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	Abt rack system - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Abt rack and pinion system was devised by Roman Abt, a Swiss locomotive engineer working for a Riggenbach-equipped line, as an improved rack system.
		Two or three parallel sets of Abt rack plates are used, with a corresponding number of driving pinions on the locomotive, to ensure that at least one pinion tooth is always engaged securely.
		The Strub system, invented by Emil Strub, is similar to the Abt, but uses just one wide rack plate welded on top of a flat bottom T railway rail.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Abt_rack_system (179 words)

	Rack railway - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Riggenbach rack system, invented by Niklaus Riggenbach, is the oldest form of rack railway and uses a ladder rack, formed of steel plates or channels connected by round or square rods at regular intervals.
		This system is sometimes known as the Marsh rack system, because of simultaneous invention by an American inventor, Sylvester Marsh, builder of the Mount Washington Cog Railway.
		The Von Roll rack system, by the von Roll company, is similar to the Abt system, except that the teeth in the single blade are cut to suit the gear geometry of either the Riggenbach system cog or the Strub system cog (or gear) wheels.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Rack_railway (1224 words)

	Cog railway (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		A cog railway or rack-and-pinion railway is a mountain railway with a special centre rack rail mounted in the middle of the sleepers between the regular rails.
		This system is sometimes known as the Marsh system, because of simultaneous invention by an American inventor, Syvester Marsh, builder of the Mount Washington railroad.
		On rack systems with extreme gradients, the boiler, cab and general superstructure of the locomotive is tilted forwards relative to the wheels, so that it is more or less horizontal when placed on the steeply graded track of the railway.
	bopedia.com /en/wikipedia/c/co/cog_railway.html (726 words)

	THE DIAKOFTO - KALAVRYTA RACK & ADHESION RAILWAY
		THE DIAKOFTO - KALAVRYTA RACK & ADHESION RAILWAY
		Consequently, a concession for building and operating the Diakofto - Kalavryta railway was granted to SPAP, the operator of the Peloponnese metre-gauge system. It took five whole years and 4.8 Mio francs to reach the Kalavryta plateu scrapping the future extension of 90km to Tripolis due to lack of funds.
		The rack sections are dominated by inclined stretches of 12% - 14.5%, the latter being the steepest gradient, that represent a total length of 2250 metres. Maximum permissible speed is 12km/h.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Forum/7209/DIAKOFTO.htm (625 words)

	Continental engineers
		The compounding system was adopted by the Worsdells on the North Eastern and by Malcolm Bowman on the NCC in Ireland.
		The system was originally devised to reduce spark-throwing and later it was claimed that there was a more even draught over the tubeplate and that the need for tube-cleaning was reduced.
		According to Marshall Meyer was born in 1804 was educated in Paris and died in Vienna in 1877.
	www.steamindex.com /people/contengr.htm (6026 words)

	SUPERCARS.NET - 2003 Abt AS8
		With a manual selector, the driver also has the possibility of individually adjusting the amount of lowering and adapt it to his or her driving style.
		Abt Sportsline is also improved the styling of the A8 with front spoiler edges and a discreet spoiler on the rear of the car.
		Also at the rear, the Abt exhaust silencer with its four pipes also bears the signature of the company.
	www.supercars.net /cars/2682.html (315 words)

	Hill Lines of India
		AN ABT SYSTEM rack railway locomotive built by the Swiss Locomotive Company, Winterthur, for the Nilgiri branch of the South Indian Railway.
		Even the elimination of the reversing station was insufficient to enable this slow-speed section of line to cope successfully with the heavy traffic it had to carry while steam traction was used, and in 1930 the ghat section was converted to electric operation.
		The rack as well as the excellent standard of construction and maintenance may be noticed.
	mikes.railhistory.railfan.net /r019.html (4909 words)

	Abt Electronics Mini System Buying Guide
		These systems are used to save space and are available for customers who want a more modern look to their audio equipment.
		In systems with multiple cassette decks, this feature will automatically play the next cassette once the first cassette is finished.
		The system that includes surround-sound capabilities and audio/video inputs are useful for home-theater use.
	www.abtelectronics.com /about/Buying_minisys.php3 (947 words)

	SUPERCARS.NET - 2004 Abt AS400
		The Abt AS400 will be launched on the market in a small series of 25 and, besides its sportive attributes, maintains its suitability for daily use as a sport station wagon.
		Via the permanent all-wheel-drive Quattro system, the concentrated power of 400 hp (298 kw) is transferred to all four wheels which are equipped with 18 inch titanium coloured Abt sport wheels.
		The 4-pipe stainless-steel exhaust system is not only responsible for the right sound, but proves its Kempten origin when admired from the probably most often seen perspective of the Abt AS400.
	www.supercars.net /cars/2978.html (479 words)

	Manitou and Pike's Peak Cog Railway
		Roman Abt's rack system was selected for the Manitou and Pike's Peak Railway track.
		It employs two side by side steel racks with alternating upward-pointing teeth that mesh with the locomotive's drive pinions for traction up the steep grade.
		The maximum grades at the Manitou and Pike's Peak Railway are 25% which is the practical limit for the Abt system.
	www.discoverlivesteam.com /magazine/44.html (1180 words)

	About Rack and Stack Systems
		These systems took a while to sell to management because the manual method was for an operator to sit in front of a Tektronix 575 Curve Tracer and look through a microscope at a manual probe tip touching one of hundreds of diodes.
		We also got a system working that allowed probing beam lead diodes after they had been etched apart but while they were still held on a glass slide with wax.
		It turns out that the VSWR (Voltage Standing Wave Ratio) of his test system was so high that the error caused by the detector interacting with his test system made the data almost worthless.
	www.pacificsites.com /~brooke/RASS_abt.html (673 words)

	Abt's points
		When the railway was newly built in 1970, the Abt's cog was used.
		Roman Abt (born 1850) - the student of Riggenbach - created in 1882 the new constructiom of cog.
		On the Abt's cog only one cog rod can be used in the short section.
	www.albico.cz /zubacka/Eng/abtovy.htm (491 words)

	Fell centre-rail system, Rimutaka Incline Railway
		The Fell centre-rail system owes its origins to an English engineer, John Barraclough Fell, who was inspied by the possibilities offered by the Mont Cenis Pass to provide a direct international railway route between France and Italy.
		In 1863 a patent was granted for a system whereby a pair of horizontal driving wheels applyed traction forces to a centre-rail, a significant advance over previous designs of centre-rail use.
		The Fell patented centre-rail system had been proven at Mont Cenis, whereas alternative systems such as the Riggenbach or Abt rack-and-pillion, which were to soon to be in widespread use, had yet to be proven.
	www.rimutaka-incline-railway.org.nz /history/fell-centre-rail.html (659 words)

	Pictures of the Mount Washington Cog Railway
		Note in the pictures that the center cog rack has to be set as well as the outer rails.
		the first cog or rack railway in the United States, begun in 1866 and first operated in 1869.
		The maximum grades are 25%, which is about the upper limit for the Abt system.
	www.polar.sunynassau.edu /~fanellis/cog_railway.html (503 words)

	Out-n-About - The Snowdon Mountain Railway, Wales
		Opened on 6th April 1896, the SMR was built using the Abt rack system.
		At the hearing, the consulting engineers stated that it had never been necessary before and the Abt system had a proven safety record.
		This is the only known implementation of this additional safety feature on any line using the Abt rack system in the World.
	www.worldrailfans.org /Articles/Europe/UKSnowdon.shtml (1174 words)

	Tramway Live Cams - S to T
		It is located in the tower of the castle at Nidau, a town to the south of Biel and the terminus of trolleybus route 1.
		This is at the upper end of the metre gauge line, which is rack assisted.
		This railway, built using the Abt rack system in 1898, runs on a 725 volt three phase AC power supply.
	www.tramways.freeserve.co.uk /Livecam4.htm (2536 words)

	Experience Colorado Springs \| Pikes Peak Cog Railway
		The first cog (or "rack") railway was built in New Hampshire in 1869, but the Swiss were quick to make use of this technology, and numerous rack railways were built there.
		A cog, or rack, railroad used a gear, "cog wheel" meshing into a special rack rail (mounted in the middle between the outer rails) to climb much steeper grades than those possible with a standard adhesion railroad.
		The Manitou and Pikes Peak Railway uses the Abt rack system.
	www.experiencecoloradosprings.com /travel.asp?pageid=17\|57\|113\|153 (773 words)

	Tasmania - West cOast Wilderness Railway (long)
		A non stop commentary is supplied over a PA system (as usual, many of the jokes were already a bit stale when heard the second time on the return journey.) The cars have all glass clerestories, which improve the amount of available light and significantly warm the glass enclosed cars on cold sunny days.
		Indeed the station toilets, except at the terminals where they are connected to the town sewage systems, are modern composting bush toilets which require no pumping and are apparently acceptable in the declared South West Wilderness Area.
		This now meant that the Premier Class car on the Queenstown set was against the bunker of the Abt locomotive as the train headed onto the rack and up the grade to Rinadeena Saddle and the descent to the Queen River on The Queenstown side.
	www.flyertalk.com /forum/showthread.php?t=324194 (1390 words)

	Indian Railways--A Giant That Covers a Nation - Jehovah's Witnesses Official Web Site
		Built in the late 19th century, the track rises at a gradient of 1 in 12 and has 208 curves and 13 tunnels.
		Rack bars like teeth act as a ladder that the engine climbs on, pushing the train from the back.
		This track is among the oldest and steepest in the world using rack and adhesion technology.
	www.watchtower.org /library/g/2002/7/8/article_01.htm (1453 words)

	The Railroads of Peñoles
		The Abt rack system was utilized, the same type as was used on Pike's Peak, and probably the one that influenced the choice of system (References 6 and 7).
		The locomotives ran adhesion to El Cambio where the drive wheels were de-clutched and the rack engaged, although probably much of the time road locomotives were used from Mapimí to El Cambio and the rack locomotives only on the rack section.
		The rack locomotives were slower and cost more to operate and maintain.
	www.mexlist.com /penoles/index.htm (4426 words)

	The Snowdon Mountain Railway
		Although rack railways are used elsewhere in the world (notably Switzerland) this railway provides a spectacular experience which is unique in Britain.
		Although trains run from mid March to the beginning of October it is unwise to plan a trip to the summit before mid May or after the end of September as the upper part of the line is likely to be snow or ice bound with the trains terminating further down the mountain.
		This accident resulted in closure while the entire line was fitted with a modification to the rack system and since reopening in April 1987 there have been no further serious accidents.
	www.narrow-gauge-pleasure.co.uk /rlysnowdon.html (936 words)

	Pike's Peak Cog Railway, Pikes Peak Colorado, Railroad, Train, Colorado Springs, Travel Manitou Springs, Vacation
		A "rack" railroad can climb grades of up to 48%, depending upon the type of rack system employed.
		This enables the trains to reach much higher speeds on the adhesion sections (rack railroads can not go much faster than 25 miles per hour or they run the risk of dislodgement from the rack rail- M and PP Ry.'s top speed is about 9 MPH).
		The Manitou and Pikes Peak Railway is, however, the highest rack railway in the world as well as the highest railway in North America and the Northern Hemisphere.
	www.cograilway.com /history.htm (873 words)

	FO - Operation
		Because of the extremely difficult high mountain landscape the line was created as metre gauge adhesion and rack railway.
		The FO chose the Abt rack system, which is also used by the neighbouring Visp-Zermatt Railway.
		This series of eight locomotives is equipped with adhesion and rack drivers, too.
	www.rail-info.ch /FO/betrieb.en.html (431 words)

	ABT Rules
		When targets are released by microphone-electrical means a delay factor of 0.2 seconds shall be built into the system to more nearly simulate the human reaction time when targets are released by hand.
		Magazine guns are to be carried with the breech open and the muzzle pointing straight upward or down at the ground.
		Straps and slings are not allowed on guns in this competition When a shooter is not carrying his gun it must be placed in a gun rack, with the muzzle up after having ascertained that the gun is clear.
	home.freeuk.net /rules4shooting/abtrules.htm (5189 words)

	Abt Railway the Rack system
		The two pinion wheels are set at 70 mm above the rail, they are powered by a second set of steam cylinders, The pinion when engaged drag the locomotive up the rack sections, and then brakes the locomotive on its decent.
		Dr Roman Abt's design of two sets of teeth per pinion ensure that the pinions are constantly engaged while on the rack sections.
		There where five Abt locomotives in service on the Mt Lyell Mining and Railway Co, between 1896 and 1963 these being
	www.users.bigpond.com /rhol/page14.html (130 words)

	"RyPN Articles"
		The events sought to enhance awareness regarding the need for preserving “modern heritage” in its entirety given that recognition in Japan of its importance is generally lacking compared to the heritage of the more distant past.
		The industrial heritage of railways was selected noting that it functions not as a single unit but as an overall system including trains, bridges, tunnels and stations.
		This 65 km-long private line, 200 km west of Tokyo uses electric trains mainly and incorporates the Abt rack system on some sections.
	www.rypn.org /RyPN/articles/viewarticles.asp?filename=060501145145.txt (1878 words)

	#16 Manitou & Pike's Peak Cog Railway (1891) - Landmarks
		The Manitou and Pike's Peak Railway, the Cog Road, is the highest railway in the United States and the highest rack railway in the world.
		Roman Abt's rack system was used for the railway track, providing two steel racks with open, upstanding teeth that mesh with the locomotive drive pinions for traction up the steep grade.
		Four of the oldest steam engines, retired by 1958, are displayed at the Manitou Springs Station, Cheyenne Mountain Zoo in Colorado Springs, and the Colorado Railway Museum in Golden.
	www.asme.org /Communities/History/Landmarks/Manitou_Pikes_Peak_Cog.cfm (189 words)

	Engineering Heritage
		This was not a practical solution for a trunk railway intended to carry heavy traffic.
		Each rack rail engine could haul about as much as its own weight on such a grade at a speed of little more than walking pace whether traveling up or down grade.
		Thus a very limited tonnage of freight could have been taken over the line each day.
	www.ipenz.org.nz /heritage/itemdetail.cfm?itemid=63 (657 words)

	Mt Lyell Mining and Railway Co The abt system
		Mt Lyell Mining and Railway Co The abt system
		In 1994 the Abt Railway Society was formed by Queenstown residents and local business people who shared a vision to once more see this little train travel the 1 in 16 grade from
		Today the railway is owned by the Tasmanian State Government, It now operates with a private operator in Federal Hotels, and runs under the name of the West Coast Wilderness Railway.
	www.users.bigpond.com /Rhol (240 words)

	Abt Tourist Railway - Discover Tasmania
		Tasmania’s reconstructed Abt Railway between Queenstown and Strahan on the West Coast is one of the world’s great railway journeys.
		The Abt locomotives, named after their inventor, use a unique rack-rail system to climb the steep grades.
		In the North West, the Don River Railway delights rail enthusiasts, running regular excursions and displaying a superbly-tended collection of steam and diesel locos.
	www.discovertasmania.com.au /home/index.cfm?siteid=668 (328 words)

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