /eartraining/software.htm (2257 words)

	Perfect pitch (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Having absolute pitch means that I can hear a note and tell you that it's a G, or an E flat, or whatever.
		They tend to identify pitch by having one or two reference pitches in their head (typically an open string on a violin, or something).
		When they hear a pitch, they can compare it to the reference pitch, see what the interval between the two pitches is, and calculate the pitch that they heard from that.
	www.dfan.org /pitch.html (468 words)

	Developing Absolute Pitch Resource Page
		Kirk Whipple's tonal memory hypothesis This is an article by a "born with" absolute pitch possessor.
		Discussion of issues pertaining to the development of absolute pitch are welcome on the list, but will invariably get the usual "you have to be born with it" line from some active members of the list.
		Absolute memory for musical pitch: Evidence from the production of learned melodies A study by Daniel J. Levitin from the University of Oregon.
	www.geocities.com /zip98125 (1532 words)

	Pitch Perception (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Parncutt and Levitin (1999) made the statement, that like language, absolute pitch is developed early during a critical period from exposure to fixed pitches and pitch labels.
		The final approach to absolute pitch is one that involves the structure and function of the brain.
		I expect to see the performance on the pitch matching to be about the same for all three groups that receive training; however those children with a family history of perfect pitch will perform more accurately on the pitch producing than the other two training groups.
	hubel.sfasu.edu /courseinfo/SL02/as2pitchpercept.html (2070 words)

	The Magical Number Seven (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Data from Hake and Garner [8] on the channel capacity for absolute judgments of the position of a pointer in a linear interval.
		Data from Klemmer and Frick [13] on the channel capacity for absolute judgments of the position of a dot in a square.
		First, the span of absolute judgment and the span of immediate memory impose severe limitations on the amount of information that we are able to receive, process, and remember.
	www.well.com /~smalin/miller.html (8463 words)

	Absolute Pitch as a Learned Phenomenon:
		The manner by which absolute pitch is acquired has been a topic of considerable research and debate (reviewed by Ward and Burns, 1982, and by Takeuchi and Hulse, 1993).
		The results imply that the phenomenon of absolute pitch is conditioned by exposure to tonal music, and that it is learned in the same manner as for innumerable other forms of learning.
		Given Miyazaki's reaction time data for various pitch classes, we have an opportunity to evaluate the degree to which absolute pitch responses are predicted by the Hick-Hyman law.
	www.geocities.com /jasba_simpson/research/hick/hick.htm (1063 words)

	Ear Training, Absolute Perfict Pitch, Language Learning and Music connections on the Educational CyberPlayGround
		In both groups, students who started their musical instruction later were less likely to have absolute pitch, and none of the Rochester students that began training after their eighth birthday had the ability.
		Deutsch suggests that for students who speak a tonal language, acquiring absolute pitch is like learning a second language, which becomes much more difficult after a “critical period” of development.
		On this line of reasoning, absolute pitch for music might then be acquired by tone language speakers in the same way as they would acquire the pitches of a second tone language.
	www.edu-cyberpg.com /Music/perfectpitch.html (3771 words)

	: Absolute Pitch, review at WorldSSP.net (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Absolute Pitch: Introduction Absolute Pitch is designed to help you to remember the pitches of the notes in the equally-tempered Western Music scale, as used on keyboard instruments.
		It is often contrasted with relative pitch (RP), which is the ability to identify or produce any tone with the aid of a reference tone.
		Absolute pitch The term absolute pitch (AP) denotes a person's ability to form an internal auditory image of any musical tone labeled by an appropriate symbol (note, letter) such that the person can both aurally identify an acoustically presented tone ("passive AP") and produce any tone that is denoted by its label, e.g.
	www.worldssp.net /webinfo.asp?proid=11525 (541 words)

	Absolute Pitch
		Absolute pitch (AP) is of interest in the study of human information processing for a variety of reasons.
		The acquisition and demonstration of AP also brings up central issues in the nature of memory (whether it is relational or absolute), categorization, and the mental codes humans use to process sensory stimuli.
		Levitin, D. J., and Zatorre, R. On the nature of early music training and absolute pitch: A reply to Brown, Sachs, Cammuso, and Folstein.
	www.psych.mcgill.ca /labs/levitin/absolutepitch.htm (220 words)

	Epinions.com - The Absolute Truth
		The side effect of this is that absolute pitch is buried in obscurity and mystique, which gives it an aura of unattainability, as if it were something passed through genes only to the members of some illustrious musical "ruling caste".
		Those who can proudly claim the mantle of "perfect" pitch, usually start waking up to it in high school, sometimes junior high, and are obviously pleased, but have little reason to analyze or opportunity to discuss it further, since they generally find themselves with very few peers.
		What this means, though, is that most everyone acquires absolute pitch as it emerges from a latent state after they've practiced music for many years, as opposed to being born with it outright.
	www.epinions.com /inst-review-76C0-37A6544-39AE97C3-prod1 (1055 words)

	Absolute Pitch ear training software for learning perfect pitch and playing music on PC keys
		Absolute Pitch is an ear-training application for Windows that will help you acquire absolute or perfect pitch.
		Musicians with extremely good relative pitch can give results indistinguishable from those having absolute pitch, but they are always at a disadvantage in having to hear a reference tone, such as Middle A, first.
		Having absolute pitch makes it easier for a composer or performer, especially of atonal music, to retain and hear complex melodies and harmonies in his or her head (Schoenberg mentions his ability in a letter; Boulez is well known for it).
	www.silvawood.co.uk /pitch-intro.htm (321 words)

	Absolute Pitch University » If you're ready, this is the opportunity for that hands-on "music-hacking" that will ...
		Absolute Pitch University » If you're ready, this is the opportunity for that hands-on "music-hacking" that will change everything for you...
		I have had so many paying students, and so many Absolute Pitch Power customers come to me for critiques of their playing and songwriting...
		If you have NOT taken the "Absolute Pitch Power" course to heart, the price is $294.
	www.absolutepitchuniversity.com /?source=ge.net (3932 words)

	perfect pitch software ear training for absolute pitch
		I do not believe this to be strictly true, although I agree that if a person has developed perfect pitch at a young age, they may not have developed a good sense of relative pitch, and if this is the case, that person would be disadvantaged as a singer.
		I believe that if a person has a good sense of relative pitch and then develops perfect pitch, they will not be disadvantaged as a singer when they develop perfect pitch.
		Perfect Pitch or Absolute Pitch is the ability to recognise tones without first hearing any reference tone.
	www.vocalist.org /perfectpitch.html (852 words)

	Absolute Pitch Review - Absolute Pitch Research
		Since flutists, guitarists, trumpet players, etc. all were tested on piano -- and not their own native instruments -- any ability of pitch recognition is quite remarkable, even to Burge, who would not expect a flutist to recognize tones on the piano during the initial stages of Absolute Pitch development.
		Some of [the] benefits [of Absolute Pitch/Perfect Pitch] are greater creativity, sensitivity, enjoyment, better ability to tune, listen keenly, compose, better knowledge of key, greater language adaptability.
		Because of the effectiveness of the Burge Perfect Pitch technique and the apparent value of Perfect Pitch ability, it seems a reevaluation of theory course content and of methods of teaching ear training in schools, universities, and musical institutions is in order.
	www.perfectpitch.com /research.htm (1185 words)

	Absolute Pitch
		Abstract: Absolute pitch is reported to occur in 1 out of 10,000 persons, usually those trained in music before age 6.
		We demonstrate that the five individuals we tested, who have Williams syndrome, a condition caused by a microdeletion of about 20 genes in the q11.23 region of one of their two chromosomes number seven, possess near ceiling levels of absolute pitch despite their limited cognitive abilities.
		We discuss the possibilities that (1) the incidence of absolute pitch among individuals with Williams syndrome is higher than that found in the general population and (2) the normal early childhood critical period of absolute pitch acquisition may be extended in individuals with Williams syndrome.
	www.wsf.org /music/musicres/absolutepitch.htm (219 words)

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