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	Achaemenid dynasty - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Achaemenid Dynasty (Hakamanishiya in the Old Persian (Avestan ;??) language - transliterated Hakamanshee in Modern Persian) - was a dynasty in the ancient Persian Empire.
		An important Achaemenid artifact is the Cyrus Cylinder, a declaration issued by Cyrus the Great, son of the founder of the dynasty.
		Achaemenid Silver Ibex; Susa; Iran; circa 450 BC Such a vessel terminating in the forepart of a fantastic lion is called a rhyton: Achaemenid, 5th century BC Achaemenid gold earring with inlays of turquoise, carnelian and lapis lazuli; Iran ;; 5th-4th BC Achaemenid art, like Achaemenid religion, was a blend of many elements.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Achaemenid (2187 words)

	Achaemenid period (553 bce - 330 bce) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Achaemenid Empire cam to an end when Alexander the Great defeated the forces of the last ruler in pitched battles and moved on to Susa and Persepolis, where the vast royal treasures were plundered and taken.
		At the southwestern corner of the platform are the remains of a number of small royal palaces: the tachara of Darius; the hadish of Xerxes; the palace of Artaxerxes III; and an unidentified palace.
		Achaemenid inscriptions record that workmen were drawn from every part of the vast empire, as were the materials used, including cedars carried a great distance overland from the famous groves of Lebanon.
	www.silk-road.com /artl/achaemen.shtml (1216 words)

	Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2004.02.20
		Earlier surveys of Achaemenid presence in various parts of the empire tended to emphasize the scarcity of relevant material remains, a phenomenon that could, according to a scholar's adherence to modern ideologies, be interpreted as the result of imperial weakness, pragmatism or tolerance.
		She stresses the multicultural aspect of the empire and the flexibility in administrative and ideological matters that this called for; local structures (and personnel) were accommodated and imperial ideology (expressed verbally or in images) couched in familiar terms to integrate a range of different peoples.
		Achaemenid Anatolia is often analyzed in a bipolar framework, as a geographic zone open to influences from both Persia and Greece.
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /bmcr/2004/2004-02-20.html (3209 words)

	pothos.org - All about Alexander the Great (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		It is probably better to think of Achaemenid Persia as a diverse collection of races and subjects living 'under the sway' of the Great Kings than as a territorial nation state which primary interest it was to 'defend its frontiers'.
		The structure of Achaemenid government provided the Greek-Macedonian conquerors with the means to rule a vast empire that they had never developed on their own account, says Briant.
		The final detorioration of the Achaemenid empire was not marked by the death of Darius III in 330 BC, but by Alexander's death in 323 BC.
	www.pothos.org /alexander.asp?paraID=25 (1529 words)

	History of Iran: Achaemenid Empire
		The quality of the Achaemenids as rulers began to disintegrate, however, after the death of Darius in 486 BCE.
		By the time his successor, Artaxerxes I, died in 424 BCE, the imperial court was beset by factionalism among the lateral family branches, a condition that persisted until the death in 330 of the last of the Achaemenids, Darius III, at the hands of his own subjects.
		Trade was extensive, and under the Achaemenids there was an efficient infrastructure that facilitated the exchange of commodities among the far reaches of the empire.
	www.iranchamber.com /history/achaemenids/achaemenids.php (772 words)

	ACHAEMENID
		Achaemenid's lyrics and ideology are based on the history and mythology of Cyrus the Great's ancient Persian Empire, the last great world dominating Aryan Empire.
		Achaemenid is a younger UGBM band from USA, formed in 2000 by Warharan, who finds a vocalist: Antagonizer in 2001, and the line up is completed by Fyre on drums the same year.
		Achaemenid have the originality to develop a historical concept and lean their references on the ancient Persian Empire's history they revive & honour through their album and lyrics.
	members.chello.nl /heidenshart/hh3.htm (643 words)

	The Achaemenids
		According to the official story, the Achaemenid or Persian empire was founded by Cyrus the Great, who became king of Persis in 559 BCE and defeated his overlord
		After the second coup in one year, many provinces of the Achaemenid empire revolted; the most important rebellions were those of Phraortes of Media and Nidintu-Bêl of Babylonia.
		The Achaemenids developed a policy of dividing the Greek powers (Athens, Sparta, Thebes) and were able to strengthen their grip on Asia Minor, where the Greek towns were again subdued.
	www.livius.org /aa-ac/achaemenians/achaemenians.html (779 words)

	Achaemenid dynasty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Achaemenid Dynasty is a dynasty in the ancient Persian Empire.
		Although Cyrus is considered to be the first king of the Achaemenid dynasty, the elder Cambyses is properly credited with that title.
		At the height of their power, the Achaemenid rulers of Persia ruled over territories roughly emcompassing some parts of Iraq, Egypt, Syria, Pakistan, Jordan, Israel, Lebanon, Armenia, Central Asia, Caucasia and the Asian portion of Turkey.
	usapedia.com /a/achaemenid-dynasty.html (274 words)

	AllRefer.com - Persian art and architecture : The Achaemenid Period (Asian And Middle Eastern Art) - Encyclopedia
		A unified style emerges in the Achaemenid period (c.550–330
		B.C. Influenced by the Greeks, the Egyptians, and those from other provinces of the Persian Empire, the Achaemenids evolved a monumental style in which relief sculpture is used as an adjunct to massive architectural complexes.
		Foundations of the palace of Cyrus at Pasargadae, of Artaxerxes I at Susa, and above all extensive remains of the magnificent palace complex of Darius I and Xerxes I at Persepolis reveal plans that characteristically show great columned audience halls.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/P/Persiana-the-achaemenid-period.html (422 words)

	Achaemenid Royal Inscriptions: Introduction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The aim of the Achaemenid Royal Inscriptions project is to create an electronic study edition of the inscriptions of the Achaemenid Persian kings in all of their versions--Old Persian, Elamite, Akkadian, and, where appropriate, Aramaic and Egyptian.
		From 550 B.C. on, Cyrus the Great and his successors, the kings of the Achaemenid dynasty, conquered and held an empire on a scale that was without precedent in earlier Near Eastern history, and without parallel until the formation of the Roman Empire.
		At the same time, the Achaemenid texts were the ipsissima verba of the Great Kings whose warfare and diplomacy had profound effects on the formation of Greek historical and political consciousness, hence documents of fundamental value for Classical and Biblical historians, scholars of Old Persian, Elamite and other ancient languages of Iran, and others.
	oi.uchicago.edu /OI/PROJ/ARI/ARIIntro.html (1796 words)

	Livius:Achaemenid Empire - TheoWiki (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		According to the official story, the Achaemenid or Persian empire was founded by Cyrus the Great, who became king of Persis in 559 BCE and defeated his overlord Astyages of Media in 550.
		The size of the Median empire is not exactly known, but it seems to have included Cappadocia and Armenia in the west and Parthia, Aria and Hyrcania in the east.
		In fact, the Seleucid empire was a continuation of the Achaemenid empire.
	theowiki.com /index.php/Livius:Achaemenid_Empire (959 words)

	Achaemenid, World’s First Empire to Respect Cultural Diversity
		The Achaemenid dynasty was the first empire in the world that respected the cultural diversity of its different peoples.
		Achaemenids (550-330 B.C.) led by Cyrus II (also known as Cyrus the Great or Cyrus the Elder) used to respect cultural values among the various nations living in their empire, announced the China’s official news agency, Xinhua in a story about the inscription of Pasargadae on the World Heritage list.
		The first dynastic capital of the Achaemenid Empire was founded by Cyrus II the Great, in Pars, homeland of the Persians, in the 6th century BC.
	www.payvand.com /news/04/jul/1010.html (367 words)

	Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2004.02.21
		Supposedly these external similarities in material culture and the absence of substantial buildings of the Achaemenid era from the current archaeological record are what have hidden the life of this period from previous research.
		D seems much better at recreating the social structure in Achaemenid Sardis, where she has a range of theoretical studies to draw on, than she is at reconstructing the material remains.
		Hardly any remains from the Achaemenid era have been excavated within the line of the Lydian fortification wall; most of those, as she herself says, are from a series of pits by the east face of the wall, and no associated occupation strata have yet been explored.
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /bmcr/2004/2004-02-21.html (1444 words)

	Middle East Open Encyclopedia: Elamite Empire (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Its culture played a crucial role in the Persian Empire, especially during the Achaemenid dynasty that succeeded it, when the Elamite language remained in official use.
		The rise of the Achaemenids in the 6th century BC brought an end to the existence of Elam as an independent political power "but not as a cultural entity" (Encyclopedia Iranica, Columbia University).
		The Elamites thus became the conduit by which achievements of the Mesopotamian civilizations were introduced to the tribes of the Iranian plateau.
	www.baghdadmuseum.org /ref/index.php?title=Elamite_Empire (3322 words)

	Articles - Achaemenid dynasty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The zenith of Achaemenid power was achieved during Darius'; reign (521 BC - 485 BC) and that of his son Xerxes I (485 BC - 465 BC, Old Persian Xšāyaršā "Hero Among Kings").
		Other accomplishments of Darius'; reign included codification of the data, a universal legal system upon which much of later Iranian law would be based, and construction of a new capital at Persepolis, where vassal states would offer their yearly tribute at the festival celebrating the spring equinox.
		Achaemenid art, like Achaemenid religion, was a blend of many elements.
	www.gaple.com /articles/Achaemenid_Empire (2052 words)

	Iran - The Achaemenid Empire
		Cyrus's unstable son, Cambyses II, conquered Egypt but later committed suicide during a revolt led by a priest, Gaumata, who usurped the throne until overthrown in 522 by a member of a lateral branch of the Achaemenid family, Darius I (also known as Darayarahush or Darius the Great).
		The quality of the Achaemenids as rulers began to disintegrate, however, after the death of Darius in 486.
		By the time his successor, Artaxerxes I, died in 424, the imperial court was beset by factionalism among the lateral family branches, a condition that persisted until the death in 330 of the last of the Achaemenids, Darius III, at the hands of his own subjects.
	countrystudies.us /iran/6.htm (748 words)

	Matthew Wolfgang Stolper
		Matthew W. Stolper (Professor of Assyriology, John A. Wilson Professor of Oriental Studies in the Oriental Institute) has worked primarily on Achaemenid Babylonian texts and secondarily on Elamite history and texts.
		His work on Babylonia when it was a province of the Achaemenid Persian empire mostly treats legal and administrative texts as evidence of social, economic and political history c.
		His main effort now is on Achaemenid Elamite and Achaemenid Aramaic administrative excavated by the Oriental Institute in 1933 at Persepolis, the imperial residence in the Persian homeland.
	humanities.uchicago.edu /depts/nelc/facultypages/stolper (1192 words)

	sabersedge.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Achaemenid Persians: Later Persian SL Achaemenid Persians: Later Persian JLS
		Achaemenid Persians: Sogdian or Chorasmian javelin with cased bow
		Achaemenid Persians: Amrtaka (Immortal) H.I. javelin and pavise
	www.sabersedge.com /essex_15_anc_misc.asp (121 words)

	Achaemenid biography @ Tartareandesire.com
		Achaemenid from California was first created by Warharan in 2000.
		Achaemenid was created not only to play brutal and aggressive Black Metal but lyrically have a historic and informative theme.
		Achaemenid have set out to help relive the glory.
	www.tartareandesire.com /bands/achaemenid.html (197 words)

	Achaemenid Dynasty -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		The policy of the Achaemenid kings seems to have been conciliatory to national beliefs and sentiments.
		More results on "Achaemenid Dynasty" when you join.
		Darius attempted several times to conquer Greece; his fleet was destroyed by a storm in 492, and the Athenians defeated his army at Marathon in 490.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article?tocId=9003518 (816 words)

	THE IRANIAN: Achaemenid tablets, Matthew W. Stolper
		Second, they are an unparalleld resource for the study not only of the Elamite language as it was used by the Achaemenids, but also for the Old Iranian languages of their time.
		Seal engraving is mostly thought of as being among the "minor arts," but one of the things one can see here is a working-out, elaboration, and ringing of changes on many of the images, motifs and themes that are found in the "major art," the great display reliefs of Persepolis and other palaces.
		He continued working on them until he died, and one of our projects is the eventually publication of his preliminary editions of another 2,500 texts and fragments, as we also resume the publication of new texts.
	www.iranian.com /History/2004/May/Tablets (1443 words)

	Sudden abandonment of Achaemenid era city still a mystery
		TEHRAN, Feb. 4 (MNA) -- The reason for the planned abandonment of the Achaemenid era city of Dahaneh Gholaman is still a mystery to archaeologists, even after more than 40 years of research on the site.
		Located two kilometers from Qal'e-No village and about 44 kilometers from Zabol in Iran’s southeastern province of Sistan-o-Baluchestan, the ancient city was identified by Italian archaeologists in 1960.
		The team of archaeologists is still trying to determine why the people abandoned the city in such a planned and precise way.
	www.mehrnews.ir /en/NewsDetail.aspx?NewsID=154912 (409 words)

	The Achaemenid Robe (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		At some point subsequent to this incident, indeed possibly as a result of it, the Elamite royal rob was abandoned and replaced by a new royal garment, the so called 'Achaemenid robe'.
		Placed on it were a kantus (Median Cloak), and besides tunics of Babylonian workmanship, Median anaxyrides (trousers) and 'hyacinth-dyed' garments (a shade of dark blue), some others of purple and of other colors, and neck-torques, akinaka (daggers), and earrings of gold set with jewels.
		It is possible that either the tunics of Babylonian workmanship, or the hyacinthd-dyed garments, could be examples of the "Achaemenid robe' and could be taken to indicate that it was adopted as royal dress before the death of Cyrus the Great.
	www.oznet.net /cyrus/achaemen.htm (531 words)

	Achaemenid village discovered in Tang-e Bolaghi
		TEHRAN, Mar. 2 (MNA) -- An Achaemenid village has been discovered in Tang-e Bolaghi by the team of Iranian and Italian archaeologists which has been assigned the task of saving Achaemenid sites and artifacts in the region, the director of the team, Alireza Asgari, said on Wednesday.
		Situated in Iran’s southern province of Fars, Tang-e Bolaghi will be flooded by the waters of the Sivand Dam, which is scheduled to be completed by March 2006.
		The ancient site is located only four kilometers away from Pasargadae, the first capital of the Achaemenid dynasty (about 550-331 B.C.) and the residence of Cyrus the Great, the founder of the Persian Empire.
	www.mehrnews.ir /en/NewsDetail.aspx?NewsID=162281 (421 words)

	Iranian Calendar (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		We have a number of information about the calendars used during the Achaemenid period, but documents pertaining to the pre-Achaemenid history of Iran are not only scarce but also silent on the calendar during that period.
		Briant, a specialist of the Achaemenid era, referring to ancient authors (Plutarch, Diodorus, Quintus Curtius, Dicearchus), believes that there existed a solar calendar of 360 days and 5 epagomenal days, along with the state lunar type Babylonian calendar.
		The fact that during the Achaemenid domination the Cappadocians borrowed the Zoroastrian calendar and not the official state calendar points to the deep roots of this calendar among Iranians, in particular as far as the everyday cultural and religious matters were concerned.
	wwwusr.obspm.fr /~heydari/divers/ir-cal-eng.html (10066 words)

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