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Topic: Absolute poverty

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	Absolute poverty
		Absolute poverty is a level of poverty at which certain minimum standards -- for example for nutrition, health and shelter -- cannot be met.
		The term "Absolute poverty" is perhaps slightly misleading, since there is no "absolute" standard that defines absolute poverty: the level of income necessary for these minimum standards is often referred to as the poverty line, which various institutions and individuals define differently.
		Absolute poverty can be contrasted with relative poverty[?] which is a poor standard of living relative to the rest of society.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ab/Absolute_poverty.html (87 words)

	Poverty threshold - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The poverty threshold, or poverty line, is the level of income below which one cannot afford to purchase all the resources one requires to live.
		The poverty threshold is useful as an economic tool with which to measure such people and consider socioeconomic reforms such as welfare and unemployment insurance to reduce poverty.
		Using a poverty threshold is problematic because having an income marginally above it is not substantially different from having an income marginally below it: the negative effects of poverty tend to be continuous rather than discrete, and the same low income affects different people in different ways.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Absolute_poverty (1181 words)

	Urban Poverty Alleviation
		Poverty essentially has three closely interrelated aspects: “poverty of money”, “poverty of access” and “poverty of power.” These make the working, living and social environments of the poor extremely insecure and severely limit the options available to them to improve their lives.
		The extent and nature of poverty, as defined by its three aspects and its impact on marginalizing and alienating segments of the urban society, are difficult to measure.
		However, while alleviating absolute poverty, all these efforts may fail to alleviate relative poverty if the infrastructural and human resources base for the sustainable and rapid growth of the knowledge economy is not created.
	www.unescap.org /huset/hangzhou/urban_poverty.htm (5315 words)

	Poverty - Definitions
		Absolute poverty thresholds vs. relative poverty thresholds --- As explained by a National Academy of Sciences panel, “Absolute thresholds are fixed at a point in time and updated solely for price changes….
		Therefore, in the SIPP, annual poverty rates are calculated using the sum of family income over the year divided by the sum of poverty thresholds that can change from month to month if one’s family composition changes.
		Poverty spell --- Number of months in poverty as measured using panel data from a longitudinal survey (excluding spells underway in the first interview month of the panel).
	www.census.gov /hhes/www/poverty/definitions.html (1639 words)

	Can high-inequality developing countries escape absolute poverty?
		It is possible for inequality to be sufficiently high to result in rising poverty, despite good underlying growth prospects at low inequality.
		The first is that higher inequality may entail a lower subsequent rate of growth in average income, and hence (it is argued) lower rate of progress in reducing absolute poverty.
		A number of recent studies suggest that growth in average incomes typically reduces absolute income poverty.
	www.worldbank.org /research/peg/wps11 (391 words)

	Income Elasticity of the Poverty Line
		(Once established, an absolute poverty line is updated for price changes only, while a relative poverty line is updated for changes in the median or mean income or consumption of the general population.) In American debates on poverty lines, the tendency is to discuss theoretical arguments for using one or the other form of updating.
		Another significant (although neglected) source of evidence about the income elasticity of the poverty line is the common knowledge of experts on poverty lines and family budgets, as documented in quotations from their writings.
		Similarly, when Orshansky's poverty line was adopted as the federal government's new quasi-official poverty line in May 1965, it was 14 percent higher in real terms than a low-income line in a study by Lampman published in 1959, only six years earlier.
	aspe.os.dhhs.gov /poverty/papers/elassmiv.htm (3290 words)

	Poverty in the United States - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		An absolute poverty measure was developed in the mid 1960s as part of the "War on poverty." Based on this measure, the poverty line is set at approximately three times the annual cost of a nutritionally adequate diet.
		The Census Bureau issues the poverty thresholds, which are generally used for statistical purposes—for example, to estimate the number of people in poverty nationwide each year and classify them by type of residence, race, and other social, economic, and demographic characteristics.
		The "absolute poverty line" is the threshold below which families or individuals are considered to be lacking the resources to meet the basic needs for healthy living; having insufficient income to provide the food, shelter and clothing needed to preserve health.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Poverty_line_in_the_United_States (2710 words)

	The New Yorker: Fact
		In total, she estimated that between fifteen million and twenty-two million children were living in poverty, a disproportionate number of them in single-parent households and minority neighborhoods.
		In Detroit in 2004, the poverty rate was 33.6 per cent; in Miami, it was 28.3 per cent; and in Philadelphia it was 24.9 per cent.
		Slesnick calculated that the “consumption poverty rate” for 1995—that is, the percentage of families whose spending was less than the povertyincome threshold—was 9.5 per cent, which is 4.3 per cent less than the official poverty rate.
	www.newyorker.com /fact/content/articles/060403fa_fact (3932 words)

	Relative or Absolute -- The Behavior of Poverty Lines Over Time
		Poverty lines and minimum subsistence budgets before World War I were, in constant dollars, generally between 43 and 54 percent of Mollie Orshansky's poverty threshold for 1963.
		Another significant (although neglected) source of evidence about the income elasticity of the poverty line is the common knowledge of experts on poverty lines and family budgets before 1970, as documented in quotations from their writings.
		It is clear that the income elasticity of the poverty line was well known to these experts, and that they were quite familiar with the underlying social processes involved.
	aspe.os.dhhs.gov /poverty/papers/relabs.htm (977 words)

	Bourgignon: Absolute poverty, relative deprivation and social exclusion
		The last point is concerned with the direct and indirect cost of relative poverty and the lack of social mobility and the way they may be responsible for absolute poverty in developing countries.
		In particular, relative poverty is often found to be related to or synonymous of ‘inequality’ and therefore of no primary relevance for ‘actual’, that is ‘absolute’ poverty issues and policy.
		Poverty, absolute or relative, would not be a problem if it were known to be purely transitory, that is limited for all poor to very short periods of time.
	www.inwent.org /ef-texte/poverty/bourgign.htm (2502 words)

	Is There Such a Thing as an Absolute Poverty Line Over Time? Evidence from the United States, Britain, Canada, and ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		In terms of updating, an absolute poverty line is one which is updated for price changes only, while a relative poverty line is one which is updated for changes in the median or mean income or consumption of the general population.
		The opening section of this report noted that the poverty line, "while adjusted each year for changes in the cost of food, is not adjusted for changes in society's standards as to the level of living that should be equated with poverty.
		In 1966, the poverty line for a nonfarm family of four was $3,335[;] however, according to the most recent BLS expenditure survey, it would require an income of $9,200 for a family of four to achieve a modest but adequate standard of living in most of our large cities.
	www.census.gov /hhes/poverty/povmeas/papers/elastap4.html (16525 words)

	Poverty
		Poverty remains a trap for more than 950 million people in the Asian and Pacific region, with a large part of this total facing absolute poverty.
		The absolute poverty of 1.3 billion people who survive on less than a dollar a day remains the fundamental challenge for developing countries and their donor partners.
		The priority objective of the Cambodia e-poverty network is to promote a broad partnership on poverty through the establishment of a knowledge based and policy oriented network of policy makers (central and local levels), development practitioners, academia, research institutes, local communities, women organizations, youth, private sector, NGOs, and donors.
	poverty2.forumone.com /webguide/region/2 (1080 words)

	Poverty
		This policy takes, as its basic assumption, that the key problem of poverty in the world is not absolute scarcity of resources, but the distribution of those resources and the opportunities to take advantage of using them.
		To help reach this goal poverty reduction was made the principal objective of the new partnership agreement signed on 23 June 2000 between the European Union and the African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) countries in Cotonou, capital of Benin.
		Latin America/Caribbean and sub-Saharan Africa are the two regions where both the total number of people living in absolute poverty, and the share of the population living in poverty, have increased.
	www.europaworld.org /DEVPOLAWAR/Eng/Poverty/Poverty_eng.htm (1519 words)

	Targeting the end of absolute poverty: trends in development cooperation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		While the primary engines of poverty reduction are poor people and poor countries, NGOs point out a number of steps that donors can take now, themselves to enable them to play their part and to translate policy into practice.
		Three years after governments agreed that poverty could be eradicated, DAC members have failed to find the additional US$20 billion a year needed to lift more than a billion people out of poverty and contribute to universal provision of basic social services.
		The gender dimension of poverty is now widely acknowledged at the level of policy and many donors have made serious efforts to institutionalise gender aware development through training, appointments and procedures.
	www.devinit.org /realityofaid/poverty.htm (7051 words)

	Vision Circle: Absolute Poverty & Black Empowerment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		In 2005, it remains a fact that 25 to 33 percent of fl Americans are still mired in poverty, yet roughly 60 percent are middle-class (with 10 percent in the elite).
		I think it is the mistake between the relative and absolutes in the politics of emergence.
		So if fls hate themselves in their 'poverty' its very telling whether or not they are killing themselves or being killed.
	www.visioncircle.org /archive/003229.html (1197 words)

	Poverty -- Mowafi and Khawaja 59 (4): 260 -- Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health
		The measurement of economic poverty entails defining a threshold
		Migration and the reproduction of poverty: the refugee camps in Jordan.
		Modelling determinants of child mortality and poverty in the Comoros.
	jech.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/59/4/260 (3459 words)

	Poverty - test (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		was “to achieve the goal of eradicating absolute poverty and reducing overall poverty substantially in the world
		Furthermore, and based partially on the Survey results, the Division of Social Policy, in collaboration with United Nations agencies and civil society, is organising an international forum to mark the end of this first UN Decade for the Eradication of Poverty.
		With billions of people still mired in poverty and delivery on the promises of many new governments and anti-corruption campaigns yet to materialise, it is time for the movement to ask itself some serious and probing questions.
	topics.developmentgateway.org /poverty (898 words)

	Poverty Reduction - ADB.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Poverty Assessment and Socioeconomic and Macroeconomic Statistical Capacity Building
		Poverty Partnership Agreement (PPA) — 23 October 2001
		Poverty in Pakistan: Issues, Causes and Institutional Responses
	www.adb.org /poverty/south_asia.asp (132 words)

	Can high-inequality developing countries escape absolute poverty?
		Higher initial inequality tends to reduce growth's impact on absolute poverty.
		The precision with which key parameters have been estimated makes it difficult to say with confidence how common such cases are, but they appear to be in the minority.
		What appear to be the best available estimates suggest that about one-fifth of the spells between surveys he analyzed were cases in which poverty was rising, yet positive growth in the mean (and hence falling poverty) is predicted at zero inequality.
	ideas.repec.org /p/wbk/wbrwps/1775.html (501 words)

	Measurement of absolute poverty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The EU Statistical Programme Committee asked Eurostat to investigate the subject of absolute poverty.
		Among income thresholds that have been applied are the social assistance norms in EU countries and variants of them, the US Poverty Standard and the Experimental US Poverty standard and subjective thresholds derived from the ECHP.
		The project resulted in four working papers, the forth of which reviews the potential for absolute poverty standards and makes recommendations for further work.
	www.york.ac.uk /inst/spru/research/summs/measpov.htm (158 words)

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