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Topic: Acetyl CoA

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	Acetyl - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The carbon of the carbonyl has an lone electron available, with which it forms a chemical bond to the remainder of the molecule.
		The acetyl radical is a component of many organic compounds, including acetyl-CoA, the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, and the analgesics acetaminophen and acetylsalicylic acid (better known as aspirin).
		The introduction of an acetyl group into a molecule is called acetylation.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Acetyl (140 words)

	Acetyl CoA Crossroads
		Acetyl CoA acts both as a metabolic "receiving and shipping department" for all classes of biomolecules and as a major source of useful metabolic energy.
		The interactions of amino acids with acetyl CoA and the citric acid cycle will be studied in protein metabolism.
		Under these conditions, acetyl CoA is diverted from the citric acid cycle to the formation of acetoacetic and 3-hydroxybutanoic acids.
	www.elmhurst.edu /~chm/vchembook/623acetylCoAfate.html (888 words)

	Acetyl Carnitine by Source Naturals at Acetyl L Carnitine Store
		Acetyl L-Carnitine is an amino acidlike compound related to choline.
		Acetyl-L-Carnitine (acetyl carnitine) is a more bioavailable form of the amino acid L-Carnitine and is involved in many metabolic functions.
		Acetyl L-Carnitine by Nutricology.An acetyl derivative of the amino acid carnitine.
	www.acetyl-carnitine.com (393 words)

	untitled
		Acetyl CoA (2 carbon unit) enters the citric acid cycle before the loss of 2 carbon dioxide so there is no net gain of carbon from acetyl CoA.
		Malonyl CoA is an intermediate of fatty acid synthesis.
		This is because the large amount of acetyl CoA produced by beta oxidation overloads the citric acid cycle (limited carbohydrate means that citric acid intermediates will be depleted - not enough oxaloacetate to condense with all that acetyl CoA).
	www.dentistry.leeds.ac.uk /biochem/lecture/faox/faox.htm (1207 words)

	[No title]
		Reaction 2: Hydroxyethyl group is transferred to the next enzyme in the multienzyme sequence E2; hydroxyethyl carbanion is oxidized to an acetyl group by the reduction of lipoamide disulfide bond b.
		Acetyl groups enter the CAC as acetyl-CoA which is the common product of carbohydrate, fatty acid, and amino acid breakdown 2.
		The acetyl group is bonded as a thioester to the sulfhydryl portion of the -mercaptoethylamine group 4.
	www.angelfire.com /la/tulanecellbio/BCHP16.DOC (1581 words)

	Lect 35 Fatty Acid Metabolism Part 2
		- excess acetyl CoA units in the mitochondria are transported to the cytosol by a citrate shuttle.
		Subsequent decarboxylation of malonyl CoA by fatty acid synthase results in the addition of 2C acetyl units to the fatty acid chain.
		Acetyl CoA carboxylase activity is controlled by numerous signals; this enzyme is the key commitment step in fatty acid synthesis (formation of malonyl CoA).
	www.biochem.arizona.edu /classes/bioc460/spring/rlm/Lec35.html (743 words)

	April 13 Lecture: Fatty Acid Metabolism 2: Synthesis and Controls
		Acetyl groups carried from mitochondria to cytosol by citrate when citrate levels are high.
		Acetyl group cleaved from citrate by ATP citrate lyase.
		Malonyl CoA is 2 carbon donor for elongation.
	departments.oxy.edu /biology/Franck/Bio222/Lectures/April13_lecture_fattyacids2.htm (433 words)

	BIFC 3521: Lecture
		The CoA produced as a product can be reutilized to produce more acetyl CoA via pyruvate dehydrogenase.
		To ensure complete inhibition of the complex, acetyl CoA and NADH, in addition to acting as feedback inhibitors, activate this kinase which in turn inactivates E1.
		These latter effects of acetyl CoA and NADH can be counteracted by excess amounts of NAD+ and coenzyme A, substrates of the complex.
	www.library.csi.cuny.edu /~davis/Biochem_3521/lect17/lect17.html (1939 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The 2C donor is Malonyl CoA and instead of FAS, the chain is held by Coenzyme A. Notice that the new 2C are added immediately beside the COOH group.
		Acetyl CoA is transported out of the mitochondria by interconversions with OAA and Citrate.
		M+ Citrate, Insulin (High Energy) M- AMP, Glucagon, Epi, Fatty Acyl CoA 8 — 7 form the Malonyl precursors, and 1 Acetyl CoA is used to “prime” the rxn The CYS region is where the “starting” molecule binds.
	people.musc.edu /~neilseea/biochem/fasynthesis.doc (933 words)

	The TCA Cycle
		During the course of the reaction the acetyl group derived from decarboxylation of pyruvate is bound to TPP.
		The next reaction of the complex is the transfer of the 2--carbon acetyl group from acetyl-TPP to lipoic acid, the covalently bound coenzyme of lipoyl transacetylase.
		The transfer of the acetyl group from acyl-lipoamide to CoA results in the formation of 2 sulfhydryl (SH) groups in lipoate requiring reoxidation to the disulfide (S-S) form to regenerate lipoate as a competent acyl acceptor.
	web.indstate.edu /thcme/mwking/tca-cycle.html (2256 words)

	BIOdotEDU
		When the cell needs lots of ATP energy, all the pyruvate and oxidized fatty acids are broken down further in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle so as to make more and more ATP.
		However, all of these two-carbon acetyl units are in the wrong place.
		Before they can be used in fatty acid synthesis, they have to be moved into the cytoplasm of the cell, where the fatty acids will be made.
	www.brooklyn.cuny.edu /bc/ahp/LAD/C4d/C4d_fattyacidsynth.html (612 words)

	Fatty Acids -- Enzymes and Isolated Reactions: Acetyl CoA carboxylase
		Fatty Acids -- Enzymes and Isolated Reactions: Acetyl CoA carboxylase
		The enzyme, using its biotin prosthetic group as a carrier, transfers CO from bicarbonate to the acetyl group.
		To summarize, it is controlled both allosterically (citrate, palmitoyl CoA) and by covalent modification (phosphorylation/dephosphorylation).
	www-medlib.med.utah.edu /NetBiochem/FattyAcids/5_2a.html (114 words)

	Production of Acetyl-CoA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The general pathways for the production of acetyl CoA from sugars and fats.
		The mitochondrion in eucaryotic cells is the place where acetyl CoA is produced from both types of major food molecules.
		It is therefore the place where most of the cell's oxidation reactions occur and where most of its ATP is made.
	www.accessexcellence.org /AB/GG/Acetyl_CoA.html (86 words)

	Kevin Ahern's Notes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Fatty acids must be activated for degradation by conjugation with coenzyme A (CoA) in a reaction catalyzed by acyl-CoA ligases (thiokinases).
		The terminal acetyl-CoA group is cleaved in a thiolysis reaction with CoA catalyzed by Beta-ketothiolase (thiolase), forming a new acyl-CoA two carbons shorter than the previous one.
		This process involves hydroxylation of the alpha carbon, removal of the terminal carboxyl group and concomitant conversion of the alpha hydroxyl group to a terminal carboxyl group, and linkage of CoA to the terminal carboxyl group.
	oregonstate.edu /instruct/bb451/winter2003/lectnoteskga/faoxidlecturenotes.html (1329 words)

	[No title]
		Hydroxymethylgluteryl CoA is split with lyase enzyme to produce acetoacetic acid and acetyl CoA.
		Liver can’t move acetyl CoA as itself to the tissues, it would just be taken up and used by liver cells.
		Acetyl unit attaches to ACP via acetyl trans acylase ACP puts acetyl group on enzymatic unit (Cys residue) of ketoacyl synthase Take malonyl group + malonyl transacylase (malonyl(ACP ACP moves malonyl unit to ketoacyl synthase, where the ketoacyl synthase condenses malonyl (C3) with acetyl (C2) to form acetoacetyl(ACP (C4) and CO2.
	www.uhmc.sunysb.edu /som/students/2003/Lectures/cell31.doc (2432 words)

	[No title]
		Thus, you have an acetyl 2C unit on ACP, which brings it to a ketoacyl synthase, where it is attached to a cysteine residue on ketoacyl synthase.
		Malonyl CoA blocks the carrier protein and doesn’t allow the fatty acids to be taken to the mitochondria to be degraded.
		Source of Acetyl CoA Now, as usual in these pathways we have a little problem, and that problem is that we need a lot of acetyl CoA to make f.a.'s.
	www.uhmc.sunysb.edu /som/students/2003/Lectures/cell32.doc (3896 words)

	The Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase Project
		We have determined the binding mode of CoA to the enzyme.
		The compounds CoA, haloxyfop, and CP-640186 identify three distinct regions in the active site of CT that could be used for developing inhibitors.
		The structure of yeast BC in complex with soraphen A has been determined at 1.8A resolution.
	como.bio.columbia.edu /~tong/Research/acc.html (640 words)

	Citric Acid Cycle (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		19-1) is an ingenious series of reactions that oxidizes the acetyl group of acetyl-CoA to two molecules of CO in a manner than conserves free energy for ATP generation.
		The remaining reactions are to regenerate the OAA
		One acetyl group is oxidized to two CO a four electron process.
	opbs.okstate.edu /~leach/biochem203folder/Notes/Ch19V&V.html (1005 words)

	Lipid Metabolism
		The carrier of acetyl groups (and elongating acyl groups) during fatty acid synthesis is also a phosphopantetheine prosthetic group, however, it is attached a serine hydroxyl in the synthetic enzyme complex.
		In order for these acetyl units to be utilized for fatty acid synthesis they must be present in the cytoplasm.
		Under these conditions the mitochondrial acetyl units can be stored as fat for future energy demands.
	web.indstate.edu /thcme/mwking/lipid-synthesis.html (4466 words)

	The Pseudomonas aeruginosa acsA gene, encoding an acetyl-CoA synthetase, is essential for growth on ethanol -- ...
		Eaton, R. P-Cumate catabolic pathway in Pseudomonas putida F1: cloning and characterization of DNA carrying the cmt operon.
		Eggen, R. L., Geerling, A. M., Boshoven, A. and de Vos, W. Cloning, sequence analysis, and functional expression of the acetyl coenzyme A synthetase gene from Methanothrix soehngenii in Escherichia coli.
		Priefert, H. and Steinbüchel, A. Identification and molecular characterization of the acetyl coenzyme A synthetase gene (acoE) of Alcaligenes eutrophus.
	mic.sgmjournals.org /cgi/content/full/147/10/2671 (2537 words)

	ARS \| Publication request: Glycine Max Acetyl-Coa Carboxylase (Biotin Carboxyl Carrier Protein Subunit) Gene Accb-1, ...
		The chloroplast enzyme called acetyl CoA carboxylase is responsible for a key reaction during the formation of fatty acids.
		Four components, or subunits, are assembled to form chloroplast acetyl CoA carboxylase in soybean.
		Manipulation of the genes that encode acetyl CoA carboxylase may permit changes in the amount of oil accumulated by soybean.
	www.ars.usda.gov /research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=104512 (203 words)

	The 1.75 Å Crystal Structure of Acetyl-CoA Synthetase Bound to Adenosine-5'-propylphosphate and Coenzyme A
		Acetyl-coenzyme A synthetase catalyzes the two-step synthesis of acetyl-CoA from acetate, ATP, and CoA and belongs to a family of adenylate-forming enzymes that generate an acyl-AMP intermediate.
		The structure identifies the CoA binding pocket as well as a new conformation for members of this enzyme family in which the ~110-residue C-terminal domain exhibits a large rotation compared to structures of peptide synthetase adenylation domains.
		This domain movement presents a new set of residues to the active site and removes a conserved lysine residue that was previously shown to be important for catalysis of the adenylation half-reaction.
	pubs.acs.org /cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/bichaw/2003/42/i10/abs/bi0271603.html (260 words)

	Fatty Acid Synthesis
		Each acetyl or malonyl moiety is transiently in ester linkage to this serine hydroxyl, before being transferred into thioester linkage with the
		reaction (step 3) involves decarboxylation of the malonyl moiety, followed by attack of the resultant carbanion on the carbonyl carbon of the acetyl (or acyl) moiety.
		In the transfer step (labeled 7 above) the growing fatty acid is preferentially passed from the ACP phosphopantetheine thiol of one subunit to the Condensing Enzyme cysteine thiol of the other subunit of the dimer.
	www.rpi.edu /dept/bcbp/molbiochem/MBWeb/mb2/part1/fasynthesis.htm (1024 words)

	Energy Citations Database (ECD) - Energy and Energy-Related Bibliographic Citations
		ACS also catalyzes two exchange reactions that have been valuable in elucidating the mechanism of acetyl-CoA synthesis: an exchange reaction between CO and the carbonyl group of acetyl-CoA (reaction 3) and an exchange reaction between free CoA and the CoA moiety of acetyl-CoA (reaction 4).
		Ten years ago, one of the authors (Ragsdale) and Harland Wood, first proposed that the CODH from acetogenic bacteria catalyzes the final steps in acetyl-CoA synthesis and, therefore, should be renamed acetyl-CoA synthase.
		This was a controversial proposal that required the existence of carbonyl, methyl, and acetyl enzyme adducts.
	www.osti.gov /energycitations/product.biblio.jsp?osti_id=415589 (311 words)

	References - acetyl-CoA - HORT640 - Metabolic Plant Physiology - Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture ...
		Baetens M, Legrain C, Boyen A, Glansdorff N 1998 Genes and enzymes of the acetyl cycle of arginine biosynthesis in the extreme thermophilic bacterium Thermus thermophilus HB27.
		Plant J. Menendez C, Bauer Z, Huber H, Gad'on N, Stetter KO, Fuchs G 1999 Presence of acetyl coenzyme A (CoA) carboxylase and propionyl-CoA carboxylase in autotrophic Crenarchaeota and indication for operation of a 3-hydroxypropionate cycle in autotrophic carbon fixation.
		Musfeldt M, Selig M, Schonheit P 1999 Acetyl coenzyme A synthetase (ADP forming) from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus.
	www.hort.purdue.edu /rhodcv/hort640c/referen/aCoA.htm (3534 words)

	Glycerol to Acetyl CoA
		Those remains are kind of like an acetic acid group except that it has a bioester bond instead of an -OH.
		Consequently, this group is called an acetyl group and the new molecule is called acetyl CoA.
		In summary, the CoA attaches to the acetyl group, carbon dioxide is evolved and two hydrogens along with their electrons are released.
	dl.clackamas.cc.or.us /ch106-06/glycerol.htm (672 words)

	53citric (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Pyruvate Must First Be Oxidized to Acetyl-CoA and CO Carbohydrates, Fatty Acid, and Amino Acid are oxidized to CO and H
		First: carbon backbones must be degraded to acetyl groups of acetyl-CoA
		Acetyl groups source of intermediates required to synthesize.
	alpha.furman.edu /~lthompso/bgy53/53citric.htm (621 words)

	LM2
		One acetyl group is required to initiate fatty
		Most Acetyl CoA is formed in the mitochondria.
		There is a shuttle that moves the Acetyl CoA
	www.nova.edu /~edwardok/LM2.htm (114 words)

	A functional Ni-Ni-[4Fe-4S] cluster in the monomeric acetyl-CoA synthase from Carboxydothermus hydrogenoformans -- ...
		CoA, 1 mM Ti(III) citrate, and 1 mM DTT in 50 mM Hepes/NaOH
		mechanism of acetyl formation, in which both the methyl group
		of an acetyl group and attack of the carbonyl carbon by deprotonated
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/101/2/446 (3927 words)

	Formation of Acetyl-CoA through the Transition Reaction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Through a process called oxidative decarboxylation, the transition reaction converts the two molecules of the 3-carbon pyruvate from glycolysis (and other pathways) into two molecules of the 2-carbon molecule acetyl Coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) and 2 molecules of carbon dioxide.
		First, a carboxyl group of each pyruvate is removed as carbon dioxide and then the remaining acetyl group combines with coenzyme A (CoA) to form acetyl-CoA.
		As the two pyruvates undergo oxidative decarboxylation, two molecules of NAD
	www.cat.cc.md.us /biotutorials/cellresp/transit.html (194 words)

	Acetyl-CoA provision and the acetyl group deficit at the onset of contraction in ischemic canine skeletal muscle -- ...
		Acetyl-CoA provision and the acetyl group deficit at the onset of contraction in ischemic canine skeletal muscle -- Roberts et al.
		Articles by Roberts, P. Articles by Greenhaff, P. Acetyl-CoA provision and the acetyl group deficit at the onset of contraction in ischemic canine skeletal muscle
		increased cellular acetyl group availability per se, dictated
	ajpendo.physiology.org /cgi/content/abstract/288/2/E327 (335 words)

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