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Topic: Acetylcholine

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	Acetylcholine - New World Encyclopedia
		Acetylcholine, often abbreviated as ACh, is a small, organic molecule that is a derivative of choline and acetic acid and serves as an important neurotransmitter.
		In the case of acetylcholine, it is active both at the synapses between neurons and in the stimulation of muscle cells at the neuromuscular junction.
		Acetylcholine is synthesized in certain neurons by the enzyme choline acetyltransferase from the compounds choline and acetyl-CoA.
	www.newworldencyclopedia.org /entry/Acetylcholine (1835 words)

	Acetylcholine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Acetylcholine (ACh) was first identified in 1914 by Henry Hallett Dale for its actions on heart tissue.
		Acetylcholine is also used in the brain, where it tends to cause excitatory actions.
		Acetylcholine is synthesized in certain neurons by the enzyme choline acetyltransferase from the compounds choline and acetyl-CoA.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Acetylcholine (991 words)

	acetylcholine - multiple sclerosis encyclopaedia
		Acetylcholine is one of a group of biochemicals known as "neurotransmitters".
		Acetylcholine functions as a chemical "messager" and its message is "read" via receptors in the neurons and muscle tissues.
		As well as responding to acetylcholine, nicotinic acetylcholine receptors respond to nicotine (as found in cigarettes) which is what makes nicotine so addictive.
	www.mult-sclerosis.org /acetylcholine.html (161 words)

	Acetylcholine - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Normally, the acetylcholine is quickly removed after having performed its action; this is done by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase which converts acetylcholine into choline and acetate.
		Acetylcholine was first identified in 1914 by Henry Hallett Dale, then confirmed as a neurotransmitter by Otto Loewi.
		Acetylcholine is sometimes used during cataract surgery to produce rapid constriction of the pupil.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Acetylcholine (639 words)

	Olympus MIC-D: Polarized Light Gallery - Acetylcholine
		Acetylcholine is both a central and peripheral neurotransmitter.
		The synaptic action of acetylcholine on the receptor is terminated by enzymatic cleavage with acetylcholinesterase.
		Either excitatory or inhibitory, acetylcholine's actions are dependent on the type of tissue and the nature of the receptor with which it is interacting.
	www.olympusmicro.com /micd/galleries/polarized/acetylcholine2.html (225 words)

	Alzheimer's treatment Galantamine prevents depletion of acetylcholine
		The German authors cite evidence of a role of acetylcholine in such diverse non-neuronal cellular functions as mitosis (cell division), cell differentiation, organization of the cytoskeleton (the internal structural framework of the cell), cell-cell contact, secretion, absorption (of nutrients such as choline and amino acids), membrane development (especially choline-containing phospholipids); and metabolism.
		Acetylcholine appears to be synthesized in the majority of human cells, the authors report.
		Acetylcholine activity has been detected in epithelial cells of the human airway, the alimentary tract, the kidneys, the urogenital tract, the eyes, the placenta, and the skin, as well as in glandular tissue of the female breast.
	www.smartnutrition.info /galantamine-acetylcholine.htm (1666 words)

	acetylcholine - HighBeam Encyclopedia
		ACETYLCHOLINE [acetylcholine], a small organic molecule liberated at nerve endings as a neurotransmitter.
		Paradoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in response to acetylcholine in patients with primary pulmonary hypertension.
		Regulation of integrin-mediated adhesion by muscarinic acetylcholine receptors and protein kinase C in small cell lung carcinoma.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/a/acetylch.asp (337 words)

	Memory Loss & the Brain (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter, one of the chemicals that neurons use to communicate with each other.
		In the body, acetylcholine is the primary neurotransmitter which nerves use to signal muscles to initiate or cease movement.
		Acetylcholine-producing cells in the basal forebrain are damaged in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease, which may contribute to the memory impairments which are an early symptom of the disease.
	www.memorylossonline.com /glossary/acetylcholine.html (218 words)

	Acetylcholine
		Acetylcholine was one of the first neurotransmitters to be discovered, (originally called "vagusschtuff" because it was found to be the substance released by stimulation of the vagus nerve that altered heart muscle contractions).
		Acetylcholine is produced by the synthetic enzyme choline acetyltransferase which uses acetyl coenzyme A and choline as substrates for the formation of acetylcholine.
		Acetylcholine release can be excitatory or inhibitory depending on the type of tissue and the nature of the receptor with which it interacts.
	www.neurosci.pharm.utoledo.edu /MBC3320/acetylcholine.htm (3098 words)

	Alzheimers, Memory, and Acetylcholine.
		Acetylcholine (ACh) role in learning and memory is on clear but Deutsch in 1970 believed that because most the acetylcholine (ACh) in the neocortex originates in the basal forebrain, that cholinergic synapses themselves were the sites for memory storage.
		Acetylcholine is the chemical messenger that sends messages from one neuron (brain cell) to another in the area of the brain used for memory.
		Levels of acetylcholine, the main chemical messenger in the brain, are lowered in Alzheimer's disease.
	psyweb.com /Documents/00000003.jsp (3399 words)

	Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, or nAChRs, are ionotropic receptors that form ion channels in cells' plasma membranes.
		Like the other type of acetylcholine receptors, muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, their opening is triggered by the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, but they are also opened by nicotine (Siegel et al., 1999; Itier and Bertrand, 2001).
		Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are present in many tissues in the body.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Nicotinic_acetylcholine_receptor (876 words)

	Acetylcholine receptor antibody Encyclopedia Search - Drug Price Search (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Acetylcholine receptor antibody is an antibody found in the blood of people with myasthenia gravis.
		The acetylcholine receptor antibody attacks receptors for the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which sends signals from nerves to muscles and from nerve to nerve in the brain.
		Acetylcholine receptor antibody testing can confirm a diagnosis of myasthenia gravis for those suspected of having this disease.
	www.drug-price-search.com /encyclopedia/?encyclopedia_name_url=87&level=2 (435 words)

	Acetylcholine (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Normally the acetylcholine is quickly removed after performed its action; this is done by enzyme acetylcholinesterase which converts acetylcholine into choline acetate.
		Certain insecticides effective because they inhibit this enzyme in On the other hand since a shortage acetylcholine in the brain has been associated with Alzheimer's disease some drugs that inhibit acetylcholinesterase are in the treatment of that disease.
		Acetylcholine is sometimes used during cataract surgery to produce rapid meiosis.
	www.freeglossary.com /Acetylcholine (411 words)

	Glossary (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Acetylcholine - the most abundant neurotransmitter in the body and the primary neurotransmitter between neurons and muscles.
		The body's synthesis of acetylcholine is vital because of the neurotransmitters role in motor behavior and memory.
		The body synthesizes acetylcholine from the nutrients choline, lecithin, and DMAE, and ancillary nutrient cofactors, such as vitamins C, B1, B5, and B6, along with the minerals zinc and calcium.
	www.maui.net /~jms/gloss.html (1063 words)

	Acetylcholine Mediated Vasodilatation in the Microcirculation of Patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Apart from its neurotransmitter functions, acetylcholine is, of course, a well-established and prominent vasodilator whose action is dependent upon an intact layer of functioning endothelial cells that line the lumen of all blood vessels.
		Acetylcholine but not nitric oxide sensitivity in CFS patients A common test of endothelial integrity is the response of blood vessels to both endothelium-dependent vasodilators like acetylcholine and endothelium-independent vasodilators like nitric oxide (NO) via an NO donor like sodium nitroprusside.
		Increased sensitivity to acetylcholine is normally associated with trained athletes, while CFS patients are characterized (according to the Fukuda 1994 definition) as having "a substantial reduction in previous levels of occupational, educational, social or personal activities".
	www.immunesupport.com /library/showarticle.cfm/ID/5605/e/1/T/CFIDS_FM (2340 words)

	BLAST Search Results
		acetylcholine receptor 296 4e-78 embX00962.1BTACHR Calf mRNA for beta-subunit of acetylcho...
		acetylcholine receptor, beta precursor 291 1e-76 embX83888.1CENCHRB1 C.elegans mRNA for nicotinic acetylch...
		Acetylcholine receptor 86 8e-15 embX89744.1HSCHRNA44 H.sapiens mRNA for neuronal acetylch...
	www.chickest.udel.edu /orthohuman/h23.html (2095 words)

	Acetylcholine Research by Ray Sahelian, MD. Supplements for Acetylcholine
		Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter present in the brain and the peripheral nervous system, and acetylcholine receptors are found widely throughout the body and brain.
		In Alzheimer’s disease, there is a shortage of acetylcholine, and one of the ways doctors have tried to increase the levels of this neurotransmitter is by prescribing drugs, such as tacrine and galantamine, that inhibit the enzyme acetylcholinesterase.
		Acetylcholine -induced vasodilation is mediated by nitric oxide and prostaglandins in human skin.
	www.raysahelian.com /acetylcholine.html (2126 words)

	Biochemistry of Neurotransmitters
		The particular transmitter in use at the neuromuscular junction is acetylcholine.
		Once the molecules of neurotransmitter are released from a cell as the result of the firing of an action potential, they bind to specific receptors on the surface of the postsynaptic cell.
		Acetylcholine (ACh) is a simple molecule synthesized from choline and acetyl-CoA through the action of choline acetyltransferase.
	web.indstate.edu /thcme/mwking/nerves.html (1674 words)

	Acetylcholine Receptors in Innervated Muscles of Dystrophic mdx Mice Degrade as after Denervation -- Xu and Salpeter 17 ...
		Leonard JP, Salpeter MM (1979) Agonist-induced myopathy at the neuromuscular junction is mediated by calcium.
		Levitt TA, Salpeter MM (1981) Denervated endplates have a dual population of junctional acetylcholine receptors.
		Stiles JR, Salpeter MM (1997) Absence of nerve-dependent conversion of rapidly degrading to stable acetylcholine receptors at adult innervated endplates.
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/17/21/8194 (4985 words)

	Semiconductor Devices in Measuring the Acetylcholine Receptor
		Alpha-bungarotoxin inhibits the opening of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor by forming three disulfide loops in a leaf-like structure which then binds to an extended surface area that is mainly encompassed by the alpha-subunit [3].
		The number of acetylcholine at the axon hillock is normal; however, the number of acetylcholine at the post-synaptic membrane is decreased, causing a decrease at the endplate potentials in response to a nerve stimulation.
		The change in the shape due to acetylcholine binding in the muscarinic acetylcholine G-protein coupled receptor can be measured by detecting the minute change in the resistance of the inner membrane (Rme in figure 2).
	www.csua.berkeley.edu /~yakura/stuff/mcb165/m165a.html (2305 words)

	mAb 35 acetylcholine nicotinic receptors Antibody
		Mapping of surface structures of electrophorus acetylcholine receptor using monoclonal antibodies.
		Tzartos, S.J., Seybold, M., and Lindstrom, J. Specificities of antibodies to acetylcholine receptors in sera from myasthenia gravis patients measured by monoclonal antibodies.
		Smith, M.A., Margiotta, J.F., Franco Jr., A., Lindstrom, J.M., and Berg, D.K. Cholinergic modulation of an acetylcholine receptor-like antigen on the surface of chick ciliary ganglion neurons in cell culture.
	www.uiowa.edu /~dshbwww/mab35.html (442 words)

	Probing the Agonist Binding Pocket in the Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor: A High-Resolution Solid-State NMR Approach
		Acetylcholine, the agonist for the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, has been observed directly when bound specifically to its binding site in the fully functional receptor-enriched membranes from Torpedo nobiliana.
		It is suggested that the binding of acetylcholine to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor is mediated primarily through the interaction of the quaternary ammonium group of the acetylcholine with the
		Longitudinal relaxation time measurements show that the residency time for the acetylcholine observed in DDCP experiments is long (>200 ms) with respect to the longitudinal relaxation time of other assignable resonances within the spectrum from the lipid and protein and confirms that the acetylcholine is protein-associated, and not free in solution or nonspecifically bound.
	pubs.acs.org /cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/bichaw/1998/37/i30/abs/bi980390q.html (336 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for acetylcholine (Site not responding. Last check: )
		For his study of acetylcholine as agent in the chemical transmission of nerve impulses he shared with Otto Loewi the 1936 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
		Structurally similar to the nerve substance acetylcholine, scopolamine acts by interfering with the transmission of nerve impulses by
		It is caused by an autoimmune attack on the acetylcholine receptor of the post synaptic neuromuscular junction.
	www.encyclopedia.com /articles/00077.html (699 words)

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