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Topic: Accident at Seveso

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	Seveso disaster - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Seveso disaster was an industrial accident that occurred around 12:37 pm July 10, 1976 in a small chemical manufacturing plant approximately 25 km north of Milan in the Lombardy region in Italy.
		Seveso is a small town with the population of 17,000 in 1976, other affected neighbourhood communities were Meda (19,000), Desio (33,000), Caesano Maderno (34,000) and to a lesser extent Barlassina (6,000) and Bovisio Masciago (11,000).
		The Seveso Directive was updated in 1999, amended again in 2005 and is currently referred to as the Seveso II Directive (or COMAH Regulations in the United Kingdom).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Seveso_disaster (2112 words)

	Seveso II Directive (96/82/EC) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Where accidents have occurred, the Directive's objective is to limit the consequences for both humankind and for the environment.
		Seveso II is wider in scope than the original Directive and was last amended in December 2003.
		Following two other major accidents, the first at Bhopal India in 1984 and the second at Basel, Switzerland, in 1986, the Seveso II Directive was adopted, which fully replaced the original Directive.
	www.scienceinthebox.com /en_UK/sustainability/directive-seveso_en.html (168 words)

	A moral paradox
		Once an accident has occurred, the cleansing of resentment and guilt, which are experienced by agents and victims each in their own way, could be inhibited by a denial of moral liability.
		Seveso's recovery was dependent on the special character of the incident itself and especially on the response of the firm and the authorities.
		Seveso is truly a paradoxical and contradictory symbol; to interpret it simplistically, either for alarm or for reassurance, would be a serious error, for history and for policy.
	www.unu.edu /unupress/unupbooks/uu21le/uu21le0a.htm (5438 words)

	Toulouse Accident - UNEP APELL
		Secondly, as accidents do continue to occur, the Directive aims at the limitation of the consequences of such accidents not only for man (safety and health aspects) but also for the environment (environmental aspect).
		The scope of the Seveso II Directive solely to the presence of dangerous substances in establishments.
		Important areas excluded from the scope of the Seveso II Directive include nuclear safety, the transport of dangerous substances and intermediate temporary storage outside establishments and the transport of dangerous substances by pipelines.
	www.uneptie.org /pc/apell/disasters/toulouse/seveso.htm (888 words)

	4 Seveso: A paradoxical classic disaster
		One of the most remarkable features of the Seveso experience was that neither the residents nor the local and regional authorities suspected that the ICMESA plant was a source of risk.
		Moreover, at Seveso as well as Flixborough, "changes had been made in plant or processes which compromised the safety of the facilities but were not communicated to authorities responsible for public health and safety" (Otway and Amendola 1989: 507).
		In light of these disastrous accidents it was clear that new legislation was needed to improve the safety of industrial sites, to plan for off-site emergencies, and to cope with broader regional and transboundary aspects of industrial safety.
	www.unu.edu /unupress/unupbooks/uu21le/uu21le09.htm (4853 words)

	Dioxin: Seveso disaster testament to effects of dioxin
		The Seveso accident is likely the most systematically studied dioxin contamination incident in history and, in Mocarelli’s words, a chance experiment on human beings.
		In the first seven years after the accident, an incredibly high proportion of females were born to parents who were exposed to the chemical cloud: 46 females compared to only 28 males.
		A desolate chunk of land after the accident and until reclamation was completed in the 1980s, the area is now a place where families gather on Sundays.
	www.chem.unep.ch /pops/POPs_Inc/press_releases/pressrel-99/pr32.htm (1225 words)

	EUROPA - Environment - Chemical Accident Prevention, Preparedness and Response
		In Europe, the Seveso accident in 1976 in particular prompted the adoption of legislation aimed at the prevention and control of such accidents.
		In the light of recent industrial accidents (Toulouse, Baia Mare and Enschede) and studies on carcinogens and substances dangerous for the environment, the Seveso II Directive 96/82/EC was extended by the Directive 2003/105/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2003 amending Council Directive 96/82/EC.
		The Seveso II Directive is considered as the legal and technical instrument to fulfil the obligations of the European Community arising out of the Convention.
	europa.eu.int /comm/environment/seveso/index.htm (2997 words)

	SCADPlus: Major accidents involving dangerous substances
		Following the first Seveso Directive in 1982, the Seveso II Directive is intended to prevent major accidents involving dangerous substances and limit their consequences for man and the environment, with a view to ensuring high levels of protection throughout the Community.
		Member States must ensure that the objectives of preventing major accidents are taken into account in their land-use policies, notably through controls on the siting of new establishments, modifications to existing establishments and new developments (transport links, residential areas, etc.) in the vicinity of existing establishments.
		However, it notes that the persistently high accident rate over the report period (92 major accidents occurred and were notified to the Commission by the Member States) showed the need for further efforts to reduce the risks related to major accidents from fixed industrial installations.
	europa.eu.int /scadplus/leg/en/lvb/l21215.htm (1658 words)

	44Safety - Software for Accident Investigation, Risk Management & Safety
		The accident investigation and analysis module follows the well-accepted cause/consequence sequence originally established by Heinrich and later improved by Frank E. Bird, Jr.
		This safety software is made for accident investigation and analysis but can also be used to analyze most other incidents that do or can lead to loss.
		If you are interested, you want to ask for a demo 0f this accident investigation software tool at no charge - click DEMO to find out.
	www.44safety.com (670 words)

	[No title]
		Accidental discharge of a dangerous substance involving a quantity of more than 5 % of the qualifying quantity laid down in column 3 of Annex 1.
		The preliminary analysis indicates that the immediate cause of the accident was a defective drain valve on the 8 000 m3 tank.
		This might be due to the extremely cold weather at the time of the accident.
	www.hmsetatene.no /hms/storulykker/Sevesorapport.doc (398 words)

	Hazard Cards - Seveso
		The accident was not immediately discovered, because there was no staff at the plant during the explosion.
		The accident was particularly tragic, because it could easily have been prevented had the chemical reactor been encapsulated by a safety casing.
		Prior to the Seveso accident the European countries had no common guidelines for the chemical industry, but the Directive implemented new standards for safety and public insight.
	www.hazardcards.com /card.php?id=27 (223 words)

	Dioxin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The most recent study, paid for by the National Academy of Sciences, was released in an April 2003 report.
		Large amounts of dioxin were released in an industrial accident at Seveso in 1976(no human fatalities or birth defects occured).
		In 1978, dioxin was one of the contaminants that forced the evacuation of the Love Canal neighborhood of Niagara Falls, New York.
	www.bopedia.com /en/wikipedia/d/di/dioxin.html (255 words)

	'THE SEVESO HERITAGE,' A DOCUMENTARY - New York Times
		The Seveso accident became a worldwide symbol of chemical disaster even though it caused no immediate deaths (the long-term effects are disputed).
		The pictures of dying cats and of children with dioxin-induced skin rashes; the long days of official ignorance and prevarication before proper warnings were issued and evacuations began; the mass killings of contaminated livestock - such scenes epitomized a modern nightmare.
		One person interviewed says that the ''truth'' about the accident ''depends on who is telling the story.'' Who is telling the story this time is driven home unambiguously.
	query.nytimes.com /gst/fullpage.html?res=9A0DEFDA1638F936A25754C0A960948260 (443 words)

	ASIA-OSH: Asian-Pacific Newsletter on Occupational Health and Safety
		Draft regulations on the control of major accident hazards were first prepared as model rules that were then notified to the states under the Factories Act of 1948.
		There are now manuals on techniques of inspecting chemical plants and on the control of major accident hazards that are meant for the senior Inspectors of Factories, as well as manuals on the control of major accident hazards that are meant for safety officers, supervisory trainers and workers who are members of safety committees.
		It is hoped that labour administrators' strong commitment to preventing major accidents, competent safety specialists and inspectors provided with adequate and comprehensive legislation, and the chemical industry's full awareness of the negative consequences of major accidents will help India achieve this goal soon.
	www.ilo.org /public/english/region/asro/bangkok/asiaosh/newsletr/chemical/india_ch.htm (1691 words)

	Date set for introduction of revised major accident hazards regs
		The Control of Major Accident Hazards (Amendment) Regulations 2005 broaden the scope of COMAH to take into account recent industrial accidents and the results of research on carcinogens and substances dangerous for the environment.
		Seveso II aims to prevent major accidents, or limit the consequences for people and environment near establishments that hold or use specific substances.
		The CD and a summary of the consultation exercise are available at: www.hse.gov.uk/consult/condocs/cd193.htm The Commission agreed final proposals in March 2005, after which the regulations were signed and laid before Parliament on 7 April.
	www.hse.gov.uk /press/2005/c05014.htm (953 words)

	European Parliament UK Office - In Focus Seveso Directive Revision 2003
		In 1982, the Seveso Directive was adopted (Council Directive 82/501/EEC on the major-accident hazards of certain industrial activities (OJ No L 230 of 5 August 1982).
		In 1987 and 1988, the Seveso Directive was twice broadened in scope, in particular to include the storage of dangerous substances.
		Seveso and Bhopal are places where serious accidents have taken place.
	www.europarl.org.uk /NEWS/textonly/infocus/txNEWSseveso.htm (1014 words)

	Protecting Our Health
		The authors suggest that an earlier study, covering only the first decade after the accident, had not allowed sufficient time to pass since exposure for dioxin's impacts to be manifest.
		Their findings highlight the reality that the consequences of exposure may not be manifest for decades, and that to understand the causes of breast cancer you must know about chemical exposures years before diagnosis.
		This study reinforces the argument that epidemiological work examining contamination levels at the time of diagnosis (for example, the Long Island Breast Cancer Study) are of limited value for establishing (or refuting) the causes of breast cancer.
	www.protectingourhealth.org /newscience/breastcancer/2002/2002-05warneretal.htm (885 words)

	Consultation Document 193 - Proposals for the Control of Major Accident Hazards (Amendment) Regulations to implement ...
		Seveso II was implemented in Great Britain through the COMAH regulations.
		Directive 2003/105/EC is a broadening of the Seveso II Directive rather than a major revision.
		It takes account of recent major accidents within the EU since Seveso II was introduced, and also the results of studies on carcinogens and substances dangerous for the environment carried out by the European Commission at the request of the Council at the time the Seveso II Directive was adopted.
	www.hse.gov.uk /consult/condocs/cd193.htm (203 words)

	The story of the poisoning of Seveso, Italy
		Victims of the Seveso accident also reported symptoms of other afflictions -- immune system and neurological disorders as well as spontaneous abortions -- but studies found no link to dioxin.
		Beneath Seveso Oak Forest's grassy undulations are two massive concrete tanks -- the resting place of the top 40 cm of soil removed after the explosion.
		It is also the final resting place of the contaminated animals that were slaughtered, the factory -- taken apart brick by brick by workers in protective suits -- as well as other buildings coated by the fallout.
	www.getipm.com /articles/seveso-italy.htm (1268 words)

	Operation Ranch Hand: Defoliants: Agent Orange: Dioxin
		The response time to this accident was quite long because it was a Saturday afternoon and there was no one at the plant.
		Two weeks after the accident people were finally evacuated from the areas of the town that had been exposed to high levels of Dioxin.
		Today people have returned to Seveso, and all the cleanup work has been done to remove the dioxin, but it is still the only case where levels of Dioxin exposure can be measured, and results from these exposures can be documented as well as researched.
	webpages.charter.net /dmarin/cbwbeta/dioxin.htm (892 words)

	Ecology Center
		The days and weeks following this accident were chaotic and much useful information was lost in the rush to assess the situation and help the victims.
		Some of these findings are hard to interpret because the most exposed group of Seveso residents is very small and changes in disease rates are easier to see in the larger, slightly less exposed groups that lived further away from the accident.
		While the accident in Seveso exposed people to high levels of dioxin, it's really the effects of long-term, low-level exposure that are of most interest to people living in Midland and along the Tittabawassee River.
	www.ecocenter.org /releases/20030530dowletter.shtml (1594 words)

	The Slovak Spectator - Slovakia's English Language Newspaper
		These date back to 1982, when the first set of safety requirements were introduced following a major accident at Seveso in Italy, where large quantities of dioxins were released into the atmosphere.
		The legislation was updated in 1996 under the 'Seveso II' directive on the control of major accident hazards involving dangerous substances, in the light of other disasters such as those at Bhopal, India and Mexico City.
		The aim of the directive is therefore to prevent accidents and to ensure that, if accidents do occur, their consequences are minimised by effective response.
	www.slovakspectator.sk /clanok_tlac.asp?cl=418&rub=spect_busin (617 words)

	Developmental dental aberrations after the dioxin accident in Seveso Environmental Health Perspectives - Find Articles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Twenty-five years after the dioxin accident in Seveso, Italy, 48 subjects from the contaminated areas (zones A and B) and in patches lightly contaminated (zone R) were recruited for the examination of dental and oral aberrations.
		1980), and soon after the accident a health assessment of the population was initiated.
		In two episodes of epidemic poisoning in Japan and Taiwan (so-called Yusho and Yucheng accidents, respectively), severe developmental effects were observed in infants and children born to mothers who had been exposed to polychlorinated dibenzofurans/ biphenyls (PCDFs/PCBs) (Rogan et al.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0CYP/is_13_112/ai_n15688667 (858 words)

	What is MAHB
		The Major Accident Hazards Bureau (MAHB) is a special Unit within the Joint Research Centre's Institute for the Protection and Security of the Citizen, Hazard Assessment Unit, dedicated to scientific and technical support for the actions of the European Commission in the area of the control of Major Industrial Hazards.
		Since 1982, when the Original Seveso Directive (Council Directive 82/501/EEC) was approved by the Council of Ministers after the famous accident at Seveso, there has been Community provision for the control of major industrial hazards.
		Thus under the 'Seveso' directive the Member States are called upon to inform the Commission about any major accidents which have occurred within their territory.
	mahbsrv.jrc.it /Profile-WhatIsMAHB.html (332 words)

	Toxicity of dioxins
		Since the accident in Seveso, Italy, where a chemical reactor overheated and a cloud of reaction products, including a few hundred grams of the most toxic dioxin, was emitted over the neighbourhood, this is for Greenpeace the symbol of what can go wrong in a chemical factory.
		In A zone from 9 months after the accident to December 1984, corresponding to about one TCDD half-life in adults, there was a significant modification of the sex ratio with an excess of females (26M vs 48F) associated to high TCDD exposure of both parents.
		Because of the enormous scare, introduced with the Seveso accident and the symbol function it has for Greenpeace and other environmental groups, high amounts of money are spent in research of the possible long-term effects of dioxin on the body.
	www.ping.be /~ping5859/Eng/ChlorineDiTox.html (1908 words)

	Developmental Dental Aberrations After the Dioxin Accident in Seveso (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Because of all these facts, 25 years after the Seveso accident we invited subjects exposed to TCDD in 1976 in their childhood to receive a dental examination.
		Sixty-five subjects from the contaminated A and B zones and from the R zone, which was lightly contaminated in patches, and 130 subjects from the surrounding, so-called non-ABR zone were invited for the study.
		Twenty-five years after the Seveso accident we found that serum TCDD levels in childhood were associated with the presence of developmental enamel defects in the permanent dentition.
	www.ehponline.org /members/2004/6920/6920.html (4747 words)

	ATSDR - PHA - Koppers Company, Incorporated (Oroville Plant),[a/k/a Koppers (OROVILLE)], Oroville, Butte County, ...
		Ten to fifteen years after the 1976 accident, there was an increase in some types of cancer, a deficit in others, and an overall decrease in expected cancer rates, especially among those with the highest exposure (Bertazzi et al., 1989, 1997).
		Ten-year mortality study of the population involved in the Seveso incident in 1976." American Journal of Epidemiology 129: 1187-1200.
		Children exposed during the 1976 accident at Seveso, Italy (Zone A) had the highest blood levels of TCDD ever recorded (up to 56,000 ppt compared to a U.S. average at the time of perhaps 7 ppt) and, at Zone A, were exposed to an estimated mean of 3,125,000 pg TCDD/kg.
	www.atsdr.cdc.gov /HAC/PHA/koppers2/kci_p4b.html (11844 words)

	KTL - Synopsis on dioxins and PCBs - from P to Q
		In Seveso accident, the highest human TCDD concentrations were 56000 ng/kg (in fat), and it can be estimated that the acute dose had been around 0.005 mg/kg b.w.
		No humans died in the accident, but lots of small animals such as rabbits were found dead at the accident area.
		Recent epidemiological studies after high occupational and accidental exposures have, however, shown the cancer risk to be rather small, and in the general population it is probably not the most relevant risk.
	www.ktl.fi /dioxin/ptoq.html (4397 words)

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