Acetyl-CoA - Factbites

Acetyl-CoA - Factbites
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Topic: Acetyl-CoA

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	Acetyl - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The acetyl radical is a component of many organic compounds, including acetyl-CoA, the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, and the analgesics acetaminophen and acetylsalicylic acid (better known as aspirin).
		The introduction of an acetyl group into a molecule is called acetylation.
		The acetyl radical contains a methyl group single-bonded to a carbonyl.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Acetyl (140 words)

	Acetyl CoA Crossroads
		Acetyl CoA acts both as a metabolic "receiving and shipping department" for all classes of biomolecules and as a major source of useful metabolic energy.
		Under these conditions, acetyl CoA is diverted from the citric acid cycle to the formation of acetoacetic and 3-hydroxybutanoic acids.
		The interactions of amino acids with acetyl CoA and the citric acid cycle will be studied in protein metabolism.
	www.elmhurst.edu /~chm/vchembook/623acetylCoAfate.html (888 words)

	Acetyl Carnitine by Source Naturals at Acetyl L Carnitine Store
		Acetyl L-Carnitine is an amino acidlike compound related to choline.
		Acetyl L-Carnitine by Nutricology.An acetyl derivative of the amino acid carnitine.
		Acetyl-L-Carnitine (acetyl carnitine) is a more bioavailable form of the amino acid L-Carnitine and is involved in many metabolic functions.
	www.acetyl-carnitine.com (393 words)

	Fatty Acids -- Enzymes and Isolated Reactions: Acetyl CoA carboxylase
		Acetyl CoA -- The Center of Lipid Metabolism
		Fatty Acids -- Enzymes and Isolated Reactions: Acetyl CoA carboxylase
		The enzyme, using its biotin prosthetic group as a carrier, transfers CO from bicarbonate to the acetyl group.
	www-medlib.med.utah.edu /NetBiochem/FattyAcids/5_2a.html (114 words)

	untitled
		Acetyl CoA (2 carbon unit) enters the citric acid cycle before the loss of 2 carbon dioxide so there is no net gain of carbon from acetyl CoA.
		This is because the large amount of acetyl CoA produced by beta oxidation overloads the citric acid cycle (limited carbohydrate means that citric acid intermediates will be depleted - not enough oxaloacetate to condense with all that acetyl CoA).
		Instead, acetyl CoA is converted to ketone bodies (acetoacetate, acetone and 3-hydroxybutarate).
	www.dentistry.leeds.ac.uk /biochem/lecture/faox/faox.htm (1207 words)

	April 13 Lecture: Fatty Acid Metabolism 2: Synthesis and Controls
		Malonyl CoA is 2 carbon donor for elongation.
		Acetyl groups carried from mitochondria to cytosol by citrate when citrate levels are high.
		Acetyl group cleaved from citrate by ATP citrate lyase.
	departments.oxy.edu /biology/Franck/Bio222/Lectures/April13_lecture_fattyacids2.htm (433 words)

	Production of Acetyl-CoA
		The mitochondrion in eucaryotic cells is the place where acetyl CoA is produced from both types of major food molecules.
		The general pathways for the production of acetyl CoA from sugars and fats.
		It is therefore the place where most of the cell's oxidation reactions occur and where most of its ATP is made.
	www.accessexcellence.org /AB/GG/Acetyl_CoA.html (86 words)

	BCHP16.DOC
		Acetyl groups enter the CAC as acetyl-CoA which is the common product of carbohydrate, fatty acid, and amino acid breakdown 2.
		CoA functions as a carrier of acetyl and other acyl groups 5.
		The acetyl group is bonded as a thioester to the sulfhydryl portion of the -mercaptoethylamine group 4.
	www.angelfire.com /la/tulanecellbio/BCHP16.DOC (1581 words)

	Lect 35 Fatty Acid Metabolism Part 2
		Acetyl CoA carboxylase activity is controlled by numerous signals; this enzyme is the key commitment step in fatty acid synthesis (formation of malonyl CoA).
		- excess acetyl CoA units in the mitochondria are transported to the cytosol by a citrate shuttle.
		Subsequent decarboxylation of malonyl CoA by fatty acid synthase results in the addition of 2C acetyl units to the fatty acid chain.
	www.biochem.arizona.edu /classes/bioc460/spring/rlm/Lec35.html (743 words)

	Glycerol to Acetyl CoA
		In summary, the CoA attaches to the acetyl group, carbon dioxide is evolved and two hydrogens along with their electrons are released.
		Consequently, this group is called an acetyl group and the new molecule is called acetyl CoA.
		Now let's take a look at the next step - changing pyruvic acid into acetyl CoA (also shown in Example 11 in your workbook).
	dl.clackamas.cc.or.us /ch106-06/glycerol.htm (672 words)

	The Pseudomonas aeruginosa acsA gene, encoding an acetyl-CoA synthetase, is essential for growth on ethanol -- Kretzschmar et al. 147 (10): 2671 -- Microbiology
		Priefert, H. and Steinbüchel, A. Identification and molecular characterization of the acetyl coenzyme A synthetase gene (acoE) of Alcaligenes eutrophus.
		Eggen, R. L., Geerling, A. M., Boshoven, A. and de Vos, W. Cloning, sequence analysis, and functional expression of the acetyl coenzyme A synthetase gene from Methanothrix soehngenii in Escherichia coli.
		Kumari, S., Tishel, R., Eisenbach, M. and Wolfe, A. Cloning, characterization, and functional expression of acs, the gene which encodes acetyl coenzyme A synthetase in Escherichia coli.
	mic.sgmjournals.org /cgi/content/full/147/10/2671 (2537 words)

	Citric Acid Cycle
		19-1) is an ingenious series of reactions that oxidizes the acetyl group of acetyl-CoA to two molecules of CO in a manner than conserves free energy for ATP generation.
		One acetyl group is oxidized to two CO a four electron process.
		One acetyl equivalent has been converted to 2CO
	opbs.okstate.edu /~leach/biochem203folder/Notes/Ch19V&V.html (1005 words)

	Lipid Metabolism
		The acetyl groups that are the products of fatty acid oxidation are linked to CoASH.
		The carrier of acetyl groups (and elongating acyl groups) during fatty acid synthesis is also a phosphopantetheine prosthetic group, however, it is attached a serine hydroxyl in the synthetic enzyme complex.
		In order for these acetyl units to be utilized for fatty acid synthesis they must be present in the cytoplasm.
	web.indstate.edu /thcme/mwking/lipid-synthesis.html (4466 words)

	BIOdotEDU
		However, all of these two-carbon acetyl units are in the wrong place.
		However, if the need for energy supplies decreases, the cells switch off these breakdown reactions and switch over to those metabolic pathways that join acetyl units together to form fatty acids, lipids and fat.
		) groups that bind to the acetyl- and malonyl- groups during the joining reactions.
	www.brooklyn.cuny.edu /bc/ahp/LAD/C4d/C4d_fattyacidsynth.html (612 words)

	The TCA Cycle
		The transfer of the acetyl group from acyl-lipoamide to CoA results in the formation of 2 sulfhydryl (SH) groups in lipoate requiring reoxidation to the disulfide (S-S) form to regenerate lipoate as a competent acyl acceptor.
		The pathway of PDH oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA is diagrammed below.
		During the course of the reaction the acetyl group derived from decarboxylation of pyruvate is bound to TPP.
	web.indstate.edu /thcme/mwking/tca-cycle.html (2256 words)

	BIFC 3521: Lecture
		These latter effects of acetyl CoA and NADH can be counteracted by excess amounts of NAD+ and coenzyme A, substrates of the complex.
		To ensure complete inhibition of the complex, acetyl CoA and NADH, in addition to acting as feedback inhibitors, activate this kinase which in turn inactivates E1.
		The CoA produced as a product can be reutilized to produce more acetyl CoA via pyruvate dehydrogenase.
	www.library.csi.cuny.edu /~davis/Biochem_3521/lect17/lect17.html (1939 words)

	The Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase Project
		We have determined the binding mode of CoA to the enzyme.
		The compounds CoA, haloxyfop, and CP-640186 identify three distinct regions in the active site of CT that could be used for developing inhibitors.
		A mechanism for the potent inhibition of eukaryotic acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase by soraphen A, a macrocyclic polyketide natural product.
	como.bio.columbia.edu /~tong/Research/acc.html (640 words)

	fasynthesis.doc
		Acetyl CoA is transported out of the mitochondria by interconversions with OAA and Citrate.
		M+ Citrate, Insulin (High Energy) M- AMP, Glucagon, Epi, Fatty Acyl CoA 8 — 7 form the Malonyl precursors, and 1 Acetyl CoA is used to “prime” the rxn The CYS region is where the “starting” molecule binds.
		It is regulated by the same compounds as Acetyl CoA Carboxylase.
	people.musc.edu /~neilseea/biochem/fasynthesis.doc (933 words)

	fatbio.doc
		In the second reaction malonyl CoA is added to the ACP group: Then there is a sequence of 4 reactions.
		These reactions get repeated until the desired Fatty Acid length is reached.
	eee.uci.edu /clients/usamaras/fatbio.doc (251 words)

	cell31.doc
		Hydroxymethylgluteryl CoA is split with lyase enzyme to produce acetoacetic acid and acetyl CoA.
		Liver can’t move acetyl CoA as itself to the tissues, it would just be taken up and used by liver cells.
		Instead, the liver uses ketone bodies to get the energy of the acetyl CoA out to the peripheral tissues, where it can be processed and turned into energetically useful forms.
	www.uhmc.sunysb.edu /som/students/2003/Lectures/cell31.doc (2432 words)

	cell32.doc
		Source of Acetyl CoA Now, as usual in these pathways we have a little problem, and that problem is that we need a lot of acetyl CoA to make f.a.'s.
		Positive allosteric effector — Citrate Binds to acetyl CoA carboxylase and activates it.
		-It binds to the acetyl CoA carboxylase and activates it.
	www.uhmc.sunysb.edu /som/students/2003/Lectures/cell32.doc (3896 words)

	Fatty Acid Synthesis
		As each of the substrates acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA bind to the complex (designated steps 1 and 2), the initial attacking group is the oxygen of a
		Each acetyl or malonyl moiety is transiently in ester linkage to this serine hydroxyl, before being transferred into thioester linkage with the
		reaction (step 3) involves decarboxylation of the malonyl moiety, followed by attack of the resultant carbanion on the carbonyl carbon of the acetyl (or acyl) moiety.
	www.rpi.edu /dept/bcbp/molbiochem/MBWeb/mb2/part1/fasynthesis.htm (1024 words)

	ARS Publication request: Glycine Max Acetyl-Coa Carboxylase (Biotin Carboxyl Carrier Protein Subunit) Gene Accb-1, Nuclear Gene Encoding Chloroplast Protein, Complete Cds (Accession Af162283)
		The chloroplast enzyme called acetyl CoA carboxylase is responsible for a key reaction during the formation of fatty acids.
		Manipulation of the genes that encode acetyl CoA carboxylase may permit changes in the amount of oil accumulated by soybean.
		Four components, or subunits, are assembled to form chloroplast acetyl CoA carboxylase in soybean.
	www.ars.usda.gov /research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=104512 (203 words)

	The 1.75 Å Crystal Structure of Acetyl-CoA Synthetase Bound to Adenosine-5'-propylphosphate and Coenzyme A
		Acetyl-coenzyme A synthetase catalyzes the two-step synthesis of acetyl-CoA from acetate, ATP, and CoA and belongs to a family of adenylate-forming enzymes that generate an acyl-AMP intermediate.
		The structure identifies the CoA binding pocket as well as a new conformation for members of this enzyme family in which the ~110-residue C-terminal domain exhibits a large rotation compared to structures of peptide synthetase adenylation domains.
		Additionally, we provide a structural explanation for the recently shown control of enzyme activity by acetylation of an active site lysine.
	pubs.acs.org /cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/bichaw/2003/42/i10/abs/bi0271603.html (260 words)

	References - acetyl-CoA - HORT640 - Metabolic Plant Physiology - Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture - Purdue University
		Plant J. Menendez C, Bauer Z, Huber H, Gad'on N, Stetter KO, Fuchs G 1999 Presence of acetyl coenzyme A (CoA) carboxylase and propionyl-CoA carboxylase in autotrophic Crenarchaeota and indication for operation of a 3-hydroxypropionate cycle in autotrophic carbon fixation.
		Baetens M, Legrain C, Boyen A, Glansdorff N 1998 Genes and enzymes of the acetyl cycle of arginine biosynthesis in the extreme thermophilic bacterium Thermus thermophilus HB27.
		Musfeldt M, Selig M, Schonheit P 1999 Acetyl coenzyme A synthetase (ADP forming) from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus.
	www.hort.purdue.edu /rhodcv/hort640c/referen/aCoA.htm (3534 words)

	Kevin Ahern's Notes
		The terminal acetyl-CoA group is cleaved in a thiolysis reaction with CoA catalyzed by Beta-ketothiolase (thiolase), forming a new acyl-CoA two carbons shorter than the previous one.
		Fatty acids must be activated for degradation by conjugation with coenzyme A (CoA) in a reaction catalyzed by acyl-CoA ligases (thiokinases).
		This process involves hydroxylation of the alpha carbon, removal of the terminal carboxyl group and concomitant conversion of the alpha hydroxyl group to a terminal carboxyl group, and linkage of CoA to the terminal carboxyl group.
	oregonstate.edu /instruct/bb451/winter2003/lectnoteskga/faoxidlecturenotes.html (1329 words)

	Formation of Acetyl-CoA through the Transition Reaction
		First, a carboxyl group of each pyruvate is removed as carbon dioxide and then the remaining acetyl group combines with coenzyme A (CoA) to form acetyl-CoA.
		Through a process called oxidative decarboxylation, the transition reaction converts the two molecules of the 3-carbon pyruvate from glycolysis (and other pathways) into two molecules of the 2-carbon molecule acetyl Coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) and 2 molecules of carbon dioxide.
		Aerobic respiration involves four stages: glycolysis, a transition reaction that forms acetyl coenzyme A, the citric acid (Krebs) cycle, and an electron transport chain and chemiosmosis.
	www.cat.cc.md.us /courses/bio141/lecguide/unit4/metabolism/cellresp/transit.html (282 words)

	Acetyl-CoA provision and the acetyl group deficit at the onset of contraction in ischemic canine skeletal muscle -- Roberts et al. 288 (2): E327 -- AJP - Endocrinology and Metabolism
		Acetyl-CoA provision and the acetyl group deficit at the onset of contraction in ischemic canine skeletal muscle -- Roberts et al.
		Articles by Roberts, P. Articles by Greenhaff, P. Acetyl-CoA provision and the acetyl group deficit at the onset of contraction in ischemic canine skeletal muscle
		increased cellular acetyl group availability per se, dictated
	ajpendo.physiology.org /cgi/content/abstract/288/2/E327 (335 words)

	53citric
		Pyruvate Must First Be Oxidized to Acetyl-CoA and CO Carbohydrates, Fatty Acid, and Amino Acid are oxidized to CO and H
		First: carbon backbones must be degraded to acetyl groups of acetyl-CoA
		Acetyl groups source of intermediates required to synthesize.
	alpha.furman.edu /~lthompso/bgy53/53citric.htm (621 words)

	A functional Ni-Ni-[4Fe-4S] cluster in the monomeric acetyl-CoA synthase from Carboxydothermus hydrogenoformans -- Svetlitchnyi et al. 101 (2): 446 -- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
		CoA, 1 mM Ti(III) citrate, and 1 mM DTT in 50 mM Hepes/NaOH
		of an acetyl group and attack of the carbonyl carbon by deprotonated
		mechanism of acetyl formation, in which both the methyl group
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/101/2/446 (3927 words)

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