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	Iran - The Achaemenid Empire
		Trade was extensive, and under the Achaemenids there was an efficient infrastructure that facilitated the exchange of commodities among the far reaches of the empire.
		Trade was one of the empire's main sources of revenue, along with agriculture and tribute.
		This Achaemenid artistic style is evident in the iconography of Persepolis, which celebrates the king and the office of the monarch.
	countrystudies.us /iran/6.htm (748 words)

	Achaemenid dynasty - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Achaemenid Dynasty (Hakamanishiya in the Old Persian (Avestan ??) language - transliterated Hakamanshee in Modern Persian) - was a dynasty in the ancient Persian Empire.
		An important Achaemenid artifact is the Cyrus Cylinder, a declaration issued by Cyrus the Great, son of the founder of the dynasty.
		The religion of the Achaemenids was Zoroastrianism, whose adherents at the time were noted for their dedication to clear lines of right and wrong, and for their apparent honesty.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Achaemenid_dynasty (2226 words)

	Empire - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		For many centuries, the term "Empire" in the West applied exclusively to states which considered themselves to be successors to the Roman Empire, such as the Byzantine Empire, the Holy Roman Empire, or, later, the Russian Empire ruled from the "Third Rome" (Moscow).
		The Byzantine Empire was reconstructed and the Trebizondine fell to the Ottomans.
		The Western Empire was inherited by the Austrian Empire, later known as the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy which ceased to exist in 1918.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Empire (1806 words)

	Persian Empire - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Persian Empire is the name used to refer to a number of historic dynasties that have ruled the country of Persia (Iran).
		Persia's earliest known kingdom was the proto-Elamite Empire, followed by the Medes; but it is the Achaemenid Empire that emerged under Cyrus the Great that is usually the earliest to be called "Persian." Successive states in Iran before 1935 are collectively called the Persian Empire by Western historians.
		Ismail's expansion was halted by the Ottoman Empire at the Battle of Chaldiran in 1514, and war with the Ottomans became a fact of life in Safavid Persia.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Persian_Empire (4265 words)

	Achaemenid period (553 bce - 330 bce)
		The Achaemenid Empire cam to an end when Alexander the Great defeated the forces of the last ruler in pitched battles and moved on to Susa and Persepolis, where the vast royal treasures were plundered and taken.
		At the southwestern corner of the platform are the remains of a number of small royal palaces: the tachara of Darius; the hadish of Xerxes; the palace of Artaxerxes III; and an unidentified palace.
		Achaemenid inscriptions record that workmen were drawn from every part of the vast empire, as were the materials used, including cedars carried a great distance overland from the famous groves of Lebanon.
	www.silk-road.com /artl/achaemen.shtml (1216 words)

	achemenet.com : recherche : monnaies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Indeed, the Achaemenid conquerors adopted for their purposes the bimetallic system initiated by Croesus and continued at Sardes to strike gold and silver issues with as types the confronted lion and the bull foreparts.
		achaemenid coins of lydian type the disappearance of the lydian empire with the death of croesus did not mean the end of lydian coinage.
		i.carradice, the “regal” coinage of the persian empire, dans i carradice (ed.), coinage and administration in the athenian and persian empires, bar 343 (oxford, 1987), p.73-95, pl. 10-15.
	www.achemenet.com /recherche/monnaies/greatkingt.htm (6016 words)

	Achaemenid dynasty -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The zenith of Achaemenid power was achieved during his reign (521 BC-485 BC) and that of his son (King of Persia who led a vast army against Greece and won the battle of Thermopylae but was eventually defeated (519-465 BC)) Xerxes I (485 BC - 465 BC, Old Persian Xšāyaršā"Hero Among Kings").
		The Achaemenids were enlightened despots who allowed a certain amount of regional autonomy in the form of the (additional info and facts about satrapy) satrapy system.
		Trade was extensive, and under the Achaemenids there was an efficient infrastructure that facilitated the exchange of commodities among the far reaches of the empire.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/a/ac/achaemenid_dynasty.htm (2089 words)

	Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2004.02.20
		The empire's impact on the cultures of the subject populations remains a crucial issue of current research, as it can potentially shed light on some of the administrative, economic, ideological and military structures that secured the functioning of the empire and that define it in relation to other empires.
		Earlier surveys of Achaemenid presence in various parts of the empire tended to emphasize the scarcity of relevant material remains, a phenomenon that could, according to a scholar's adherence to modern ideologies, be interpreted as the result of imperial weakness, pragmatism or tolerance.
		She stresses the multicultural aspect of the empire and the flexibility in administrative and ideological matters that this called for; local structures (and personnel) were accommodated and imperial ideology (expressed verbally or in images) couched in familiar terms to integrate a range of different peoples.
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /bmcr/2004/2004-02-20.html (3209 words)

	Read about Persian Empire at WorldVillage Encyclopedia. Research Persian Empire and learn about Persian Empire here! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The Persian Empire is the name used to refer to a number of historic dynasties that have ruled the country of
		Maccabees in Judea and the expansion of the Kushan Empire to the east.
		However, the Safavids were severely weakened, and that same year (1722), the empire's Afghani subjects launched a bloody revolt in response to the Safavids' attempts to convert them from Sunni to Shi'a Islam.
	encyclopedia.worldvillage.com /s/b/Persian_Empire (3237 words)

	Achaemenid (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The Achaemenid Dynasty (Hakamanishiya in the Avestan language, هخامنشی - transliterated Hakamanshee in Modern Persian) was a dynasty in the ancient Persian Empire, including Cyrus II the Great, Darius the Great and Xerxes I.
		The zenith of Achaemenid power was achieved during his reign (521 BC-485 BC) and that of his son Xerxes I (485 BC - 465 BC, Old Persian Xšāyaršā "Hero Among Kings").
		Achaemenid Silver Ibex; Susa; Iran; circa 450 BC Such a vessel terminating in the forepart of a fantastic lion is called a rhyton: Achaemenid, 5th century BC Achaemenid gold earring with inlays of turquoise, carnelian and lapis lazuli; Iran ; 5th-4th BC Achaemenid art, like Achaemenid religion, was a blend of many elements.
	www.startrekconvention.com /search.php?title=Achaemenid (2030 words)

	Cappuccino \| Persian Online Magazine \| Iran during the reign of Xerxes
		His reign is considered to be the beginning of the downfall of the Achaemenid Empire.
		We know that although Darius died in Persepolis, the official accession ceremonies of Xerxes were conducted at the Apadana palace of Susa, and that city became the de facto capital of the Achaemenid Empire during the reign of Xerxes.
		Although the purpose of Persepolis buildings have never been quite clear-since it is certainly not the ‘capital’ of the empire-it is obvious that their significance as the royal palace complex was known in the antique world.
	www.cappuccinomag.com /iranologyenglish/001432.shtml (2545 words)

	pothos.org - All about Alexander the Great (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		It is probably better to think of Achaemenid Persia as a diverse collection of races and subjects living 'under the sway' of the Great Kings than as a territorial nation state which primary interest it was to 'defend its frontiers'.
		The structure of Achaemenid government provided the Greek-Macedonian conquerors with the means to rule a vast empire that they had never developed on their own account, says Briant.
		The final detorioration of the Achaemenid empire was not marked by the death of Darius III in 330 BC, but by Alexander's death in 323 BC.
	www.pothos.org /alexander.asp?paraID=25 (1529 words)

	Hakhamaneshian: Empire of Achaemenid Dynasty (CAIS)
		The economy of the empire was very much founded on that king's peace; it was when the peace broke down with ever-increasing frequency during the last century of Achaemenid rule that the economy of the empire went into a decline that undoubtedly contributed significantly to eventual political and military collapse.
		What is clear is that the Achaemenid Empire, the largest anyone had ever yet tried to hold together and one that was not to be surpassed until Rome reached its height, was a profound force in western Asia and in Europe during an important period of ferment and transition in human history.
		In a sense the Achaemenid dynasty passed on a concept of empire that, much modified by others, has remained something of a model throughout history of how it is possible for diverse peoples with variant customs, languages, religions, laws, and economic systems to flourish with mutual profit under a central government.
	www.cais-soas.com /CAIS/History/hakhamaneshian/achaemenid.htm (7455 words)

	ECONOMY - iii. IN THE ACHAEMENID PERIOD.
		The Achaemenid empire, extending from the Indus river to the Aegean sea, comprised such economically developed countries as Egypt, Syria, Phoenicia, Babylonia, Elam, and Asia Minor, lands which had their long traditions of social institutions, as well as Sakai, Massagetai, Lycians, Libyans, Nubians and other tribes undergoing the disintegration of the primitive-communal phase.
		Therefore, the socioeconomic structure of the empire was characterized by extreme diversity (Dandamaev and Lukonin, pp.
		The Achaemenid kings also possessed irrigation constructions along the Akes river (Har^ru@d) in Khorasan (Herodotus, 3.117), forests in Syria (Nehemiah, 2:8), the right to income from fish caught in Lake Moeris in Egypt (Herodotus, 2.149), as well as pleasure gardens and palaces in various parts of the empire (Dandamaev and Lukonin, pp.
	www.iranica.com /articles/v8/v8f1/v8f1133iii.html (1950 words)

	Achaemenid Empire frontiers to be sketched 2200 years after extinction
		Ancient borders of Persian Empire under Achaemenid dynasty are going to be sketched 2200 years after the fall of the dynasty, which ruled over a vast empire including today Iran and lots of other neighboring countries.
		Achaemenids ruled over a vast empire including today Iran and lots of other neighboring countries since the foundation of the dynasty by Cyrus the great in 570 BC until invasion of Alexander the Macedonian in 330 BC which consequently caused the fall of this dynasty.
		Achaemenid Empire, which in terms of geographical vastness was the largest ever Persian empire through out history, engulfed an extremely large area consisted of the whole or a part of numerous countries today including Iran, Tajikistan, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Turkey, Iraq, Kuwait, Egypt, Syria, and Jordan.
	www.payvand.com /news/05/jun/1219.html (407 words)

	Livius:Achaemenid Empire - TheoWiki (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		According to the official story, the Achaemenid or Persian empire was founded by Cyrus the Great, who became king of Persis in 559 BCE and defeated his overlord Astyages of Media in 550.
		The size of the Median empire is not exactly known, but it seems to have included Cappadocia and Armenia in the west and Parthia, Aria and Hyrcania in the east.
		Capable generals like Mardonius added new countries to the empire, which now extended from Macedonia in the west to Pakistan in the east, and from the river Syrdar'ya and the Caucasus mountains in the north to the Libyan desert and the Persian Gulf in the south.
	theowiki.com /index.php/Livius:Achaemenid_Empire (959 words)

	Chapter One - The Historical Background
		At its peak in 500 B.C. this vast empire stretched westwards to the land that is now called Libya, eastwards to what is now Pakistan, from the Gulf of Oman in the South to the Aral Sea in the North.
		Despite all its glittering achievements, the Sassanid Empire was characterised by extreme oppression of the downtrodden masses.
		After 1335 the Mongol empire in Iran disintegrated in its turn and once again an empire was replaced by a string of minor dynasties.
	www.marxist.com /iran/chapter1.html (3339 words)

	Achaemenid - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Achaemenids, ruling dynasty of Persia from about 559 bc to 330 bc.
		Achaemenid Empire, first Persian empire, lasting from c.
		Alexander could now regard himself as master of the empire.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /Achaemenid.html (96 words)

	HIS 101 - Lectures (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		As an example of what could happen, the Achaemenid empire was first undermined by rebellions in Mesopotamia and Egypt, then seriously wounded by rebellions of the Greek city states during the Persian Wars, and finally ruined by the invasion of Alexander's conquering force.
		By the late 6th century B.C.E., it was the largest empire the world had yet seen, with boundaries extending from the Indus River in the east to the Aegean Sea in the west, and from the Armenian hills in the north to the first cataract of the Nile in the south.
		In fact, the Mauryan empire was founded in the political vacuum left by the withdrawal of Alexander's army, while the repeated invasions of the White Huns left the rule of the Gupta empire an empty name.
	northonline.sccd.ctc.edu /his101sr/lectures/lecture04.htm (6875 words)

	persia.html
		The Achaemenid rulers are referred to in the Bible as the "Persians and Medes," which reflects the mixed nature of their rule.
		Achaemenids were tolerant of other cultures and religious traditions within their realm in ways that previous empires had not been.
		The Achaemenids built a powerful army, but much of their strength lay in their administrative abilities and willingness to borrow from their predecessors.
	www.loyno.edu /~seduffy/persia.html (1397 words)

	Achaemenid empire - WCD (Wiki Classical Dictionary) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The empire of the Achaemenids (Hakhâmanîiya) was, according to the official story, founded by Cyrus the Great, who became king of Persis in 559 BCE and defeated his overlord Astyages of Media in 550.
		The size of the Median empire is not exactly known, but it seems to have included Cappadocia and Armenia in the west and Parthia, Aria and Hyrcania in the east.
		The Achaemenids developed a policy of dividing the Greek powers (Athens, Sparta, Thebes) and were able to strengthen their grip on Asia Minor, where the Greek towns were again subdued.
	www.ancientlibrary.com /wcd/Achaemenid_empire (888 words)

	History of Iran: Achaemenid Empire
		The quality of the Achaemenids as rulers began to disintegrate, however, after the death of Darius in 486 BCE.
		By the time his successor, Artaxerxes I, died in 424 BCE, the imperial court was beset by factionalism among the lateral family branches, a condition that persisted until the death in 330 of the last of the Achaemenids, Darius III, at the hands of his own subjects.
		A relief of Persian soldier on the walls of Perspolis, the capital of the Achaemenid Empire
	www.iranchamber.com /history/achaemenids/achaemenids.php (772 words)

	Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2003.12.21
		Chapter One sets the stage, briefly recounting the roles of Cyrus and Cambyses in the formation of the empire, before turning to the focus of the chapter, Darius as king, the impact of his rule on the empire and the court.
		Following the five chapters are a set of three appendices (an Achaemenid family tree, the wives and children of Darius, and a chronological table), a select (and updated) bibliography, a list of illustrations, an index, and a table of contents.
		The caption tells that the peoples of the empire were placed under the authority of a satrap, and that the audiences were quite elaborate (as in the king's court).
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /bmcr/2003/2003-12-21.html (1442 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The empire was created by Cyrus the Great (559-530 BC), and Persian control stretched from Egypt and the Aegean to Afghanistan and the Indus Valley.
		While a wide variety of styles and forms was known thoughout the Achaemenid empire - not surprisingly, in view of its great size - there was also a recognizably Achaemenid style, perhaps promoted outside Iran by satraps (provincial governors) and other representatives of the Persian court.
		Although vessels of this type were not depicted on the reliefs at the Persian centre of Persepolis, they are shown on Greek vases of the late fifth century BC and continued to be used after the end of the Achaemenid period.
	www.british-museum.ac.uk /compass/ixbin/print?OBJ1615 (281 words)

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