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Topic: Absolute temperature

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	Temperature
		A convenient operational definition of temperature is that it is a measure of the average translational kinetic energy associated with the disordered microscopic motion of atoms and molecules.
		Temperature is not directly proportional to internal energy since temperature measures only the kinetic energy part of the internal energy, so two objects with the same temperature do not in general have the same internal energy (see water-metal example).
		Temperatures are measured in one of the three standard temperature scales (Celsius, Kelvin, and Fahrenheit).
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/thermo/temper.html (422 words)

	temperature. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Temperature is measured by means of a thermometer or other instrument having a scale calibrated in units called degrees.
		The Kelvin temperature scale is an absolute scale having degrees the same size as those of the Celsius temperature scale; the Rankine temperature scale is an absolute scale having degrees the same size as those of the Fahrenheit temperature scale.
		The relationship between absolute temperature and average molecular kinetic energy is one result of the kinetic-molecular theory of gases.
	www.bartleby.com /65/te/temperat.html (408 words)

	Absolute zero - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		At absolute zero, the molecules and atoms in a system are all in the ground state (i.e., the lowest possible energy state) and the system has the least possible amount of kinetic energy allowed by the laws of physics.
		While temperature is a measure of the heat of an object, heat itself is simply a highly abstract consideration of the kinetic energy of the molecular particles of the object.
		The absolute temperature measures the movement among the particles of an object by comparing it to the state of an object at absolute zero.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Absolute_zero (702 words)

	Temperature - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Temperature is the physical property of a system which underlies the common notions of "hot" and "cold"; the material with the higher temperature is said to be hotter.
		Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a sample of matter.
		The temperature 0 K is called absolute zero and corresponds to the point at which the molecules and atoms have the least possible thermal energy.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Temperature (2454 words)

	Thermodynamic temperature - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Thermodynamic temperature (formerly called absolute temperature) is a measure, in kelvins (K), of temperature for thermodynamics.
		In practice, the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90) serves as an operational definition and the basis for high-accuracy temperature measurements in science and technology.
		The thermodynamic temperature can be shown to have special properties, and in particular can be seen to be uniquely defined (up to some constant multiplicative factor) by considering the efficiency of idealized heat engines.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Thermodynamic_temperature (582 words)

	Absolute zero (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Absolute zero was first calculated by using the Ideal gas law, and sometimes absolute zero is defined as the temperature at which an Ideal gas has no volume and exerts no pressure.
		For the case of free atoms at temperatures approaching absolute zero, most of the energy is in the form of translational motion and the temperature can be measured in terms of the speed of this motion, with slower speeds corresponding to lower temperatures.
		In fact because of quantum mechanical effects, the speed at absolute zero is not precisely zero, but depends, as does the energy, on the size of space within which the atom is confined.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/absolute_zero (688 words)

	System for generating temperature images with corresponding absolute temperature values - Patent 5109277
		The temperature for the point of interest is determined using a relationship between the radiant intensity measured at the point of interest, and the radiant intensity and absolute temperature measured at a reference point.
		In order to determine the absolute temperature value at a region of interest, a temperature-to-intensity relationship is applied to the reference temperature, the average intensity of the reference region, and the average intensity of the region of interest.
		The temperature analyzer uses the region of interest cursor x-y position to identify the region of interest in the digital image for which an absolute temperature value is to be generated.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5109277.html (6888 words)

	Compressed Air Glossary:t.html
		Is the temperature at the inlet flange of the compressor.
		The toal temperature at the intake flange of the compressor.
		It is the temperature indicated by a thermometer moving in the stream with the same velocity as the stream.
	www.impactrm.com /html/t.html (522 words)

	BEC: Temperature and Absolute Zero
		This is called the Absolute scale, and one degree on it is the same as one degree centigrade, which is 9/5 of a degree Fahrenheit.
		The difference between the Centigrade and Absolute scales is the zero label.
		Measuring this temperature is the strongest evidence we have that the
	www.colorado.edu /physics/2000/bec/temperature.html (491 words)

	Gas Temperature
		The temperature of a gas is a measure of the average translational kinetic energy of the molecules.
		The first principle is the observation that the temperature of an object can affect some physical property of the object, such as the length of a solid, or the gas pressure in a closed vessel, or the electrical resistance of a wire.
		Absolute temperatures are used in the equation of state, the derivation of the state variables enthalpy, and entropy, and determining the speed of sound.
	www.grc.nasa.gov /WWW/K-12/airplane/temptr.html (1076 words)

	PTC® Instruments Temperature basics, FAQ, Celsius, Fahrenheit, Kelvin., temperature scale
		Temperature is an intrinsic property of a system, meaning that it does not depend on the system size or the amount of material in the system.
		The temperature 0 K is called absolute zero and corresponds to the point at which the molecules and atoms have the least possible thermal energy.
		In this scale a temperature difference of 1 degree is the same as a 1 K temperature difference, so the scale is essentially the same as the kelvin scale, but offset by the temperature at which water freezes (273.15 K).
	www.ptc1.com /temperature_basics.html (1468 words)

	Absolute zero Summary
		Absolute zero is the point on the thermodynamic (absolute) temperature scale where all kinetic motion in the particles comprising matter ceases and they are at complete rest in the “classic” (non-quantum mechanical) sense.
		At absolute zero, the molecules and atoms in a system are all in their ground state, the state of lowest possible energy, and a system has the least amount of kinetic energy allowed by the laws of physics.
		Classically, the absolute temperature T of a system of molecules at thermodynamic equilibrium assigns an average of ½ kT to each quadratic kinetic and/or potential energy term in each mechanical degree of freedom, where k is Boltzmann's constant.
	www.bookrags.com /Absolute_zero (4921 words)

	7(k) The Concept of Temperature
		Temperature is a measure of the intensity or degree of hotness in a body.
		This system is often used by scientists because its temperature readings begin at absolute zero and due to the fact that this scale is proportional to the amount of heat energy found in an object.
		Thermometers measure temperature by the change in the volume of the liquid as it responds to the addition or loss of heat energy from the environment immediately outside its surface.
	www.physicalgeography.net /fundamentals/7k.html (698 words)

	Frequently Asked Questions: Infrared Imaging. MRTD.
		Absolute temperature is the temperature of the flbody surface.
		As the temperature of the reference probe moved higher or lower, the temperature of the flbody would move higher or lower to maintain the proper temperature difference.
		For small incremental temperature measurements made near zero DT and spaced closely in time, measurement accuracy is determined by the temperature noise (short term stability) and linearity of the flbody, rather than its absolute accuracy.
	www.sbir.com /faq.htm (1445 words)

	Temperature
		To ensure that the temperature of the surrounding air is the same as the thermometer, it must be shaded from sunlight and be exposed to adequate ventilation.
		Absolute zero, the coldest temperature possible in the universe is 0K or -273°C. Because one Kelvin is equivalent to one degree Celsius, 0°C is the same as 273K.
		Thermometers are also used to measure the temperature of the ground at night, which may fall several degrees below that of the air above, and to calculate the humidity of air.
	www.ace.mmu.ac.uk /eae/Weather/Older/Temperature.html (311 words)

	TEMPERATURE - Definition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The best composition and temperature is, to have openness in fame and opinion, secrecy in habit, dissimulation in seasonable use, and a power to feign, if there be no remedy.
		Memory depends upon the consistence and the temperature of the brain.
		The ultimate source of the heat is to be found in the potential energy of the food and the oxygen which is absorbed from the air during respiration.
	www.hyperdictionary.com /dictionary/temperature (306 words)

	Temperature Scales (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Fahrenheit temperature scale is a scale based on 32 for the freezing point of water and 212 for the boiling point of water, the interval between the two being divided into 180 parts.
		The conversion formula for a temperature that is expressed on the Celsius (C) scale to its Fahrenheit (F) representation is: F = 9/5C + 32.
		Celsius temperature scale also called centigrade temperature scale, is the scale based on 0 for the freezing point of water and 100 for the boiling point of water.
	abyss.uoregon.edu /~js/glossary/temperature_scale.html (378 words)

	Aerosols and pressure. Gases and absolute temperature. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Absolute zero (0 K) is equivalent to –273 °C. Each degree on the absolute temperature scale is the same as a degree on the Celsius scale.
		The average kinetic energy of the particles in a gas is proportional to absolute temperature.
		This is a thermodynamic temperature and doesn’t depend on a particular substance or the state of that substance – it is absolute.
	www.schoolscience.co.uk /content/5/physics/bama/aerosch2pg3.html (446 words)

	About Temperature
		One of the first attempts to make a standard temperature scale occurred about AD 170, when Galen, in his medical writings, proposed a standard "neutral" temperature made up of equal quantities of boiling water and ice; on either side of this temperature were four degrees of heat and four degrees of cold, respectively.
		Temperature is a measure of the energy of thermal motion and, at a temperature of zero, the energy reaches a minimum (quantum mechanically, the zero-point motion remains at 0 K).
		Temperature becomes a quantity definable either in terms of macroscopic thermodynamic quantities such as heat and work, or, with equal validity and identical results, in terms of a quantity which characterized the energy distribution among the particles in a system.
	eo.ucar.edu /skymath/tmp2.html (4839 words)

	Math Forum - Ask Dr. Math (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The volume of a fixed amount of gas kept at constant pressure varies directly as its absolute temperature.
		If the gas occupies 100 liters at -13 C what is its volume at 26 C? I have tried to do -13/100 is equal to 26C/x as a proportion but I have failed to reach the answer: 115 liters.
		Absolute temperature is the temperature on the Kelvin scale, or another scale that has the same zero point.
	mathforum.org /library/drmath/view/56323.html (667 words)

	Welcome :: Telemet :: Meteorology Weather Glosary, from A to Z
		An absolute instrument developed by K. Angstrom for the measurement of direct solar radiation.
		The electrical power required to equalize the temperature of the four strips is taken as a measure of the solar radiation.
		A temperature scale with the ice point at 273 degrees and boiling point of water at 373 degrees.
	www.telemet.com /glossary (1535 words)

	Olympus Microscopy Resource Center: Light and Color - Color Temperature
		The color temperature model is based on the relationship between the temperature of a theoretical standardized material, called a fl body radiator, and the energy distribution of its emitted light as the radiator is brought to increasingly higher temperatures, measured in Kelvin (K).
		As the temperature is increased to between 1500 and 2000 K, the pot (second to the left) turns a yellowish to brighter red color.
		As the temperature is further increased above 3000 K the color turns to a yellow-white (the third pot from the left), and at 5000 K and above (the pot on the far right), a bluish-white color appears.
	www.olympusmicro.com /primer/lightandcolor/colortemp.html (762 words)

	Straight Dope Staff Report: Why do we have so many temperature scales?
		Among the earliest quantitative temperature scales was that developed in 1692 by Danish astronomer Ole (or Olef or Olaus) Rømer, who had earlier made measurements of the speed of light and developed a standard system of measures for the Danish realm based on the Rhineland foot.
		In the 17th and 18th centuries, the state of the art temperature measurement device was the liquid-in-glass thermometer, a device consisting of a vertical glass tube connected to a closed reservoir or bulb filled with liquid, similar in principle to mercury thermometers except larger.
		To "fix" a temperature scale it's necessary to identify easily reproducible reference points, or "fiduciary points." Newton chose the temperature of melting snow and the temperature of boiling water, and marked off the interval into 33 or 34 "degrees," each corresponding to a certain height of oil in the tube.
	www.straightdope.com /mailbag/mtempscales.html (1866 words)

	Temperature - Kelvin Scale
		The Kelvin temperature scale (K) was developed by Lord Kelvin in the mid 1800s.
		At the freezing point of water, the temperature of the Kelvin scale reads 273 K. At the boiling point of water, it reads 373 K. Whereas the Kelvin scale is widely used by scientists, the Celsius or Fahrenheit scales are used in daily life.
		At the freezing point of water, the temperature of the Kelvin scale reads 273 K. At the boiling point of water, it reads 373 K. Lord Kelvin developed this scale with the help of a Carnot engine.
	www.windows.ucar.edu /earth/Atmosphere/temperature/kelvin.html (419 words)

	Absolute Zero! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The temperature scale (measured from 0 K) is shown on a logarithmic scale, with T increasing by factors of 10, so that absolute zero itself is not shown.
		The frequency of this electromagnetic radiation is proportional to the absolute temperature.
		Near absolute zero, we can often ascribe different temperatures to various components within a single material, such as the nuclei, the conduction electrons (in a metal) and the atomic vibrations, each of which has thermal energy.
	www.ph.rhbnc.ac.uk /schools/ZeroT/Absolute.html (1636 words)

	absolute zero -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		The notion that there is an ultimately lowest temperature was suggested by the behaviour of gases at low pressures: it was noted that gases seem to contract indefinitely as the temperature is decreased.
		Temperature in physics has been found to be a measure of the intensity of random molecular motion, and it might be expected that, as temperature is reduced to absolute zero, all motion ceases and molecules come to rest.
		Temperature is the property that gives physical meaning to the concept of heat.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9003400?tocId=9003400 (692 words)

	[No title]
		Loosely speaking temperature is a measure of the mean microscopic kinetic energy of particles (including light ``particles'' still speaking loosely).
		You never have to worry about negative temperatures and zero temperature has a universal physical relevance: if something is at zero temperature, then it's in a special physical condition that is the low temperature limit of all its behavior.
		Now if the bodies have a temperature difference, there will be a heat flow and the bodies will change somehow: the larger the temperature difference, the larger the heat flow and change.
	www.physics.unlv.edu /~jeffery/astro/kelvin/kelvin_temperature.html (1045 words)

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